text/Qingshu Palace shoveling historian
1271, Kublai Khan named the new empire "Da Yuan", and the Great Mongolian Kingdom changed its name to "Da Yuan Da Mongolian Kingdom". "Da Yuan" is taken from "Da Zai Qian Yuan" in the "Book of Changes". also stated in the edict to announce the new country name, it is based on the "meaning of Qianyuan". "Qianyuan" refers to the sky or the universe, which is traced to the "Tengri" that is commonly respected by people in the Turkic -Mongolian system, that is, the sky. One concept that needs to be clarified is that the Yuan Dynasty is not the Yuan Dynasty . The essence of the Kublai Empire is the re-transformed Mongolian world empire. The Kublai Empire itself has never become the Chinese dynasty.
Since Mengge Khan, Kublai Khan began to manage the Han area. For him, the Han area was his "belly". If he wanted to rule the people here and make it the source of wealth, he had to implement the Han law and rule the Han area with the Han law. But it does not mean that he gave up on Mongolian Zasa. After Kublai Khan ascended the throne, he implemented the "ancestral interpretation of flexibility" strategy of governing the country, and practiced both Han laws and Mongolian laws. The Mongolian language and characters were legal official characters, and Chinese characters were still common, forming an administrative system where the traditional political system of the Central Plains and the old customs in the north of the desert coexisted.
Territory of the Mongol Empire
From the perspective of human historical development, barbaric conquerors will adapt to and adopt the management methods of civilized people during the period of rule after conquest, and even have to adopt the language of the conquered person until they are assimilated. Although they were reluctant to do so, the northwestern vassal kings sent envoys to the court in the early Yuan Dynasty to question: "The old customs of this dynasty are different from the Han laws. Now they leave Han territory, build capitals, city walls, ceremonial systems, and follow the Han laws. What is the reason?"
The Mongol Empire was a "Khanate of the Great Khan", centered on the Kublai Empire, and to its west were the four major Khanates. Since the Khanate in various places had the scale of an empire, this structure can be regarded as several empire groups under a sovereign country, which constituted the world federation of Mongolia as a whole.
After establishing the national name "Da Yuan", the Yuan regime did not give up the original "Da Mongolian Kingdom". The Chinese word "Da Yuan" should be translated as the Great Mongolian Kingdom of the Great Yuan. The official language is "Da Yuan Da Mongolian Kingdom", or the abbreviation is "Da Mongolian Kingdom". The Yuan Dynasty chronology was also used in both Han and Mongolian forms. The titles of emperors of all dynasties in the Yuan Dynasty also include Han and Mongolian names. For example, Kublai Khan's Han style honored "Xiantian Shudao Benevolence, Wenyi, Wu Daguangxiao Emperor", and Mongolian language honored "Xue Chan Hehan", which means the wise Great Khan . The two names cannot be translated together because it is due to the two unrelated ruling relationships. He is the emperor for the Han subjects, and he is still a Great Khan for the Mongolian people. This is very important. Unlike other conquering dynasties in Chinese history, the Yuan Dynasty was only part of the Mongol Empire. In order to defend the position of "Da Yuan" as the sect leader in the Mongol Empire and prove that he was the only Khan, Kublai Khan could not regard himself as the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. He must also consider the role of "Da Khan" when establishing and imposing laws, otherwise it will cause serious political problems. Even after the unification of the Mongolian, the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty was still respected as the sect leader, called Hehan, and had the highest status. The other Khanate was called the Northwest Vastrous Tribe, and its leader was called Khan, and its status was second. Therefore, in fact, the Ili Khanate, the Khanate, the Chagatai Khanate, and the Ogedei Khanate , which were actually independent, are still part of the Great Yuan and Great Mongolian countries. This is very important. Unlike other conquering dynasties in Chinese history, the Yuan Dynasty was only a part of the Mongol Empire. As the supreme Khan of the Mongol Empire and the heir to the rule of Mongol , Kublai persisted in demanding that each fiefdom obey him. In addition to the Khanate, he was just the nominal sect leader, but the Ili Khanate was the de facto sect leader, and he was ruled by his younger brother. Ilikhan, whether it was his younger brother or later Abaha and Aluhun, were all senior governors appointed by him. In order to force the Ogedei family and the Chagatai family to surrender, he fought against them all his life.
This is the Yuan Empire that Marco Polo saw.During the same era, his motherland was still in the chaotic state of the medieval era. Those earth-splitting autocratic princes turned Europe into small countries, while East Asia established a unified world empire under the rule of the Mongols. Kublai Khan realized an unattainable dream of elites and scholar-officials of all dynasties, and all people were under the rule of one government. Before the Mongols took over the Central Plains, there were many nomadic regimes that were in conflict with the Han regime from north to south, such as the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Turks, Khitans, Jurchens, etc., but they all failed to rule the Central Plains.
Kublai Khan's achievements surpassed that of his grandfatherGenghis Khan. He combined people of different ethnic groups into a single cohesive political entity. This is the most important and most beneficial legacy left by Kublai Khan to the Chinese nation.
Kublai Khan's achievements surpassed that of his grandfather Genghis Khan. He combined people of different ethnic groups into a single cohesive political entity. This is Kublai Khan
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