Can the word taboo add a separate evidence to the authenticity of " Lanting Preface "
——Also talk about the word "王" Wang Xizhi taboo use
Author: Yin Yanzhao
"Lanting Preface" written by Wang Xizhi, whether it is an article or calligraphy, passed down and copied from all dynasties, is a symbol of Chinese cultural history. However, there are many debates surrounding "Lanting Preface", and the most eye-catching topic is the dispute over whether "Lanting Preface" is written by Wang Xizhi.
Mr. Qi Xiaochun's new book "Lanting of Liuzhai" has collected and summarized his achievements in studying "Lanting Preface". The most important discussion is the chapter "The word "Lanting" in "Lanting Preface" and the taboos of the Six Dynasties" (hereinafter referred to as "Lanting" article". The author said in the postscript: "The problem that no one has noticed so far has been raised on the authenticity of "Lanting Preface" is raised."
The main point of "Lanting" is that the word "Lanting" is written twice in "Lanting Preface" which is the word "Lanting" in order to avoid the name of Wang Xizhi's great-grandfather Wang Kuang , grandfather Wang Zheng, great-grandfather Wang Lan ), and added a radical and changed it to Lan. The article "Lang" also examined the method of avoiding taboos in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and believed that using "Lang" instead of "Lang" to avoid taboos was not in line with the taboos norms at that time. As Wang Xizhi's gentry's children, it is impossible to avoid taboos with the wrong words twice in a row. From this, it is inferred that the second half of the text of "Lanting Preface" may not be written by Wang Xizhi. If even the article was not written by Wang Xizhi, it would be even more suspicious whether the calligraphy of "Lanting Preface" was written by Wang Xizhi.
"Lanting Preface" (Shenlong Version) has two parts written in "Lanting Preface"
"Lanting" text, the prerequisites still seem to be questionable: First, is it possible that the word "Lanting Preface" in "Lanting Preface" not a taboo? Second, even if writing is to avoid taboos, will writing in this way necessarily violate the taboos rules at that time?
Let me talk about the first question first, that is, Wang Xizhi wrote about the word "Lanting Preface" in "Lanting Preface", which may not be a taboo.
The national taboo in the early Jin Dynasty was only traced back to the third generation of Sima Yi , Sima Shi , Sima Zhao (Sima Shi and Sima Zhao are brothers, but they actually avoid grandfathers). There is no need to avoid taboos above Sima Yi. At that time, Sun Yu, a doctor of Taichang, thought it was inappropriate and advocated chasing the taboo of the seven temples. He listed the "Seven Temples Taboos", which said:
According to the "Rites": If a scholar sets up two temples, he will be under the king's father (that is, grandfather), and the emperor and the princes all have their own ancestors.
Although the memorial was discussing the national taboo, it proves from one aspect that scholars at that time might only avoid the names of their grandfather and father.
"Lang" article compiled 27 examples of taboos by aristocrats during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, including 19 who avoided the father's name, 3 who avoided his own name, 2 who avoided the grandfather's name, 1. There was also a national taboo, 1 official taboo, and 1. In two examples of avoiding the name of grandfather, the father and grandfather are connected to avoiding the name of the grandfather. It can be seen that there were few examples of avoiding the grandfather alone, and there seemed to be no record of avoiding the great-grandfather.
also has a counterexample circumstance. The famous writer Tao Yuanming of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, whose grandfather was named Mao ("Tao Yuanming Chronicle", Zhonghua Book Company , 1986), but the "Nine Poems of Ancient Ancients" in " Tao Yuanming Collection " has nine: "The branches are about to flourish, but suddenly the mountains and rivers are changed." There are many versions of "Tao Yuanming Collection" and there are also Song versions. According to the proofreading of Zhonghua Book Company in 1979, the Mao word in this poem has no changes in the past. It can be seen that Tao Yuanming did not avoid his grandfather's name.
Southern Song edited version of "Tao Yuanming Collection", there is a page of the sentence "The branches are about to flourish"
Therefore, Wang Xizhi may not necessarily avoid the name of his great-grandfather.
If Wang Xizhi did not avoid the taboo of the word "Lanting Preface" in "Lanting Preface" "Everyone who draws the cause of the past's feelings" and "the person who draws the latter will also feel the politeness" should be written directly as "Ling" according to the meaning of the text. What does it mean to write it as "Ling"?
According to the "Lanting Preface", there are many cases where is used to fake characters. Qian Jibo In the "History of Chinese Literature" written by Mr. Qian Jibo, the full text of "Lanting Preface" after correcting the word "Tongfu", is as follows:
The cultivation of the things (Shi Tongxi)
There are mountains and steep leaders (Lingtongling)
In the room (Wutongxu or Liu)
Although the interest is abandoned and the difference (interesting and trending)
is self-sufficient (some say the word "wrong" should be "happy and self-sufficient")
and it is both unsatisfied (when you are unsatisfied)
and it is both unsatisfied (when you are unsatisfied)
also sees the past (from Tongyu)
Since Wang Xizhi has repeatedly used the word "pseudo" in the writing process, the word "Langyu" may also be a borrowed word "Part slogan".
wenzhimingDrawing Lanting Picture (partial)
Langzi's "Shuowen Jiezi " was not included. Later, it was believed that the word "王子" included in "Shuowen Jiezi" was common writing (Wang Yun "Shuowen Jujuju Reading"), and its original meaning is to hold and concentrate, and it is extended to the meaning of general and gathering. It seems that it is understandable to substitute the meaning of the word "Lanting Preface". "The person who takes the lead will also feel the politeness" - it can mean that when holding the paper with the "Lanting Preface" written in your hand, it will also trigger feelings for the article. "Everyone takes the reason for the rise and fall of the past", combined with the next sentence "If you combine one thing, you will always be mourned by the text" - it can be said that you will be mourned by the rise and fall of all the predecessors. If you "combined one thing", there is no one who does not "comprehensively bow to the text". Pei Songzhi notes " Three Kingdoms ", quotes "Wei Family Spring and Autumn" by Sun Sheng , saying that Zhuge Liang "I was upset and sleep at night, and I was punished more than 20, and I was personally slapped." The same meaning here is also true.
Moreover, the word "Lang" itself also has the meaning of reading. "Zhuangzi Zaiyou": "This brings benefits to the three kings", Han Dynasty html by " Qifa ": "The flow of endless things, return to the mother of the gods", and even the Ming Dynasty " Xu Xiake's Travels ": "The situation before the cave" is all based on the meaning of "Ling" as the view. From this perspective, Wang Xizhi's writing of the characters "Lang" may just be like the previous examples, and he wrote a fake character.
Let’s talk about the second question below, that is, Wang Xizhi was the great-grandfather Wang Lan’s taboo, and rewriting the word Lan into Lan may not violate the rules of changing word taboo at that time.
The main argument of the article "Lang" is to use Lang instead of illuminating to avoid taboos, which is not in line with the etiquette and law that should be avoided at that time. As stated in the article "Lang", if you use the method of changing characters to avoid taboos, it is more standardized to use a character with the same meaning but different shapes and pronunciations to replace it, that is, the same training will be replaced. If you avoid the taboo Emperor Wu of Jin Sima Yan, the character "Yan" will be changed to Sheng; if you avoid the taboo Emperor Yuan of Jin Sima Rui, the character "Yu Rui" can be changed to Ming. This method of avoiding taboos is mostly used to avoid national taboos. The article "Lang" collects more than 30 examples of the taboos of the Qin, Han, Han, Jin, , Southern and Northern Dynasties , and will not be repeated here.
And scholars avoid private taboos or family taboos. The 77th chapter of "History of the World: Literature " is quite representative: Yu Chan wrote "Yangdu Fu", with a sentence "Better virtue is brighter." At that time, another important minister, , Yu Liang, wanted to read this fu. In order to avoid Yu Liang's name, Yu Chan changed this sentence to "Better virtue and be smooth". This represents the norm for changing words and avoiding taboos at that time recognized by Mr. Qi Xiaochun.
However, there are many examples similar to Wang Xizhi who uses the perspective of drawing instead of reading, and uses the radicals to change the characters and avoid taboos. Chen Shou wrote "The Three Kingdoms" and in order to avoid being deceived by Sima Yi, he wrote Zhang Yi's name as Zhang Yi, which reduced the radicals of the word Yi. At that time, in order to avoid being taboo Sima Shi, the legendary Feng Shen, called Feng Shuai, was changed to Feng Shuai, and he also used the strokes of the characters to reduce the words to avoid being taboo.
is more representative. It is an example of Wang Shu that was repeatedly proofed by the article "Lang": the court asked Wang Shu to serve as the official position of the inner historian of Kuaiji . Wang Shu was the son of Wang Hui. In order to avoid his father's name, Wang Shu said that he could not go to Kuaiji to be an official. Later, the court changed Ji to Ji, and Wang Shu had no choice but to take up his post. This example can certainly show that adding radicals to 黑博 does not strictly comply with the taboo standards, so Wang Shu is not satisfied. But it also shows that the method of changing radicals and words to avoid taboos was also used at that time.Of course, it will not only have different characters in shape but also have different pronunciations from Wu, but Wang Xizhi changed to Lan. Although the characters are different in shape, the pronunciation of the characters is the same. Compared with the two, Wang Xizhi is a controllable change of characters, Wang Shu is a controllable change of characters, and Wang Xizhi is a less strict change of characters. But can these situations be understood as the two are different from leniency and strictness, not the difference between right and wrong?
Similar to this, when Sima Zhao's name was avoided, Zhao was changed to Shao or Shao, and he also avoided the taboo by changing radicals. The explanation of this in the article "Lang" is that these taboos that change radicals have different pronunciations, shapes and even meanings, while the pronunciations of the characters are the same as those of Lan and Lan, so they are not in compliance with the norms. Use the method of changing the word and avoiding taboos by changing the word and radical. Do you have to have different pronunciations?
In the well-recognized and relatively credible calligraphy works (copy or record), Wang Xizhi wrote the words "Zheng" and "Zheng": "Hi 2 Seventeen Posts ", there is "Zheng" this year"; "Chunhuage Post", there is "Send this carp , "Is it a stern thing to respect me?" At the same time, Wang Xizhi will also write the first month as the first month.
Treating this phenomenon, since the Song Dynasty, people generally believe that this is Wang Xizhi avoiding the name of his grandfather Wang Zheng, or using Zheng or using Zheng instead of Zheng; or using Zheng and changing to the character "Zheng" and using the character "Zheng" instead of "Zheng". The two situations of
, the latter "using the first generation to be positive" meets the strict norms of changing the word and avoiding taboos, and the problem lies in the former. Political and righteousness are both "highest and more", and are homophonic. Zheng, "Shuowen Jiezi" "follows the chanting, corrects the sound". These two characters are the same as those of the characters in the word "Lang", and the characters are pronounced the same as those of the characters.
Taohe Green Stone Lanting Inkstone
If we follow the inference point of the article "Lang", these two paragraphs in "Seventeen Posts" and "Chunhuage Posts" should also be fakes.
The article "Lang" wants to prove that the reading and retrieval does not meet the taboo-avoidance norms, so as to determine the falsehood of "Lanting Preface", but at the same time, it cannot deny the truth of "Seventeen Posts" and "Chunhuage Posts" that have similar situations. Therefore, it is explained that Wang Xizhi's use of politics and elections instead of righteousness is not a taboo-avoidance, but just a false loan between synonyms. The main reasons are as follows:
1. If the rule and politics are used as nouns, such as the first month, it is necessary to avoid taboos. Therefore, Wang Xizhi changed the first month to the first month, and could not unregularly write the first month as the political month. If Zheng and Zheng are used as verbs or adverbs, the meanings of the word can be communicated with each other. At this time, the word "zheng" is written as "zheng" or "zheng" is a false loan, not a taboo. In other words, if the part of speech is a noun, you should avoid taboos, and if the part of speech is a verb or an adverb, you should not avoid taboos. Since it is not a taboo, homophones are not hindered. As for why the ancients only avoided nouns, the article "Lang" believes that the purpose of avoiding taboos is to avoid the names of ancestors, so nouns are the most stringent.
The second is the radical of Zheng and Zheng, such as horizontal, horizontal, horizontal, horizontal, horizontal, horizontal, horizontal, horizontal, horizontal, and other strokes, so the sound and shape can be retained without being taboo.
The distinction between nouns, verbs, and adverbs. Since modern times, the ancients did not have such concepts when using characters. How can they avoid taboos according to their part of the word? Even though today, the taboo situation was analyzed according to the part-of-word analysis, "New Words of the World" records that when people heard people talk about "warm wine", they thought they had violated their own taboos, so they used a handkerchief to hide their tears. Here, the warm wine is a verb, so you should also avoid it. "New Words on the World" also records that Zhong Yao's son Zhong Hui's son, was joked by others using his family's taboo, saying that he "looks away from you"; "Southern History" records Wang Yu's son Wang Xun's son, read the Analects of Confucius to the sentence "I am so depressed" and was asked why not avoid it. Here, Yao and Yu are both common characters with the meanings of the characters, and they are not used as nouns. It can be seen that common characters that are not nouns should also be avoided. This is one of them. The radical of the character "正" can be either Zheng or Wu; the radical of the character "Zheng" is "门", which is not the first character of the radical in the characters "Zheng" and "Zheng". According to the "Yan Family Instructions" created during this period, people who avoided the word "Yun" changed the word "Yun" to "Yun" and the word "Yun" are similar to the part of the so-called "radical" in the "Lang" article. Moreover, the word "Yun" is not a noun, why should we avoid it? This is the second one.
Chinese characters have the characteristics of ambiguousness. Extended from one character, they often have many parts of speech, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. If this is used as the basis for whether to avoid taboos, it is difficult to be unfounded.
To sum up, Wang Xizhi wrote the word "Lanting Preface" twice, which may not be to avoid taboos, or to add a radical to change the word "tag" method, which was possible at that time. Therefore, from the perspective of avoiding words, it is impossible to infer that there is a problem with the text in the second half of "Lanting Preface", and it is impossible to add a separate evidence to the authenticity of "Lanting Preface".
"Guangming Daily" (11th edition, September 25, 2022)
Source: Guangming.com-Guangming Daily
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