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Historical Review — Mongolian and Han jointly carry out land reform
1949 On October 1, 201949, the People's Republic of China was founded. The party's sunshine shines on the land. Tumote Banner was also a liberated area for the "September 19" peaceful uprising at that time. Mr. Rongxiang, the general manager of Tumote Special Banner, also signed Dong Qiwu's "Telecoming Uprising Letter". After the uprising, on March 1, 1950, the General Administration Office was changed to the Banner People's Government, which was directly under the leadership of the Suiyuan Provincial People's Government. It was the A-class Banner, and the Banner Government was still stationed in Hohhot. Then, the banner government changed the seven supervision offices into seven district offices, and in the future, it would solve the power vacuum problem that arises in the people's government. Regarding this issue, when Mao Zedong peacefully liberated Suiyuan, he proposed a plan: "Reform the old system, implement new policies, and strive to build a new Suiyuan!" In fact, this plan is more direct and clearer than any plan at that time. It was the working policy of Tumote Banner at that time, and it was also the first fruit obtained by the bloody struggle of the Tumote people, and it was also the standardization and characterization of the ethnic policy of the Communist Party of China. At that time, the staff in the Banner Affairs Office were basically not moved, and they were all combined with the cadres in the liberated area and assigned to the banner government and district offices. For example, Mr. Rongxiang, the general manager of Tumote Special Banner, was not only a member of the Suiyuan Provincial Military and Political Committee after liberation, but also a banner leader of the Tumote Banner People's Government. This is mainly determined based on Mr. Rong Xiang's reputation, identity and original status. There is another reason. At that time, there was a saying within the party that "the people who give me a tribute, and the people who add me will do my own affairs." The so-called "people who use Fu" means giving appropriate arrangements to some of Fu Zuoyi's original people. Whether it is an uprising or a member of the uprising, as long as they are willing to accept the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the People's Government, they will not pursue the past, so that they can become members of the people and serve the people's regime. In order to implement this policy, there were only two main leaders of the banner committee at that time. Mongolian cadres from Tumote Banner Li Wenjing served as secretary and deputy banner leader of the banner committee, and Han cadre Li Feng served as member of the banner committee and director of the organization. In addition to Rong Xiang as the banner head of the People's Government, the Civil Affairs Section Chief Tian Yu (formerly Secretary of the Office of the Banner General Administration), the deputy section chief is Ke Shouqing, the Finance Section Chief Rong Jingxian (uprising cadre), the Construction Section Chief Yin Shilin (formerly Major General Deputy Commander of the Security Corps of Tumote Banner), the Deputy Section Chief Yun Shuowang, the Court President Kang Jimin (formerly Senator of the Mongolian Autonomous Government Committee of Bailingmiao), the Health Section Chief Chang Ling, the Culture and Education Section Chief Xi Kun, the Taxation Bureau Director Yun Jianfei, the Deputy Director Du Xi, the Deputy Director Ren Ru, the Deputy Director Meng Shao, the Principal of Tumote Middle School, and the Principal of Tumote Primary School is also served by Li Wenjing, the Secretary of the Banner Committee. From this list, we can see that a group of uprising personnel have been reused.
After the liberation, farmers of Mongolian and Han ethnic groups in Tumote Banner were liberated politically and became the masters of the country, but they had not yet escaped from the exploitation of the feudal landlord class of and their lives were still in poverty. Therefore, it has become an urgent task to carry out reforms in rural areas to eliminate the feudal landlord class centered on land reform. In November 1947, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government carried out land reforms in the eastern Six Leagues and carried out democratic reforms in pastoral areas and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas. The Inner Mongolia Working Committee headed by Ulanfu, based on the Land Law outline and the general line and general policy of land reform of "relying on poor peasants, uniting middle peasants, step by step eliminate the feudal system, and developing agricultural production". Considering that "Mongolian farmers have relatively backward agricultural labor skills, it is not easy to rise to rich peasants, and it is not suitable to fight. The Mongolians were forced to transfer from pastoralism to agriculture. Because they could not farm, small landlords who rented their own household registration land, livelihood land, and raising land should not be fought (see "Ulanfu Collection" 140-141). As for the few Mongolian peasants, special attention should be paid to them and infringement is not allowed" and other ethnic characteristics, they formulated "land in Inner Mongolia is publicly owned by the Mongolian nation." "Resolutely protect middle peasants for the land of ordinary Mongolian landlords and rich peasants." and other pragmatic policies (see "History of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region" edited by Hao Weimin ).Referring to the experience of the eastern region, in the winter of 1950, the Suiyuan Provincial People's Government decided to carry out a struggle for rent reduction and anti-hegemony in rural areas in combination with bandit suppression and democratic construction, and create conditions for land reform. In the bandit suppression, the rebellion of the Kuomintang uprising troops E XX and Qiao XX were quelled, and the extremely evil bullies and counter-revolutionaries were suppressed. On November 13, the Provincial People's Government issued a "Lease Reduction Order", ordering all landlords to implement the "Second Five-Year Plan" rent reduction to farmers, that is, to reduce the land rent by 25% and reduce the other debt burdens of farmers; and ordering bully landlords to bow their heads to the people to plead guilty. In the fight against hegemony, pay attention to distinguishing the boundary between bully landlords and general landlords; pay attention to distinguishing the boundary between landlords and rich peasants in rent reduction; implement a policy of not fighting against Mongolian bully landlords. In early December, the Guisui Municipal People's Government formed a working group for rent reduction and anti-hegemony, convened a meeting of farmers' representatives in the suburbs, established a preparatory committee for the farmers' association to lead farmers' struggle for rent reduction and anti-hegemony, liquidate the crimes committed by bully landlords against farmers, confiscate their land and property, and distribute them to poor farmers. After two months of the struggle for rent reduction and anti-hegemony, farmers of all ethnic groups in Mongolia and Han reduced the burden of land rent, liquidated various crimes of bully landlords, and established banner and village-level peasant associations. The farmers' production enthusiasm has increased, and rural productivity has been initially liberated. The reduction of rents and counter-hegemony has created a relatively stable social environment for the implementation of land reform.
In order to further liberate productivity, completely eliminate feudal landlord ownership, implement "those who farm have their own land" and "return home to farmers". In November 1951, the Land Reform Commission was officially established in Tumote Banner. Director Rong Xiang, Deputy Director Li Wenjing, and members include Meng Chun, Li Feng, Ren Ru, etc. Then a land reform team was formed, with the group leader Ren Ru, political commissar Li Feng, deputy group leader Li Feng (concurrent), and Yang Kun. The working team members include Tumote Banner, Guisui County and , a total of 200 cadres sent by the National Ethnic Affairs Commission. From November 22 to 27, the first farmers' congress of Suiyuan Province was held in Guisui . More than 500 representatives of Mongolian and Han farmers attended the meeting and discussed the major policies and guidelines for carrying out land reform among more than 2 million farmers in the province, and announced the establishment of the Provincial Farmers Association.
In order to accumulate experience in land reform work for Tumote Banner and Suiyuan Province, the Suiyuan Provincial Committee and the Provincial People's Government carried out pilot work in a rural village in Bashi Village and Ba League in Tumote Banner before November 1951. The reason why Suiyuan Province chose to use the village as a pilot is determined by its particularity. Since the Qing Dynasty, the village where Mongolian and Han people lived, the Mongolian and Han people have implemented the system of division and governance in administrative management. Since the Mongolians were indigenous residents here in history, most of the Han people were immigrants during the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the Mongolians occupied a lot of land, a small population and a small labor force; while the Han people occupied a lot of land, a large population and a large labor force per capita. Under the Han chauvinist policies of ethnic discrimination and national oppression by the ruling classes in previous dynasties, ethnic conflicts were complicated. At that time, there were 140 Mongolian households in the village, occupying 40 hectares of land, and 200 Han households, occupying 14 hectares of land. The land in this village is watered land that can be irrigated for many years. At that time, the Land Reform Work Group was not familiar with the local history. Under the strong demand of the Han people, more than 56 landlords were assigned from more than 140 Mongolian households. In carrying out these work, the working group ignored a problem, that is, during the War of Resistance Against Japan and the War of Liberation, more than 50 young Mongolians participated in the revolution. They fought bloody battles outside all year round, and had no labor at home and were poor. Now that they have been liberated, they have been classified as landlords. At that time, these Mongolian people reported to the above. Later, Kui Bi, Vice Chairman of the People's Government of Suiyuan Province, led a team to conduct a review. After in-depth investigation, the error in land reform was corrected based on historical reasons and actual conditions, and accumulated experience for the later issuance of the "Implementation Measures for Land Reform of Mengqi in Suiyuan Province" and "Suiyuan Province Supplementary Measures on Classification Components of Mongolians".
Immediately afterwards, the Suiyuan Provincial People's Government formulated and published two documents related to the land reform of Mongolian Banner and the division of class components of Mongolian people, namely the "Implementation Measures for Land Reform of Mongolian Banner in Suiyuan Province" and the "Suiyuan Provincial Supplementary Measures on Class Division of Mongolian people".These documents were drafted by the Suiyuan Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission, approved by the Suiyuan Provincial People's Government, and then approved by the Suiyuan Provincial People's Government and approved by the Central People's Government and the implementation began. At that time, the two documents were issued to take into account the historical situation of Mengqi and the land possession situation, in order to carry out land reform in ethnic areas, which was in line with the spirit of Comrade Mao Zedong's speech at the Jinsui Cadre Conference and the Party's basic policy of relying on poor peasants, uniting middle peasants, isolating and cracking down on the landlord class, and confiscating the land of feudal landlords owned by the farmers during land reform. The document stipulates that areas where banners and counties coexist, Mongolian and Han farmers will implement joint land reform. Its central content has two points: First, when dividing land and other land reform fruits, Mongolian farmers divide one to two portions, and the land quality is equivalent to the local medium soil quality. Han farmers share one. This was determined based on the land possession of Mongolian and Han landlords and poor employed farmers in the pilot work of land reform and the calculation of the number of land allocated, and when discussing the land allocation method with the Mongolian and Han people. Second, when dividing the components of Mongolian farmers, strictly follow the provisions in the "Implementation Measures for the Implementation of Mongolian Land Reform" and the "Supplementary Measures for the Division of Class Components of Mongolians" issued by the Provincial People's Government, and take the amount of exploitation income as the main standard for dividing large, medium and small landlords. Any exploitation income is equivalent to that of the local Han landlords, and the local Han landlords are divided into small landlords. The local Han landlords are medium landlords, and the local Han landlords are large landlords. The distribution of the five major property of Mongolian landlords is strictly distinguished from the Han landlords. Only the five major property of Mongolian landlords is confiscated, and other property is not confiscated; only the land is confiscated, and the remaining four major property is retained; all the property of Mongolian landlords is not distinguished. When distributing the five major property, the landlords and farmers should be distributed to the same portion of land and means of production. For the land in the Lama Temple , local Mongolian farmers may collect a portion of the land at the appropriate time if required, and also allocate 1-2 pieces of land and means of production to the Lama, which fully reflects the Party’s ethnic and religious policies.
Tumet Banner's land reform movement was carried out from December 1951 to early March 1952. Classification components are an important step in land reform. It is an accurate and unmistakable political work that is highly policy-oriented and related to national unity. On the basis of the majority of farmers mastering the Party’s land reform policy, farmers’ self-reports and public comments are adopted, and class components are evaluated under the auspices of the work team and farmers’ associations. If this household does not agree, it is allowed to defend on the spot or appeal to the higher government. Finally, after repeated review of the occupation of land and other means of production, the three lists were finalized and the list was announced.
Due to historical reasons, there is a situation in which "banners and counties coexist, and Mongolian and Han governance" exists in Tumote area. At that time, Guisui City had only a small suburban rural area. Tumote Banner was directly under the leadership of the Provincial People's Government. Guisui County, Tokto County , Qingshuihe County , and Linger County , Wuchuan County are under the jurisdiction of the Ulanqab League. The characteristics of these banners, counties and districts are that they live in Mongolia and Han dynasties, and administrative divisions are situations where banners and counties coexist and "dividing and governing Mongolia and Han dynasties". That is, Han farmers are under the jurisdiction of the county, while Mongolian farmers are under the jurisdiction of Tumote Banner. Tumote Banner was under the jurisdiction of seven counties and two cities at that time. The entire banner had a population of 29,000 Mongolians, divided into seven districts. District 1 was in the eastern suburbs of the city, Taohuapan and Baishihu in the southern suburbs of the city, District 2 was in the southern suburbs of the city, District 3 was in the annoyed wood of Helin County, District 4 was in the Bikeqi , District 5 was in the Tabusai in Tokto County, District 6 was in the Sarachi, and District 7 was Zhaohe (pastoral area). The Party’s land reform policy stipulates that pastoral areas do not carry out land reform, so Zhaohe is a pure pastoral area and does not carry out land reform. At that time, the total number of Han people in these areas was about 500,000. Due to the ethnic division rule of previous reactionary governments, complex ethnic relations are intertwined on the land issue. In history, the Mongolians have formed a characteristic of a small population and a large per capita land possession; the Han people have a large population and a small per capita land possession.Due to short agricultural operation time, low technical level, and lack of labor, Mongolian farmers generally rent excess land to Han farmers and collect less "Mongolian rent". Lama Temple also occupies a considerable amount of land, which is called temple warehouse economy. Among these problems, there are both ethnic and religious problems.
According to this special situation at that time, the land reform of Tumote Banner was carried out in the form of a joint banner and county. That is, Tumote Banner was united with Guisui County, and Tumote Banner was mainly led by the banner, and the Bikeqi area with relatively concentrated Mongolian people was selected (from Simenwai of Guisui City in the east, from Ximenwai of the west, from Shuimogou, and from Sanliang to the west). Land reform in other areas is mainly counties, and the banner sends working groups to participate to keep abreast of the land reform situation at any time and make suggestions to the Mongolian-Han Joint Land Reform Working Group. The land reform work in the Bikeqi area before the Spring Festival includes Daerjia, Shuimu, Zhilao, Bikeqi, Gucheng and other villages; after the Spring Festival, Sanliang, Beishixiu, Dianshang, Zhubao and other villages are completed. At that time, the peasant association was generally established in the Bikeqi area. According to the characteristics of the banner, the working group first rectified and developed the peasant association, absorbing those poor peasants who were flawed but were not bad people and were active and showed positive performances to the peasant association, strengthening the peasant association's strength. Many people reported and exposed a large number of landlords' crimes after joining the society and became activists of land reform.
As Suiyuan Province at that time formulated a series of policies, the Mongolian and Han mass working group of Tumote Banner during the land reform period did a very good job. For example, during the land reform of Bingzhou Hai, Han farmers reported that the Mongolian farmers in Niuniuying Village in Chunmeng Village had more Mongolian farmers divided the things from Bingzhou Hai. After hearing this, the work group sent a special person to investigate. The fact was the opposite. The farmers in Bingzhou Hai had more Mongolian villagers divided the things from Niuniuying Village. Then the work group announced the results of the investigation and concluded the matter by self-criticizing the Han farmers. Although the Zaosheng Village in Taigemu is very large, the farmers are poor, and there is no one in the village who is enough for landlords. When the head of the working group saw that other villages had landlords, he felt that if he didn't make a few landlords come to work, he would have no results. So he pulled camels from the flock of sheep, which scared the rich peasants in the village. Later, the leaders of the working group discovered this problem. Everyone sat together to study the relevant party policies. They agreed that when dividing the components of landlords, they should be realistic and artificially created landlords, and they would make the mistake of expanding. According to the internal spirit of the central government, the division of landlords and rich peasants generally does not exceed 7%---8% of the total number of rural households. But even so, it is still impossible to achieve a balance, because history has formed that the Tumot Mongolian farmers have a lot of land per capita and there are also many land tenants. If divided according to the central proportion, there is a question of how to calculate it. If the Mongolian and Han farmers calculate it together, it will not exceed this proportion, because the percentage is very clear. However, the situation in Tumote Banner is special. If you don’t mix it up, the proportion of land and wealth among Mongolians will reach 12% to 13%. Although many Mongolian farmers in Tumote Banner have land, they hire people to farm, and the situation is not rich, and some are even very poor. Some of them can be classified as small land lessors or small land operators, just like Han farmers, according to the policy regulations. Once the leaders of the autonomous region, Kuibi and Pan Jiwen went to Tumote Banner to investigate. Li Feng and Ren Ru reported on the situation and were recognized. Afterwards, the land reform under the leadership of the Tumote Banner Working Group became more rigorous in grasping the policies. All the components designated by the Mongolian people must be approved by the Land Reform Commission, so that the number of landlords and rich peasants designated must be strictly controlled within the proportion stipulated by the central government. After demarcating the class components, Mongolian and Han peasants were organized to fight against landlords, confiscating, expropriating and distributing five major properties. At that time, some Mongolian farmers proposed that because of the "Mongolian and Han division", land reform should be "Mongolian and Meng division" and "Han and Han division". The working team convened Mongolian farmers and repeatedly explained the Party’s land reform policies and ethnic policies. Everyone realized that “Mongolian and Han division” was a policy of reactionary rulers to sow relations between the Mongolian and Han people, create ethnic conflicts, and break the nation’s unity in order to maintain their own rule. New China implements the policy of ethnic equality, and the Mongolian-Han ethnic relations should establish a relationship of equality, mutual assistance and unity, eliminate ethnic barriers caused by the old society, and resolve ethnic disputes.If the Mongolians are divided into Meng Dou Meng, the result will result in the Mongolians being allocated too much land, which will be abandoned if they cannot be cultivated. Han farmers will continue to suffer poverty due to the lack of land and no land, which is not conducive to national unity and production development. To complete the task of anti-feudalism of land reform, the people of Mongolia and Han must unite and jointly overthrow the Mongolian and Han landlord class. Mongolian landlords and Han landlords are both common exploiters of the Mongolian and Han people, so the statements such as "Meng Dou Meng Division" are not in line with the fundamental interests of Mongolian and Han farmers. At the first peasant congress held in Tumot Banner, the delegates realized that in order to make a complete comeback, the Mongolian and Han people must unite and implement joint land reform in order to eliminate the landlord class. In terms of the struggle method, the Mongolian landlords should be the main force of the Mongolian people and the Han peasants should assist; when fighting against the Han landlords, the Mongolian and Han peasants should fight together, first fighting against the Han landlords and then fighting against the Mongolian landlords.
After a reasonable struggle with the landlord, the landlord's land, farm animals, agricultural tools, surplus grain and real estate were distributed. The landlords should be allowed to make a book first and submit it to the peasants' association for review. The land for the expropriation of the rich peasants must be reported to the superior for approval in advance. Strictly divide the boundaries between feudal assets and industrial and commercial capital, and effectively ensure that the operations of industrial and commercial are not violated. During the land reform, the Mongolian and Han people in Tumote Banner jointly formed a farmer association, confiscating five major property from 1,840 Mongolian and Han landlords (including 98 Mongolian and 1,743 Han nationalities), with a total of 269,601 mu of land, 4,549 cultivated livestock, 35,316 agricultural tools, 3641,197 kilograms of grain, and 1,398 houses.
After a 5-month land reform movement, Tumote Banner, suburbs of the city, Guisui and other counties have basically completed the task of eliminating feudal ownership in rural areas. After that, Yang Zhilin, Vice Chairman of the Suiyuan Provincial People's Government, inspected the land reform work in Tumote Banner and summarized it in Sanliang Village. He expressed three opinions: First, he defeated the landlords and achieved anti-feudal victory. Second, farmers were assigned to land and means of production, and the enthusiasm for revolution and production was unprecedentedly high. Third, the ethnic barriers caused in history have been eliminated, and the Mongolian and Han ethnic groups are closely united, help each other, and move forward together. It has achieved the goal of "recognizing history, taking care of reality, solving problems, and achieving unity".
From December 1952 to February 1953, Tumote Banner conducted a land reform review work, and the main content of the land reform review is to crack down on illegal landlords; to investigate the missed and fled landlords, to investigate the five major property concealed by landlords; to correct the class components of the wrong landlords; to solve ethnic relations and other issues related to ethnic mixed areas.
In November 1952, Tumote Banner dispatched 89 cadres to form a joint land reform review committee working group with Guisui County, Saraqi County, Helinger County and Tokto County. The cadres of Tumote Banner were mainly responsible for the land reform review work of Inner Mongolians in each county. All counties began land review work in mid-November. The review campaign in Tumot Banner started from November 11, 1952 to March 10, 1953 in total. 2,325 Mongolian and Han landlords were reviewed, 163 were corrected, 2,077 mu of land were repaid, 83 cultivated animals, 378 houses, 223 agricultural tools, and 26,762 kilograms of grain were found. 49 landlords were found to be missed, and there were 2,211 landlords in Guisui County, accounting for 4.24% of the total farmers, including 225 illegal landlords, 121 people were fought against by the masses, 5 bully landlords were arrested, and 17 counter-revolutionaries were arrested. Five major properties were recovered, including 392 mu of land, 196 cultivated animals, 206 houses, 1,100 agricultural tools, 96,454 kilograms of grain, 330 yuan of white ocean, 38.1 taels of silver, 16 pigs, and 66 sheep.
The land reform movement of Tumote Banner has brought about earth-shaking changes in the rural areas of this banner. The remarkable achievements were: the peasants of Mongolian and Han ethnic groups defeated the landlord class, abolished feudal exploitation, and truly became liberated and became the masters of the new China. Peasants of all ethnic groups elect their own representatives, established a rural and rural government with the people's democratic dictatorship, improved ethnic relations, and enhanced ethnic unity. As agricultural output increases, the lives of many poor and hired farmers quickly rise to the level of middle-aged farmers. It is worth mentioning that when these Mongolian ethnic groups allocated land, Mongolian farmers with no land or less land were divided into one to two more parts of land and means of production than Han farmers, which undoubtedly greatly improved the lives of these Mongolian farmers.
After the above policies achieved obvious results, this achievement was rarely reflected in the cooperative movement.
In 1953, the Party Central Committee proposed the general line of the transition period of , calling for the implementation of " one transformation and three transformations ", that is, realizing national industrialization, gradually completing the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce, and calling on farmers to carry out a good mutual aid and cooperative movement, organize mutual aid groups and primary agricultural cooperatives , and vigorously develop agricultural production. However, the flag situation at that time was characterized by the scattered residence of Mongolian people, and most villages had only a few households, and it was difficult to organize mutual aid groups. The Mongolian people have strongly expressed this. This year, at the People's Congress of all walks of life held in the flag, the Mongolian people made a cry: The Han people follow the socialist path, and we Mongolians also need to follow the socialist path, and we cannot lag behind. The representatives unanimously requested to organize a mutual aid group, but the actual situation at that time restricted the Mongolian nation. Among them, there is a Huanghe Shao Village in Tumote Banner that reflects the strongest. First of all, some women with land and no labor in this village broke the tradition and organized a mutual aid group with Han farmers. Later practice proved that this mutual aid group was doing very well. Based on Huang Heshao's successful experience, the Banner Committee immediately decided to organize mutual aid groups according to local conditions and regardless of ethnic groups according to local conditions. Soon, mutual aid groups were established in most areas of the banner. The emergence of the mutual aid group connected the people of Mongolia and Han. But new problems arose again. Because it was a system of "dividing Mongolian and Han governments and coexisting banners and counties" at that time, the banner had no right to handle the affairs of each county, and the county governments had no right to collect grain and taxes from the Mongolian people. At the same time, there have been many inconveniences in government document delivery and conference arrangements, and more and more people have proposed to abolish this system. So the congress was held in the flag to discuss this issue specifically during the period. The end of the coexistence of banners and counties involves some historical issues. For example, some Mongolian people rent out land, collect small rents, etc. After Comrades Li Wenjing, Kuibi and Li Sen explained that the Mongolian representatives took the initiative to cancel the collection of small rents, etc., the meeting quickly made a resolution to end the "coexistence of banners and counties". After the meeting, the flag company reported the resolution to the Suiyuan Provincial Party Committee, which also reported to the Central People's Government.
On March 6, 1954, the Pingdiquan Administrative Region People's Government was established, and the Tumote Banner People's Government was led by the Pingdiquan People's Government.
On March 21, 1954, with the approval of the Central People's Government, the coexistence of banners and counties in Suizhong area was ended. The implementation of this plan abolished the original Guisui County system, and the areas under Guisui County and its neighboring Pu Meng Villages and most of the villages in which Mongolian people live are placed under Tumote Banner. Such as Sharqin, Yunshebao, Zhanggaitai, Hanggai and other villages in Saraqi, Tarbusai, Naimoban, Kokkenban and other villages in Helin, Daluyifang, Xiaoxiping, Bandingban, and Pupu.
1955, most farmers in the banner organized primary agricultural cooperatives. At that time, after Mongolian farmers joined the agricultural cooperatives, according to the banner situation, the banner committee said in the "Plan on Reorganizing Agricultural Production Cooperatives" (Draft): "General primary cooperatives should give appropriate remuneration to the land members who join the cooperative, and still follow the principle of "work-based and land-based", and adopt the method of fixed income of dividends for common production." It stipulates that primary cooperatives labor (work points) and land are distributed at a ratio of 6:4. In this way, the distribution principle of primary cooperatives has land dividends, and Mongolian farmers' land dividends can make up for the shortcomings of labor points. The income of Mongolian farmers is still at an average level with that of Han farmers. At the same time, some Mongolian members who do not have labor can also get some profits and live a life well by paying dividends. Soon the whole banner set off a climax of socialist agricultural transformation.
Author Profile: Han Dong, pen name Weng Gunshan, a member of the China Democratic National Construction Association, a member of the Inner Mongolia Writers Association, president of the Tumote Historical and Cultural Research Association, and vice president of the Tumote Historical and Cultural Research Association. A large number of recorded works have been published or published in newspapers.
Edited by: "Voice of Tumote" founder Ren Ruixin
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