Author: Wu Peng
The hot summer is unbearable, and the hottest dog days of the year are the hottest and humid. The same is true for ancient and modern times. Although the ancients did not know about electric fans or air conditioners, it did not prevent them from having a different state of summer vacation in terms of food, clothing, housing and transportation.
Visual China /Photo provided by
Clothes: If you lift it, it is not
In the weather of sweating and raining, the clothes on your body are naturally thin and thin enough to be refreshing. In ancient China, cool silk clothes suitable for summer wear were made very early.
A simple yarn robe from the Han Tomb of Mawangdui, Changsha was unearthed. The net weight was only 49 grams, just as light as a cicada wing. Stack this wardrobe on 10 layers, then place a newspaper underneath, and you can still clearly see the handwriting of the newspaper through the wardrobe.
The reason why this rosy robe is so light is related to the thinner ancient silkworms and the thin and light silk they sprinkled. Modern silkworm has been artificially cultivated for thousands of years and is much fatter than their ancestors. The silk spit out is also thick and heavy, so when people try to remake plain yarn robe, they can't find suitable silk raw materials. After years of hard work, biologists finally degenerate modern silkworms into a "body-building" physique similar to their ancestors. However, the replicas made of silk sprinkled by these " Ancestral " silkworms are still 0.5 grams heavier than the original.
is better than Western Han Dynasty simplicity and coolness in terms of breathability and cooling. It is the Southern Song women's vest. Ancient vests were sleeveless clothes that were originally worn close to the inside, but later gradually worn outside. A peony vest with only 16.7 grams was unearthed from the Southern Song Dynasty tomb in Fucang Mountain, Xindian, Fuzhou, which is as if it were Lu You " Lao Xue'an Notes " said, "It seems like nothing... it is like smoke." The upper body of the vest with such a lightweight material will definitely make you feel cool when worn, and it will make you look graceful.
Food: The teeth are colder than snow
The ancestors of China had long known how to get ice to escape the summer heat. The Book of Songs·Binfeng·July" says, "On the second day, chisel the ice and rush, and on the third day, take it to the sun." Every February 2nd month, the 12th month of the lunar calendar, the "Lingren" who is responsible for picking ice will dig ice on the ice surface. In the third month of the lunar calendar, the first month of the lunar calendar, it will be stored in the "Lingyin" or the ice warehouse. In the summer, it will be taken out and placed on the bronze vessels containing ice on the "Bronze Ice Mirror" to relieve heat.
In addition to reducing the indoor temperature, ice cubes are the greatest use of iced food and cold drinks. According to "Chu Ci: The Soul of the Soul" "Drink frozen and cooler, you can see that -meter wine was frozen during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The popular summer and cold foods in Tang Dynasty , in addition to the " Sushan " similar to today's smoothie, there are also Qingfeng rice, locust leaves and cold tao. The main ingredients of Qingfeng rice are high-quality crystal rice and Chinese medicine Longjing tablets and Longnao powder similar to borneol . Made with beef butter paste, put it in a golden lifting tank, "hang down to the ice pool" and ice it, and wait until it is "cold" and then eat it.
Lotus leaves cold-washed similar to today's cold noodles or cold noodles with water. Mash the fresh locust leaves into juice and make thin noodles, cook them and put them in ice water or ice cellar and ice it, and then cool them to eat. Du Fu After eating the locust leaves, he praised it all the time and wrote a poem saying "The green locust leaves are picked and put on the kitchen... The teeth are colder than the snow, and I advise people to throw them into this bead." After a bowl, the heat will disappear.
Song Dynasty The urban culture is prosperous, and the cold drinks are more diverse. The iced honey melons, red bean ice in the popular drama "Dream Hualu" are just a look. There was a specialty store selling cold drinks in the Song Dynasty. Yang Wanli has a poem that says, "On June, the imperial city, the people in the city are sweating like a cook, and the water comes. The sound of ice is coming, and the pedestrians are still open-minded."
According to notes such as " Tokyo Menghualu " and " Wulin Old Story HTML ", the cold foods for summer consumption at that time included medicinal powder, ice and snow cold Yuanzi, sugar green, etc., and cold drinks include perilla drink, sweet bean soup, coconut wine, pear pulp, fragrant crumb drink, ginger honey water, papaya juice, lactose real snow, white mash cold water, cold water lychee paste, snow soaked plum blossom wine, snow soaked spleen drink, Wuling Dashun San, licorice frost cold water, etc.
Although we are not able to enjoy a meal today, we just look at the names of these cold food and cold drinks. It is enough to cool down without having to eat, so that we can feel the elegance and coolness of the "Song Chao" thousands of years ago in this summer.
Compared with sweet and cold drinks in the market, literati and elegant people prefer bitter lotus leaf wine, namely green tube wine. Lotus leaves are cold in nature and have the effects of clearing heat and dampness, clearing yang and cooling blood. Su Shi will pour the wine into the pinched lotus leaves and wrap it. When the "wind is hot" and the fragrance of the wine overflows, it will perforate the petiole of the lotus leaves, then bend the petiole into an elephant nose, so that the wine can slide along the handle hole into the mouth and enter the sorrowful intestine. This wine has a slightly bitter taste of lotus leaves, so there is a poem about Dongpo that says, "When the green squid is in the blue squid (i.e., the cylinder) makes the elephant nose bend, and the white wine has a slightly bitter heart." In the concept of health preservation in traditional Chinese medicine, bitterness is beneficial to the heart, and slightly bitter white wine can relieve summer heat.
Living: Lin Ruo Gao Qiu
In ancient times, the most superior housing conditions were the emperor. The imperial palaces generally choose locations in places with higher terrain in the capital, and have high bases. This design not only highlights the supreme majesty of the emperor in politics, but also ventilates and dissipates heat. The Weiyang Palace in the Western Han Dynasty was located on the mountain of Weiyang, which is naturally cooler and breathable than the Chang'an City. Weiyang Palace has a cool hall inside. The bed is made of jade, covered with glass tents, and decorated with various cool treasures to create a refreshing, refreshing and heart-wrenching crystal palace scene.
In addition to the imperial palace, building palaces in various places, especially on the mountains in the suburbs of the capital to escape the summer heat, is also a standard for emperors to survive the summer. Emperor Wen of Sui once built Renshou Palace in Tiantai Mountain next to Chang'an . This palace is more than 1,000 meters above sea level, and is located at the intersection of Dushui and Mafang River. It is surrounded by water systems such as Liquan, Xihai, and Yunu Pond. "The breeze is gentle and there is a desolate coolness". The temperature in the Docklands is only about 22 degrees Celsius.
The death of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty, Renshou Palace, is a fact. Therefore, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty and the nephew of Emperor Wen of Sui, Li Yuan, "because Emperor Wen of Sui finally came to him and hated him" and never went to Tiantai Mountain to escape the summer heat. Emperor Taizong of Tang 6 After Li Shimin ascended the throne, Renshou Palace was rebuilt in the fifth year of Zhenguan (631). Therefore, the mountain had nine levels, so it was renamed Jiucheng Palace. The second year after the renovation project was completed, Emperor Taizong couldn't wait to go to Jiucheng Palace to escape the summer heat, which caused a lot of discussion in the court and the public. After all, as a son, Taizong did not share the coolness with his father and emperor, which was not in line with traditional filial piety.
Minister Yao Silian urged to persuade him. Emperor Taizong defended himself, "I am angry and I will stop being angry and avoid it." He blocked Yao Silian back with the excuse that he could not stand the heat in Chang'an. Ma Zhou relay advice, "The car is driving here to escape the heat. The emperor still stays in the summer, but Your Majesty lives alone in a cool place. The warm courtesy is not at ease." Your Majesty, you go up the mountain alone to enjoy the coolness, and leave your father to endure the heat at the foot of the mountain. Will your conscience hurt?
Although Emperor Taizong reluctantly "accepted it", he still said one thing and did another. It was not until the summer of the eighth year of Zhenguan (634) before Emperor Gaozu's death that his father and emperor were invited to go to Jiucheng Palace to escape the summer heat. But Emperor Gaozu died of his uncle . The psychological shadow of this palace, and the dragon's body was not safe, so he was unwilling to enter the mountain. Taizong ordered the construction of Daming Palace , "think it was the place where the emperor cleared the heat." As soon as the construction of the Daming Palace started, Emperor Gaozu's condition worsened and soon died in May of the ninth year of Zhenguan (635). Therefore, some scholars speculate that Taizong "cultivating the Daming Palace to help the Emperor relieve heat. Otherwise, why didn't Gaozu cultivate a place to escape the heat for him when he was healthy?"
After the completion of the Daming Palace where Emperor Gaozu lived in without blessing, it became the new political activity center of the Tang Dynasty and took great pains to design the summer vacation. According to " Tang Yulin ", Tang Xuanzong built a cold hall in the water of the Daming Palace, using a water truck to transport cold water to the roof, and use cold water to circulate the roof to take away the hot air. At the same time, let cold water flow down the eaves automatically, "water accumulated in all corners forms a curtain to sprinkle", forming an artificial water curtain; then use a "water-induced fan car", that is, a hydraulic rocking fan, fan the air in front of the water curtain, blow the air into the room, and "wind hunting clothes". This refrigeration process can achieve the cooling effect of "freezing in the seat" in the hot summer when the summer is "very bad toxin", just like an ancient version of "water-cooled air-conditioned room".
The construction process of the cooling and cooling palace of Xuanzong Liangdian was renovated, and the descendants of later generations Tang Xuanzong was unique in Taiye Pond of Daming Palace. According to " Tang Liyan ", Emperor Xuanzong of Tang once summoned Hanlin scholars Wei Ao and Sun Hong to Taiyechi to meet.It was hot summer at that time, both of them were wearing extremely thin single clothes, and the eunuch who was waiting on the side showed a mysterious smile on his face when he saw this. Wei Ao and Sun Hong "didn't understand it at first" and did not understand the meaning. When they sat down and replied, they soon "feeled cold and hot." When they looked back, they saw that " dragon skin was on the side." It turns out that Xuanzong uses "dragon skin", that is, python skin, hanging around the Taiyechi Palace to isolate the heat.
In addition to the royal family, the necessary cooling tools for wealthy families include "impeller shaking the wind" and "Ziyuting Pavilion". According to " Miscellaneous Notes of Xijing ", Ding Shang, a skilled craftsman in Chang'an in the Western Han Dynasty, once invented a seven-wheeled fan that was pushed by humans, "seven wheels are all meter-by-meter in diameter and are continuous." Seven blades are installed on the giant wheel, and the handle is shaken by a man to drive the impeller to rotate quickly, stirring the air to form a cool breeze, which can achieve the cooling effect of "one person is used to shivering the whole hall".
According to "Feng's News and Views", Wang Hui, the censor of the Xuanzong period, once learned from the refrigeration principle of the Liangdian refrigeration in the Daming Palace, built a "Ziyu Pavilion" at home, transporting the well water to the roof, and "flying from the eaves four times". Although the summer vacation effect cannot be matched with the "freezing in the seat" of the Cold Palace, it is also "when it is summer, it is as cool as the autumn".
Through Wang Hui's demonstration, "Zhen Yuting" has become popular among high-ranking officials and nobles. Liu Yuxi After experiencing the "Ziyu Pavilion" at Liu Fuma's house, he wrote a poem "Liu Fuma's Water Pavilion Retreats the Summer", "Thousands of bamboos and green bamboos are green, and the water pavilion is empty. The amber cup is red and the wine is leaking, and the crystal curtains are brighter and more ventilated. I give ice to the bowl and the red soup, and the food is full of the plate covers the green cage. I have free time to avoid the troubles of the summer, and I have taken care of my master again and again." Outside the pavilion is the lotus lotus that is fragrant and clearer, under the pavilion is the crystal crystal curtain that is "more ventilated". In the pavilion is filled with cold fruits given by the emperor. The free and easy atmosphere of cooling off in summer is created by the poet.
The most "pride" in Chang'an summer escape circle is the Yang Guozhong family. According to " Kaiyuan Tianbao Legacy ", the Yang family's children "walking big ice to make craftsmen into mountains" and making icebergs at home, "around them between banquets" to cool down during banquets. The guests at the seat "although they all have cold colors when they are drunk", and there are even "shouldering" people wear brocade clothes and brocade robe to protect the cold.
line: Songfeng cold air
If you really can't stand the high temperature at home, and all kinds of cooling and cooling cold drinks cannot resist the magic attack of the scorching heat, then the ancients will release their last move - walking is the best strategy, hide in the deep mountains of the old forest and the quiet ancient temple to dissipate the heat.
Zhang Lun, a native of the Song Dynasty, released the sultry heat of his body and mind among the green mountains and green waters, and wrote, "Where can you climb to the fire in the sky, you must look for it outside the things, the pine wind and stream water are mixed with clear sounds... It is suitable to be radiated and called it, so that there is no need to invade the heat." It fully demonstrates the fun of avoiding the heat. Mei Yaochen On the day of the middle of the night, I went to Miaojue Temple to escape the heat. "The high trees sounded early in autumn, and the heat in the corridor was faint; there was no need to drink in the river, and I forgot to return after cooking tea." The Zen room was lush with flowers and trees, and the heat in the corridor gradually disappeared. I was blowing the cool breeze and drinking herbal tea, as if it had entered early autumn. Shi Ying, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, stepped into the deep mountains in the sixth month of the lunar calendar. "In the depths of the mountains in June, the pine wind blows coldly on his clothes; he knows the city from afar, and the fire and dust fly on his face." He enjoys the cool breeze in the mountains and complains about the rolling heat waves in the city.
In addition to the ancient temple in the deep mountains, the lotus pond by the pond is also a good place to escape the summer heat and cool off. Yang Wanli, a native of the Song Dynasty, was visiting the lotus pond during the hot evening season. "The grass shook its head and suddenly heard the sound of the west wind, covering the collar. lotus is still sad and hot when it enters the evening, and the lower face is hidden in the green umbrella." The pool water is quiet, the lotus leaves are green, and the west wind is cool. If you have such pleasant things in summer, what else can you ask for?
Fan Yunlin of the late Ming Dynasty once took his wife to Wanzhuan Bridge in Suzhou to enjoy the lotus and avoid the heat, watching "the lotus in the pond is like a cloud of clouds", smelling "the fragrance comes to the evening to pounce on people", and then let six or seven girls "play the song of "Water Clouds"". In this way, he "she is enough to relieve the anger". While lingering with his beloved wife in the beautiful scenery, Fan Yunlin did not forget to write a letter to invite his friend, "Can you come and receive the lotus fragrance?"
Since you have reached the waterside, you might as well board the boat and have fun. According to "Old Things in Wulin", every sixth day of the sixth month of the lunar calendar, the people of Lin'an in the Southern Song Dynasty would "climb boats to the lake to escape the summer vacation", and sail to a place with deep pudding and wide willows to "fishing on the water" until "the moon returns." Wherever the prosperity comes, some people will "stay overnight in the middle of the lake and return in the evening."
Of course, compared to walking, it is the best way to escape the summer heat at the highest end of the chain of contempt, and keep calm and calm. Bai Juyi Once went to the Zen Temple to escape the heat during the bitter and hot season. When he saw that the Zen Master did not leave the house and sat in the room, he wrote a poem in Master Hengji's Zen Room, "Everyone escapes the heat and walks like crazy, but the Zen Master does not leave the room. It is not that the Zen Room will not be hot, but the mind can be calm and the body will be cool."
After returning home, Bai Juyi also imitated the Zen master sitting alone in the courtyard to relieve the heat. "How can I save the heat from the heat? I live in the courtyard. There is no thing in front of me, and there is a breeze under the window. The heat dissipates from the calm mind, and the coolness is born into the empty room. At this time, the body protects itself, and it is difficult to be more in harmony with others." Let the heat rush, I will calm down. As long as you have no distracting thoughts, there will be a coolness in your heart.
(the author is , , doctor of history,
Source: China Youth Daily
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-