Qinling is a huge mountain system with an average width of more than 200 kilometers and a length of more than 800 kilometers. Because of it, China is divided into the south and the north. The Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin are also divided here. At its southern foothills, there is a rich basin between it and Daba Mountain. From here, it crosses Daba Mountain to the south, you can reach the Sichuan Basin in the land of Bashu. When you climb over the Qinling Mountains to the north, you can lead to the Guanzhong Plain where Chang'an is located. It has been a place that military strategists have fought for since ancient times. It is Hanzhong Basin , a strategic location that controls the lifeline of the Sichuan Basin.
The fault basin between the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountains
The Hanzhong Basin is located in Hanzhong City in southwestern Shaanxi Province. Between the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountains, it is a late Cenozoic mountain fault basin, which is the tail end of the Qingchuan fault zone, the tectonic joint area of the Qinling Mountains, the Daba Mountains tectonic belt and the Motianling plot. The range starts from Wuhou Town, Mian County in the west and ends at Shicao in Yang County in the east; the boundary is the boundary of Yuandun —Wujiaping—Shizuizi—Zhoujiaping—Shankou—Qinjiaba line in the south, and the Liuqiying—Guangjiacang—Yishui—Chujiapo line in the north, about 116 kilometers long and about 10 to 28 kilometers wide from north to south, and is in a narrow and long wedge shape that is wide in the west and narrow in the east.
The topography in the Hanzhong Basin includes plains, hills, and river valleys, with a total area of about 5,000 square kilometers, and the area of Hanzhong Plain is about 3,000 square kilometers, and the arable land is concentrated. The climate is a warm and humid subtropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 14-15℃, an active accumulated temperature above 10℃ is 4500-4800℃, a frost-free period of 240-250 days, and an average annual rainfall of about 900 mm. It is known as the "homeland of fish and rice". Rice accounts for 60% of the total rice sowing area in Shaanxi Province, and the yield accounts for more than 70%. The wheat sowing area and yield are second only to rice, and are the area where rice and wheat are ripe in Shaanxi Province.
originated from the southern foot of the Qinling Mountains and has a total length of about 1,500 kilometers flowing through the territory, running southeast to Hubei, passing through Shiyan, Xiangyang and other places, and joining the Yangtze River in Hankou. This is the birthplace of the Han Dynasty. The names "Han Nation", "Han Culture", "Shenology" and "Chinese" were all established because of the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty was named after the Han River and originated in Hanzhong. It was the result of the new dynasty named after its place of fame after Liu Bang , and after he ascended the throne of the emperor, he named this new dynasty after he became famous.
The birthplace of the Han family is dependent on Bashu lips and teeth
That was in 206 BC. Liu Bang first entered Xianyang . According to the agreement between King Huai of Chu and the generals, Liu Bang should have been king in Guanzhong , but Xiang Yu was unwilling to let Liu Bang occupy the Guanzhong Plain, the "country of Heavenly Mansion" at that time, but it was inconvenient to violate the order of King Huai of Chu, so he discussed with his adviser Fan Zeng , and on the grounds that Shu and Han were also in Guanzhong, Liu Bang was named Han Wang , controlling the three counties of Ba, Shu and Hanzhong, and establishing the capital Nanzheng (now Nanzheng District, Hanzhong, Shaanxi). Liu Bang was unwilling to be wronged and wanted to send troops to Xiang Yu. Xiao He advised Liu Bang: "The Book of Zhou says, 'Heaven does not take it, but will suffer the consequences.' The saying goes, 'Heaven Han', is very beautiful. Those who can be under one person and believe in it above ten thousand chariots are Tang and Wu. I wish that the king and king Hanzhong will support their people and become wise men, take over Ba and Shu, and return to the Three Qins, so that the world can be conquered."
So Liu Bang was awarded the title of King Han. A few months later, under the recommendation of Xiao He, Liu Bang appointed Han Xin as the general, secretly visited Chen Cang, and pacified Sanqin . Four years later, the Han Dynasty was unified and the Han Dynasty was established. Since then, the Hanzhong Basin has been known as the "Birthplace of the Han Family". In fact, Liu Bang chose to avoid the edge for the time being. When Xiang Yu left Guanzhong and made a comeback, it was also closely related to the geographical structure of the Hanzhong Basin.
Since the Hanzhong Basin is sandwiched between the Qinling Mountains and Daba Mountains, the north is the Guanzhong Plain of Qin, and the south is another equally rich Sichuan Basin, so the Hanzhong Basin is a must-pass place for Guanzhong to communicate with Bashu, and it is also the first line of defense for the Sichuan Basin to resist the invasion of the north. It is dependent on Bashu. Liu Bang was named King of Han and controlled the three counties of Ba, Shu and Hanzhong. In fact, he has controlled a complete geopolitical plate. Using this as the basic plate, it is only a matter of time to find an opportunity to enter Hanzhong north.In the sixth year of Jianxing in the Shu Han Dynasty (228) more than four hundred years later, Zhuge Liang led his army to the north to attack Cao Wei. It was based on Hanzhong as the base for reviving the Han Dynasty. He went out to Qishan six times, but eventually died of illness in Wuzhangyuan, Baoji due to overwork. Later generations were buried in Dingjun Mountain in Hanzhong according to their orders. Of course, many people will think why Liu Bang could go out of Hanzhong, but Zhuge Liang went out of Qishan six times without success? In fact, there are many reasons here, one of which is the gathering of people in Liu Bang's camp. Since the Shu Han defeated Yiling and died of illness, his vitality was severely damaged. There are also constraints from factions such as Jingzhou faction, Dongzhou faction, and Yizhou local faction. Typical manifestations are frequent shortages of food and grass.
Dingjun Mountain is located 5 kilometers south of Mian County. It is an ancient battlefield during the Three Kingdoms period. It is known as "If you get Dingjun Mountain, you will get Hanzhong, and if you get Hanzhong, you will definitely win the world."
Tiandang Mountain is dangerous and 4 kilometers north of Mian County. It forms a corner with Dingjun Mountain and Guyang Pingguan in the south of Mian County. It is a western part of the Hanzhong Basin.
North-south channel of Hanzhong Basin
Of course, this is not the focus of this article. In fact, from a geographical perspective, the Hanzhong Basin is a strategic base that controls the connection between Guanzhong and Bashu. Only by placing the Hanzhong Basin under its own control can we be qualified to attack Guanzhong through several Shu roads that wind in the Qinling Mountains, and vice versa. Therefore, the Hanzhong Basin is the first main battlefield where Liu Bei fought with Cao Cao after he occupied Bashu. Whether it was Dingjun Mountain or Hanshui Battle, they all happened here.
Since the Hanzhong Basin has a strategic position for Guanzhong and Sichuan Basins, let’s take a look at the differences in the routes between the two entering Hanzhong. First of all, the Sichuan Basin is separated from Hanzhong by Micang Mountain. Micang Mountain is part of the Daba Mountain Range. The mountain stratigraphic structure is obvious, with an altitude of 1,500 to 2,000 meters. There are three channels connecting the Sichuan Basin. From east to west, Yangba Road, Micang Road and Jinniu Road are respectively Yangba Road, Micang Road and Jinniu Road . Among them, Yangba Road is also called Litchi Road, which connects Sichuan East . After crossing Micang Mountain, Micang Road connects to Bazhong , while Jinniu Road connects to Chengdu Plain in western Sichuan.
. The Chengdu Plain was the geographical center of the Sichuan Basin in the classical period, so the Jinniu Road is the most commonly used. However, from Hanzhong to Yizhou (Chengdu), it is necessary to pass through Mianxian, Guangyuan, Jiange, Zitong, Mianyang , Deyang and other towns, as well as passes such as Yangping Pass, Chaotian Pass, Jianmen Pass, and Jiameng Pass. The whole journey is 600 kilometers. Especially the section from Hanzhong to Guangyuan, almost all of them have to walk on the plank road built beside the mountains to cross the rugged and steep Micang Mountain. "The difficulty of Shu Road is as difficult as climbing to the blue sky" is not false.
As for the "Huaxia Dragon Vein" from the Hanzhong Basin to the Guanzhong Plain, the "Huaxia Dragon Vein" extends from 400-500 kilometers from east to west and wide, with an altitude of 100-150 kilometers, and an altitude of 1500-3000 meters, is more difficult than climbing Micang Mountain. However, four channels were opened in the hinterland of the Qinling Mountains, from east to west, namely Ziwu Road , Tangluo Road , Baoxi Road ( Xiegu Road ) and Chencang Road. The first one to be used and the best traffic conditions is the "Baxi Road".
But this is just that the traffic conditions are better than the other three trails, mainly because this trail is the closest to Guanzhong from Hanzhong, so it is maintained more frequently. Baoxie Road follows two river valleys, namely the slanted water of Weishui and the slanted water of Hanshui and the slanted water of Hanshui. Its north entrance is at the entrance of Meixian County and the south exit is at the Baoxiu Valley of Hanzhong. Its name is 249 kilometers. It is the main road connecting the ancient Bashu to Qinchuan . However, although the Baoxi Road runs through the river valley, Baoxiu and slanted water did not leave enough distance for people to pass. For this reason, the ancients could only dig holes along the cliff next to the river, insert wood into beams, pave wooden boards to form pavilions, and connect passageways. This is the plank road.
"Records of the Grand Historian: Biography of Merchants" records: "The plank road is thousands of miles away, and everything is open, but only the slanting and slanting the hub is connected to its mouth."Baoxie Plank Road is a must-do for the north and south to fight and exchange.
1975 The dam of Shimen Reservoir was stored at a high water level. The plank road Shimen, the plank road, the plank road Pingge Cliff and other ancient sites and plank road ruins were flooded in the reservoir.
The plank road on Baoxie Road was built in the period of the prime minister of the Qin Dynasty. When King Huiwen of Qin sent Zhang Yi and Sima Cuo to attack Shu in 314 BC, he passed by this path. Later in 266 BC, in order to strengthen the exchanges between Qin and Bashu, the prime minister of Qin Fan Ju created and built the Baoxie Plank Road. Since then, Baoxi Road has always been the necessary way for military battles from Guanzhong to Hanzhong to compete and economic and cultural exchanges. When Liu Bang was named King of Hanzhong , in order to confuse Xiang Yu, he "burned the plank road he passed through to show that there was no return in the world", and what he burned was the Baoxie Road.
It can be seen from this that in ancient times, if the defense wanted to stop the enemy's attack, it only needed to burn the plank road to delay the opponent's attack. Therefore, this passage that could directly penetrate Guanzhong and Hanzhong was crucial. Therefore, when Liu Bang's troops left Guanzhong, he repaired the burned Baoxie Plank Road with great fanfare, which attracted all the attention of the three kings of Guanzhong (In order to prevent Liu Bang, Xiang Yu appointed Qin surrendered generals Chapter Handan as King Yong, which was in charge of the west of Xianyang and eastern Gansu; Sima Xin was in charge of King Se, which was in charge of Xianyang; Dong Yi, which was in charge of King Zhai, which was in charge of northern Shaanxi). But in fact, "openly repairing the plank road" is a false sense, and "secretly crossing Chen Cang" is a reality.
This "big circle" is the westernmost Chen Cang Road (also known as Jialing Road , from Chen Cang to the southwest, exiting Sanguan to Hanzhong), and detouring the far road of Chen Cang Road to Baoji , achieving a smooth advance northward. This is a typical tactic of playing east and west. On the contrary, it is still difficult to reach Hanzhong from Guanzhong. The only unexpected case is that Qin destroyed Bashu in 314 BC. The reason why it was able to destroy Bashu and Shu in less than a year was entirely due to the "internal response" role of Zhuguo . As the territory is mainly in the Zhu Kingdom, which is now Guangyuan, Sichuan, Longnan, Gansu and central and western Han Dynasty in Shaanxi, it is natural that there is no need to defend against Shu Kingdom.
so the country led the way and released it. The Qin army successfully passed through the two natural dangers of Qinling Mountain and Micang Mountain and entered the western Sichuan plain. The Qin army found the feeling of Guanzhong Plain and attacked cities and villages all the way, and the Shu Kingdom, which had lost the protection of the natural danger, became a lamb to be slaughtered. This case was still applicable hundreds of years later when Sima Zhao sent Zhonghui and Deng Ai to destroy Shu Han: Once Hanzhong fell into the enemy, there was only the last Micang Mountain defense line left in the Sichuan Basin, and the weather was in danger.
Just like the famous scholar in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties Gu Zuyu said in "Reading History and Fangyu Ji": Sichuan competes for the world, and can be kings from the top and domineering from the bottom, but if Sichuan "relying on the danger, it will surely die." Because dangerous places like Jianmen Pass, Qutangxia can only attack slowly and cannot completely block the attack. Eastern Jin Chang Ju described in " Huayang Guozhi " as a city. In the north, Baoxiu Valley in Hanzhong is the front gate, Xionger and Lingguan (Ya'an Baoxing and Tianquan ) are the back doors in the southwest, Mount Emei is the city wall in the middle, there are pastures in Wenchuan ethnic minority areas in the west, Nanzhong in Yunnan and Guizhou are the gardens in the south, and there are natural moats such as Minjiang River and Qujiang River in front of the "city".
This is the Hanzhong Basin, a treasure land that combines the "four national treasures" of , red-crowned crane , giant panda, golden monkey, and antelope. It is also a key place that concerns the life and death of the Sichuan Basin. The land of Basin can be defended by the danger.
Last issue review: , the closed but not blocked Sichuan Basin, has a geographical value to China, not just retreat areas and shelters
Note: This article is only one's words, welcome to correct and forward. The pictures in the article are also quoted from the Internet. If you have copyright private links, please delete them.
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