Author profile
Han 2Yang Guozhen
Professor of the History Department of Xiamen University, research direction: social and economic history and marine history of the Ming and Qing Dynasties; main research results: "Biography of Lin Zexu", "Research on land contract documents in Ming and Qing Dynasties ", "Fujian in the Sea - Pursuing the History of Fujian Ocean Development", "Dongming Water and Soil - Ocean Key and Economic Development in Southeast China", "Yinghai Equation - China's Marine Development Theory and Historical Culture", etc.
Yu Shuai
Hamen University Doctoral student.
Abstract: In the historical development of Taiwan during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the interaction between Pingpu and Han ethnic groups Fujian and Guangdong immigrants played an important role for a considerable period of time. This article takes the documents of Mao Laowei's family in Xingang Society in Miaoli County as a case to clear up historical narratives from land management, "fan club" governance, and support for officials, showing the scenes of "fan" Chinese culture contact and ethnic interaction. It is believed that under the background of Taiwan's entry into the traditional agricultural society, the Pingpu people introduced the concept of land rights, customs and farming models of Fujian and Guangdong immigrants, and then changed their old identities and sought a new way of survival. This was not the marginalization of the Pingpu people, but the progress of history, and it was also the process of the Qing Dynasty developing border areas, controlling the people within the country, and the country was within the local area.
Keywords: Cat Laowei Taiwan Ethnicity Complexation
In the unified and multi-ethnic feudal country of the Qing Dynasty, the development of landlords and tenants Production relations has driven the prosperity of social, economic and cultural forces, enabled Taiwan to leap into the traditional agricultural society, and started the modernization process.
Taiwan's ethnic minorities were generally called "Shengfan" and "Shengfan" in the Qing Dynasty. The "Zhuluo County Chronicles" of Kangxi recorded: "The mountains are high and the sea is large. The people born in the middle, without a surname but with a word. Those who are attached to the money are called "Shengfan", and those who have not received the education are called "Yanfan". The term "Pingpu" was first seen in the "Records of the Taiwan Strait Envoy" (1722), the first censor of the Qing Dynasty, Huang Shuyu, "The Records of the Taiwan Strait Envoys" (1722): "The ploughs and rakes are like Han people. The food utensils also have iron garlands and porcelain bowls... Most of the Pingpu communities imitate the Han people."
In the early years of the Guangxu period, Huang Fengchang, who was ordered to collect taxes and travel to Taipei, wrote the book "Records of Taiwan's Raw and Mature Fans", which said: "Taiwan is surrounded by the intercourse between the barbarians and the summer, and is surrounded by the sea on all sides. The mountains are green and connected in front and back. The back mountain is the nest of the Raw and is called Gaoshan Fans; outside the mountains, they are all located in Pingpu people, and are called Pingpu people." That is, "Pingpu" is equivalent to "familiar ones" in certain meaning. In other words, those who accept the jurisdiction of the government, serve corvee service, receive payments, and follow education and change customs belong to the Pingpu people. During the historical development of Taiwan during the Ming and Qing dynasties, the interaction between the Pingpu people and the Han people and Fujian and Guangdong immigrants played an important role for a considerable period of time. In particular, the introduction of the concept of land rights, tenancy customs and farming models of immigrants in Fujian and Guangdong has brought about huge changes in life within the Pingpu ethnic group.
1931, Miyamoto Yoshiren, an assistant to the "Tudiqu Ethnology Lecture" of Taipei Imperial University (now Taiwan University), went to Miaoli Newport Club for investigation and collected ancient documents from the old Tumu Liu Xiaonai (i.e. Liu Dengchun), namely the documents of the Mao Laowei family. In 1999, the document was edited by Hu Jiayu and published by the Department of Anthropology of Taiwan University, and was named "Daokas New Port Society Ancient Documents". This batch of documents was called "a treasure that makes Pingpu scholars widen their eyes" by Taiwanese anthropologist Li Yiyuan . In fact, it also vividly shows the history of the interaction between Pingpu and Fujian, Guangdong and Han immigrants.
1. Xingang Society and Mao Laowei family
(I) The formation of social areas such as Houlong and other social areas
Huang Shuqiu In "Six Tests on Fan Vows", Taiwan's "Fanren" divided into 13 tribal groups according to geographical distribution. Japanese scholar Ionokazu further revised the classification of the Pingpu people in "Taiwan Fan Zhengzhi", which is divided into 10 people. The Qing Dynasty's governance policy on Taiwan's "foreign clubs" has changed several times.Qiyi 1st year of Qianlong (1766), Taiwan established the "Lifan Tongzhi" to manage the affairs of the "fan society" and handle the "fan" negotiations in the people. "North Road Lifan Tongzhi" is placed in Changhua, which governs Tamsui, Changhua, and Zhuluo , and "North Road Lifan Tongzhi" is both managed by Taiwan's Coast Defense Tongzhi, and is governed by Taiwan and Fengshan counties. In the first year of Guangxu (1875), the "North Road Lifan Tongzhi" was changed to "Middle Road Fumin Lifan Tongzhi", and was abolished in the 14th year of Guangxu.
Mao Laowei's family documents were found in Xingangshe near Miaoli. Miaoli, formerly known as "Maoli", came from the transliteration of the Kaspingpu Mali Society and is one of the important settlements of the three people in . Miaoli originally belongs to the jurisdiction of Zhuluo County . In the first year of Yongzheng (1823), a new Tamsui Hall was established in Taiwan. "The Maoli Li Hall was the second fort in Tamnan, fifty miles away from the city." In the first year of Guangxu, Taipei Prefecture was established, and the department was changed to Hsinchu County , and Maoli Li Hall was Hsinchu . In the 13th year of the Guangxu period, "the Zhonggang Ferry in the Hsinchu boundary was divided into Miaoli, and the county was established at Menghuazhuang, north of Maoli Street, and was affiliated with the counties of Taiwan, Changhua and Yunlin. "
1 Daokas people live in the coastal plain area of Hsinchu, Miaoli, and Taichung . They are specifically divided into three major communities: the Bengshan Community, the Houlong Community and the Zhuqian Community. Xingang Society is affiliated to Houlong Society and is collectively known as the "Houlong Five Society" together with Houlong Society, Zhonggang Society, Jiazhige Society and Maoli Society. In the 12th year of Qianlong's reign, Jiazhige Society was incorporated into Maoli Society, abbreviated as Maoge Society, so it is also known as "Lingzhong Xinmao Four Society". "Society" refers to a natural village community that combines blood and geopolitical relationships, as well as an administrative village community that manages administrative village community or even a community that pays wages. In addition to the joint payment of funds and funds of the Xingang, Houlong, Maoge and Zhonggang, the four communities of Xingang, Houlong, Maoge and Zhonggang jointly set up a general and deputy officials, and also formed an administrative community.
"Fanshe" is an autonomous management unit and is led by "国官方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方方� Local officials were set up during the Hebei-level and Ming Zheng period in Taiwan, and were used in the early Qing Dynasty. The earliest existing physical objects of the government appointed local officials were the card issued by Zhou Zhongxuan, the main hall of Zhuluo County, Taiwan Prefecture, Fujian Province, in November of the 54th year of the Kangxi reign, to Amo, a major local official in the fifth society of Anli. In the 12th year of Qianlong's reign, the local officials of Houlong and Xingang were Wupai Mama. In the 13th year of Qianlong's reign, the local officials of Anli Society were renamed "Tu Me", and in the 27th year of Qianlong's reign, the local officials of Xingang Society were renamed "Tu Me". Tumu is jointly selected by the community, and it depends on the size of the community. One community has at most Tumu. In the 14th year of Guangxu, the wasteland system was changed to the official signature of the "leader".
"Common Affairs" was founded in the Zheng period in Taiwan. It was responsible for interpreting and paying social funds. It was originally a Han Chinese. After the 40th year of the Kangxi reign, most of the "French Society" in Tainan have booted up their own communications. The Han Tongshi was abolished and the "Fan Tongshi" was renamed in northern Taiwan until the 23rd year of Qianlong's reign. The establishment of "foreign business owners" began in the eighth year of Yongzheng. The Qing Dynasty government collected large rents due to Han affairs, and often fed private pockets. It allowed "familiar households" to establish households to reclaim "foreign land" and upgraded to science and management. It recognized "foreign people" as business owners, used "foreign business owners" to collect large rents of "foreign clubs", paid the regular supply and distributed food, forming a three-head administrative form that coexisted with "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign business owners" and "foreign people" and "foreign people" The latter is "manager" and the agency for social rental affairs. When the Tumen, Tongshi or "French Business" cannot pay public funds or send rations on time, the manager is responsible for borrowing money from the Han people, using the social rent collected by him as collateral, and handing over his or her letters and stamps to the silver owner so that the silver owner can collect the rent and pay the mother's profit. As a community, Zhongxinmao Four Society has existed for at least a hundred years, which has had a profound impact on the overall shape of the community and the relationship between the "fan club".
(II) The rise of the Mao Laowei family
Xingang members' internal affairs were responsible for the local affairs, public affairs, "foreign business owners", and managers in different periods, mainly dealing with disputes, collecting "foreign rent", distributing rations, and distributing labor service. According to the official archives, contract documents and official seal letters, we can know the appointment status of the members of the Mao Laowei family.
First of all, Mao Laowei himself.In the 27th year of Qianlong's reign, the old lieutenant of Tumu Guxiang was witnessed by the deputy Tumu Guxiang; in the 44th year of Qianlong's reign, Shi Songshou, the head of Lifan, Taiwan's North Road, awarded the "Legal lieutenant of Lifan Branch to Xingang's reign." In the 46th year of Qianlong, Jiao Changfa, the North Road Lifan Tongzhi, awarded the title of "The Deputy General Affairs of Jiao and Houlong and other clubs of Lifan"; in the 47th year of Qianlong, Wang Jun, the General Affairs of Lifan Tongzhi, awarded the title of "The Deputy General Affairs of Wang and Houlong and other clubs of Lifan Tongzhi,"; in the 48th year of Qianlong, Tang Yi, the General Affairs of Lifan Tongzhi, awarded the title of "The Deputy General Affairs of Tang and Houlong and other clubs of Lifan Tongzhi,"; in the 48th year of Qianlong, Tang Yi, the General Affairs of Lifan Tongzhi, awarded the title of "The Deputy General Affairs of Tang and Houlong and other clubs of Lifan Tongzhi," In April and 50th year of the 49th year of Qianlong, Pan Kai, Tongzhi of the North Road Lifan Wang Jun, invited the "Free Business Household" to be added. In November of the 51st year of Qianlong, he signed the Deputy News of Houlong New Port Club.
In November and December of the 54th year of Qianlong, he signed the former deputy news agency of Houlong and other society, using the "Dongshizhuang Fanye Man's Housekeeper Mao Laowei Xinji". In February of the 55th year of Qianlong's reign, the "Baifan" meeting of the Sihe Land and the Elder Wei Chengcheng of the General Secretary. In February, November, 56, September, 57, July, and December 60, Qianlong, he used the "Xingang Dongshishe Fanye"; in September, 60, the 1960th year of Qianlong, 10, the 1960th year of Qianlong, 10, the 1960th year of Jiaqing , the 1960th year of Qianlong, the 1960th year of Jiaqing , the 1960th year of Xingang, signed the former vice-public or original official news, and the 1960th year of Xingang is used. From the old landmark of Xingang Society to Houlong and other clubs, Mao Laowei became a powerful leader in the region, which became particularly important in subsequent land transactions, rent collection and public affairs management.
followed by the three sons of Mao Laowei, Daosheng, Shusheng and Jinsheng. Unlike Mao Laowei and others who were awarded the title for their merits, the third son received Chinese traditional culture education since childhood. In the 12th year of Yongzheng's reign, the Taiwan government "ordered various communities to establish social teachers, and selected Han people who were proficient in literature and science to give them museums and teach them all Chinese children to learn Chinese characters and art." "For decades, I have been immersed in the sages and empowered to educate the constitution and grace, and gradually realized the friendship of bowing and giving in, and I have a sense of respect for relatives. ... Speaking official languages and Zhangquan rural languages are equal to the Han people." When the Xingang Society was established as a social teacher, it is no longer verified. The Pingpufan Investigation Book records that "Around the 18th year of Qianlong's reign, knowledge and knowledge made great progress, and the Xingang Society produced three child students", which is very likely to be Taoism, quick birth and advanced birth. The three of them are proficient in writing and writing documents. On a certain economic basis, they also have the ability to communicate with "speaking Mandarin and Zhangquan Township" and writing words. Later, they successively held important administrative positions of Xingang Society.
Existing documents include: in December of the 45th year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei Li borrowed silver characters (the eldest son Liu Jingsheng); in November of the 51st year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei and his wife Jiuguli's character; in December of the 54th year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei Lili borrowed the characters; in July of the 56th year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei Lili Du Suken; in July of the 58th year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei Tongzi Tongzi Daosheng, Jinsheng, and Shusheng Lili found the characters for the characters for the sacred (two pictures); in February of the 3rd year of Jiaqing, Mao Laowei Tongzi Daosheng, Jinsheng, and Shusheng Lili found the characters for the sacred (two pictures); in February of the 3rd year of Jiaqing, Zimo Bana Lili's character for the sacred; in February of the 55th year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei Lili borrowed silver characters (Bingbien Liu Chaoqiu).
After writing documents on behalf of others in the 45th year of Qianlong's reign, Daosheng became more familiar with the "foreign affairs". From the 53rd to 59th year of Qianlong's reign, he served as the deputy general manager of Houlong Society. In the 59th year of Qianlong's reign, he became the "foreign business owner" and served as the manager of Xingang Society in the 3rd year of Jiaqing. In the 53rd year of Qianlong, Huang Jiaxun, the Lifan Luzai Port and Sea Prevention of the thief, was awarded the "Records of the Deputy Tongshidao of the Lifan Branch Huang for Houlong Club"; in July of the 58th year of Qianlong, he used the "Records of the Deputy Tongshidao of the Lifan Branch to Houlong Club". In September of the 59th year of Qianlong, he was appointed as the owner and deputy director, and was appointed as the owner and the owner. In September and April of the 59th year of Qianlong, he used the "Records of the Lifan Branch to Houlong and other social households" and in February of the third year of Jiaqing, he was appointed as the manager of the Xingang social office.
Cat Laowei's second male Liu Susheng appeared in the contract document as a knowledge of the 45th year of Qianlong. From July of the 15th year of Jiaqing to December of the 16th year of Jiaqing, we signed the Xingang Club's main office manager, the Xingang Club's ration manager, and the company's supervisor in the contract document.
Cat Laowei's third male Liu Jinsheng was first seen in the contract document as a knowledge of the 49th year of Qianlong. From the 50th to the 56th year of Qianlong, he served as the local director of Xingang Society, and from the 59th year of Jiaqing, he served as the deputy general manager of Houlong Society. In the 50th year of Qianlong's reign, Chang Geng, the Lifan Tongzhi of the North Road of Taiwan, awarded the "Lifan Branch Office Head to the Xingang Society's Land and Earth Memorials" to "A stamp of the title of the new generation in the 53rd year of Qianlong's reign." This stamp was used in August of the 53rd year of Qianlong's reign. In the 53rd year of Qianlong's reign, Huang Jiaxun, the head of the Lifan Luzai Port and Sea, issued the "Sign of the Lifan Branch Huang to the Xingang Society for the People's Republic of China", which was used in January of the 55th year of Qianlong's reign. In the 57th year of Qianlong's reign, Jiayu was the official and Daosheng was the deputy official. In September of the 59th year of Qianlong's reign, Daosheng and Jinsheng were the deputy generals. In February of the second year of Jiaqing, the signature of Yuan Tongshi Tiansheng, Jiayu, Daosheng and Wumao immediately became the first to be born.
Liu Shiban, the son of Liu Daosheng, was selected by the public in August of the ninth year of Daoguang. Later, Liu Chengen and Liu Dengchun served as the leaders of Xingang Club in the 16th and 21st year of Guangxu.
The transformation of the identity of Mao Laowei and his family members is mainly reflected in his position as a "fanshe". From Mao Laowei to Liu Dengchun, Mao Laowei's family has been active between the Houlong community and the government throughout the Qing Dynasty. Although these positions are not hereditary, the resigned leader has sufficient right to recommend. The family's lasting influence in the Newport Society requires the support of the community, the recognition of the government and the support of its own financial resources. Of course, in the process of governing and distributing power of the New Port Society, it is often accompanied by power struggles between families. The change in the identity of Mao Laowei and his family members in the position of "Fanshe" is actually the process of his inclusion in the state regime.
2. The land management model of Mao Laowei family
The development of Taiwan's social and economic development was a major turning point in 1662 Zheng Chenggong 's recovery of Taiwan. Before Zheng expelled the Dutch colonists, the economic ties between the mainland and Taiwan had existed for centuries. As mainland coastal people crossed Taiwan and reclaimed, they had a direct impact on the social and economic development of Taiwan. The Qing Dynasty unified Taiwan, further promoting Taiwan's development. The feudal mode of production was no longer a simple transplant, but further evolved in the process of adapting to the local environment, becoming the decisive force for Taiwan's social change and productivity development.
Taiwan folk contract document is a private document that was gradually promoted and used in the context of large-scale land development in the early Qing Dynasty. Like the early Taiwanese Han society derived from the original social model, it has kinship with the private documents of Fujian, Guangdong, especially Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. From the perspective of origin, Taiwan’s folk contract documents are a series and branch of Fujian’s folk contract documents system, but they also adapt to local conditions during the development process, resulting in adaptive changes. Therefore, when using folk contract documents to study social life in Taiwan, we must take into account both the source and the flow. We must have an understanding of the system, nature and scope of adaptation of the contract documents, and we must also have a real grasp of the specific personnel and historical scenarios of the conclusion of the contract documents.
(I) Mao Laowei purchases land and Tuoye
Existing documents include 5 Mao Laowei purchases land and 5 documents (1762 to 1783), written in Chinese, and the contract format, signature and seal are all imitated by the customary usage of the mainland, especially the people in southern Fujian. The land transaction documents are exchanged for cattle, such as "The 27th year of Qianlong's reign, the word "The Legend of Mama and Aunt in the New Port of Chang'an Pu":
The word "The Legend of Mama and Aunt in the New Port of Cat":
The word "The Legend of Mama and Aunt in the New Port of Cat" is Xingang's fan. There is a place where there is no need for cattle to cultivate. Now, because of the lack of oxen farming, I would rather ask the Mao Laowei Tumu to replace a red cow mother. The ox was received today. Huangpu landed on the ground and was currently going to reclaim paddy fields, but I dare not stop it. This is a two-part statement. There is no remorse and there will be no cause for life in the future. I am afraid that the word "The Legend of Mama and Mama is a piece of paper".
generation book writer Huang Yuanming
February 27th year of Qianlong
Covenant word Xingang Society Fan Mama Aunt
Pingpu "fan Society" was originally a fishing and hunting economy, and the exchange habit of bartering is popular.After contacting the immigrants from Fujian and Guangdong, he accepted the use of contract documents. Ma Ma and Ma asked the Han Dynasty Huang Yuanming to exchange for the cow with Huangpu and Mao Laowei. This kind of exchange is actually a transaction, so in another contract written by Chen Erdong, the Han Dynasty, the word "Selling the word "Win Pu" was written directly. The red cow mother used by the old man Mao to exchange and a cow son. On the same day, it was agreed that "the fourteen members of the lace silver were worth the price" and "It was said that it was a matter of public renting for the Fan Li to exchange for Caopu, and there was no reason to pay rent." "In the future, the Tumu will reclaim the Huangpu into a garden and land, and the descendants of the horse will not dare to stop it in the future, nor will they dare to redeem the words." "In the 48th year of Qianlong's reign, Xilangzai Weizai, and Lidu sold all the Jueqi", written by Cai Chaoyang, also used Huangpu and Mao Laowei to exchange cattle, and used cattle as silver dollar . "Once you sell, you will spend a thousand days, and you will not leave any land. In the future, the descendants will not dare to redeem, nor will they dare to look for it."
, a kind of silver purchase land purchase, such as "New Port Society's 27th year of Qianlong's reign, 㖪公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公The value of silver is nine yuan and five millimeters. The silver is paid in the day. The old wei of the deserted building is in charge of farming forever. It is said that it is a foreigner who sells grass and buys grass and has no reason to pay rent. It is always a matter of making a decision. In the future, it is a land that can be reclaimed and resold into a garden, or resold it to the Han people. If it is sold for a thousand years, it is said that the descendants dare not redeem the redemption of the deposit, nor dare to ask for trouble for the rent. It is guaranteed that this land is a property that has nothing to do with other people, and there is no need to sell the heavy selling of others. If there is any unknown feeling, it should not do anything about the land and the two are willing to do it. This is a two-part saying that it is willing and has no regrets. Now that it is a matter of wanting to have a guarantee, it is a paper for selling the land and the word "注" is a paper for sale, and it is a matter of being held forever.
again approved the contract to receive the lace silver in the contract, nine yuan and five millimeters, and then the lace silver is fully completed.
. See you here. The deputy land is Guxiang
generation. Book Chen Erdong
March 27th year of Qianlong.
. 1. The new year of Qianlong.
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This is the ultimate sale contract. Chen Erdong was a Han Chinese. He applied the land purchase and sale document format commonly used in mainland China, and agreed that "in the future, the land will be reclaimed and cultivated into gardens, or resold them to the Han Chinese to manage." The above 公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公公�
(II) The industry and tenants depend on each other, and the emergency is coordinated with each other
Taiwan’s reclamation has two types: Hanmin’s reclamation and "fan" production of Hanmin’s reclamation and Hanmin’s reclamation and Hanmin’s reclamation and household registration. Private reclamation is basically the same as the way refugees occupied the mountainous areas of the mainland since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, and Han people often invaded "foreign land". The reclaiming households ask the reclaiming households to obtain the reclaiming orders, provide cattle, resources, water conservancy, etc. to attract tenants to reclaim. The community land occupied by the "foreign society" needs to be purchased from the local officials and public officials of the "foreign society". "Fan" produces Han Dian, which is mainly "Fan", and Han Dian is invited to open up the cultivation.
Generally speaking, there are roughly two forms of land that the Han people have taken over to the "fan society": one is to reclaim. That is, the characters of contract produced by the Han people who inherited the reclamation of wasteland from Pingpu "Fanshe", such as the characters of reclamation, approval of tenants, permanent farming, and recruitment of tenants and reclamation. The second is to farm. "其" means 其月 其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其其After the expiration of the commitment period, the tenant returned to the land on schedule and received the prepaid silver for the land. Generally speaking, there is a deadline for the reclaiming of Yongye and Rongyuan, but both need to pay a certain amount of radial silver (Pudi silver) in advance to exchange for the "fan" owners' right to cultivate farming.
In the word "Fanshe" to give a stake and reclaim, Han Dian can obtain long-term farming rights by issuing "Plough Silver", which is called "the bottom of the field" in Taiwan.In the early years of Qianlong, Mao Laowei appeared in a letter of approval for the reclaiming and tenant. In August of the 12th year of Qianlong, "there was a joint author of the local official Wupai Mama and Zhongfan, and there was a grassland, and the local name was a cattle bark and clam. Now, a Han man Zhang Sheng came to recognize the tenant and gave four plows, each plow was given five acres of land. He listened to him to bring his own ox plows and seeds, and went to reclaim and plough forever." "If the tenant had any hindering the constitutional ban and the nuisance of the bandits, he would immediately submit it to the official for eviction, and the tenant would still be transferred to the tenant at the bottom of the field. Be sure to be an honest person to take the farming."
"全", the Minnan language of the letter, here refers to the text deed. "Plowing" means that a ox is used to plow five Jia per day as the unit of land measurement, which is called a plow. "Farm bottom", that is, the right to transfer tenant is above permanent stakes. "The tenant started with the pastoral scriptures, called "Farm bottom, and transfers to each other, and has a joint transaction." In the 53rd year of Qianlong, the governor of Fujian Xu Si once reported, "After the tenant's farming, he found workers to plow the seeds of oxen plow, and all the workers brought their own. The tenant and entrusted interest and entrusted interest per a year, which was called "Farm bottom rent". The under-land rent collected by tenants is also called small rent. On the "foreign land", "the large rent and land are returned to the country as usual, which is consistent with the example of returning to the foreign land to the foreign management industry; and when the labor force, manure, and the bottom of the land are returned to the tenant, they will always be their own business, and the tenant will always be able to farm the same as before." From this we can see that by the latest 12th year of Qianlong, the system of renting a large and small field of one land and two owners had been implemented in Houlong and Xingang Society. The tenant has the right to freely dispose of the land in the contract for recruitment and tenancy, which is essentially equivalent to recognizing that the tenant has the right to land in . The Han Dian followed up with the help of each other, and Pingpu Community evolved from permanent tenancy rights to one field and two main masters and one field and three main masters. In the existing contract documents, the new port society has Pudingzhuang, Shanzai Dingzhuang, Shexiazhuang, Shexia Guangxingzhuang, Malintanzhuang and other names, and Han Dian has Lin, Chen, Liu, Lai, Peng, Ling, Zhang, Hong, Yu, Zeng, Jiang, Zheng, Luo, Wei, Wu, and Dai. Among the tenants, "the tenants appear" are divided into the tenants. Ma Lintan Village, dine Lin Minggui, is also called "Lin Ming Guiguan (or Guan)" and "Lin Ming Gui's first family" in different documents. He is obviously a wealthy little tenant.
In the 38th year of Qianlong's reign, Mao Laowei led the reign for the first time as the local purpose. The word "de" is as follows:
. There is a Pudi in Xingang Society. It is located at the end of the Pudi in Xishan Villa, which is bounded from Shuizen to Shuizen in the east, Shanche Road to the west, Yunfen Tiantou in the south, and Yuncuo in the north; the four distinctions are clear. Due to lack of silver, Xu Huajun asked for the first time to buy it. On the same day, he agreed to pay the land price of 20 people in Pupu, and handed over the annual rent of grain to pay one stone. On this day, the silver and deeds are paid in full. After the approval was made, the silver master went to cultivate the pipeline industry. There was no guarantee of debt and goods in the middle, and there was no doubt about the origin of the first move. If there was such a situation, it would be with the help of the earth. Two, I am willing to do so, and I have no force to force you. Now I want to have a guarantee, so I will make a note of it to the tenant and hold it as a license.
On October of the 38th year of Qianlong (Guisi), he was appointed to the tenant for approval.
See people in Liu Guangkui
1 generation writer Liu Yongying
in the first month of the 55th year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei went to the ancestral Yipu Garden because he lacked silver items. "I have paid a large rent of millet and silver to make money." The Han Dynasty Lin Zunguan came out to buy it, and agreed that "one for a thousand breaks, and the descendants dare not speak or find a post, nor do they dare to redeem or increase rent, etc.". In the "Fifty-sixth year of Qianlong's Qianlong Society, the former deputy general affairs of Mao Laowei established Du Jue's single word "," Mao Laowei, based on the fact that he had recruited the Han people in the past year, and had paid a large rent of grain for five dou of money in the past year, he asked to add another 36 silver dollars to stop the reclamation order. This is a land use arrangement that is common among the Han Dynasty.
号1号1号的合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合合For example:
is a well-known person named Xingang Zai Pudingzhuang Linba, etc., because of their narrow and narrow fields, they came to the Xingang Society to find a Puyuan in Pu, which is located in the local name Jiaolilin. It is bounded from the east to the foot of the mountain, to the west to the water ditch, to the south to the Weikai Garden, to the north to the Weida Piwei, and to the four boundary sites. On the same day, the three-way statement showed that a large official of the Jidi land had been confirmed. The silver was paid and the communication was completed, and the countryside was immediately approved and reclaimed. It is stated that the maximum limit is 7 years, and there is no rent for the next three years to the next three years to the last winter of Jiaqing. From the winter harvest in June of the seventh year of Jiaqing, I am willing to pay the annual rent of grain for eight dou of grain. If the age is not full and the rent of grain is not enough, the silver in the land of the land will be deducted, and I dare not make things difficult for me. If the payment is year after year, I will give back the silver to the recognizer, and I will not make things difficult for me. It is stated that if you are ploughing pastoral objects or stolen, you will not dare to drag down the owners' affairs if you are ploughing man-made objects. This is the second thing that is willing to repent without any rebellion, and I am afraid that I will accept the word "六文" as a matter of silence.
1 1 Writing Lin Qishan number
1 October of the third year of Jiaqing
Recognized the person with the word "六博" Lin Ba
During the reign period, Lin Ba paid a large rent of millet to Mao Laowei every year (because there was a regulation that there was no rent for the first three years of cultivation, so the Lin family actually started to pay the rent from the seventh year of Jiaqing). The contract stipulates that the period is seven years. When the period expires, the old man of the cat must prepare a big circle before he can redeem the land. If he rents millet, he can deduct the silver from the land until he completes it year by year. Mao Laowei only temporarily cut off the land rights to the Han people and still has the right to redeem them in the future. It can be seen from this that the farming of Pingpu people's land adopts the form of small and small rents of private land tenancy to avoid promotion, thereby preventing transfer and loss.
Since the end of Qianlong, a large number of words borrowed from the silver owners of the Mao Laowei family have appeared in the documents of the Mao Laowei family, which are based on the ancestral inheritance and rented from the silver owner. It specifically uses the reason of "lack of public items" and uses mortgage rental statements as a means. The common borrowing method is that the "fanshe" large rent valley is collected and managed by the silver owner to offset the interest. The silver mother does not limit the year and month, and the silver is returned to the rent. Another borrowing method is that the owner borrows the silver payment from the silver owner and then repays it with the rented millet each year. The former is manifested as a classic, while the latter is manifested as a fetal borrowing. The biggest difference between a plaque rent and a plaque is that the plaque produces only transfers the right to profit from the land, and does not transfer the right to use the land.
Although the Qing court prohibited the "familiar fan" from selling the fields to the Han people, the "dian" was not within the restrictions. The dictionary was the economic means of "familiar fan" using "familiar fan" (or "fian rent") as collateral to borrow silver from the Han people. During the period of issuance, the "fian" business must pay the silver to be in charge, and the income generated is used as interest. If the "familiar fan" cannot redeem the land reserve silver on time, the "familiar fan" may be outflowed. Regarding the land rituals of Mao Laowei's family, there are two points worth paying attention to:
. After the same "family land" is issued, it will continue to be used as a mortgage to the Han silver master. For example, in the 48th year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei, two paddy fields were used by Mao Laowei, and they were cultivated in the previous box of Zhuang and Jiang Benfeng and She Shang; for example, in the 58th year of Qianlong, Mao Laowei, the word "Zhao Zhuang" was established and "Shefan" was established to cultivate the milk.
The second is that there is a serious dispute. In the 51st year of Qianlong's reign, Mao Laowei Tong's wife Jiugu gave a ritual to the Han Dynasty Chen Delun (this field was previously granted a tragedy to Luo Guan, saying that it would be a forty stone "foreign rent" every year). However, before the ritual period expired, in the third year of Jiaqing, Mao Laowei Tong's two sons again gave this place a tragedy to the Han people Wei Dahe and Dai Dahe. The matter was discovered by the former Chengpai Chen and went to the government to sue. The old guard of Mao had no choice but to look for Yin forty-five Dayuan from Wei and Dai to reconcile with Chen.
In March of the 47th year of Qianlong, Houlong and other society officials worked together with the people. "Now, because the office in the society was tightly used military dough, the food was trapped and the moss was at a loss." He borrowed rice from Zhuang Dian Hong Rongguan. Hong's family "thinked that the tenants depend on each other, and the urgent need to help each other, and the benevolence and righteousness were intertwined", and lent the mother of millet ninety stones, four dou two liters.The fertilization loan is the act of borrowing from the bank owner using the field industry as the guarantee of and . During the fertilization loan period, the land is still managed by the original owner, and the income generated is used as interest paid to the bank owner. After the fetal loan system was introduced from Fujian to Taiwan, two new forms were derived. The most important one was the birth loan for tenant, also known as exchange rent. The so-called loan for the tenant means that the possessor can directly charge the tenant or house tenant directly from the tenant or house tenant of the land. This is further divided into two categories in the "foreign club":
is to pre-divided the "foreign rent" to repay the parent bank and interest;
2 is to pre-divided the "foreign rent" to offset the interest, and the parent bank will be repaid in the future.
The difference between tenant and ordinary birth loan is that the former has a direct right to the income of the mortgaged property, while the latter's fetal inheritor only holds the word credit of the mortgaged property and has no direct right to the income of the mortgaged property. Specifically, the owner of the "fan" first advances the cash bank to the Han silver owner, and agreed to dive the "fan rent" paid by the tenant in the future to the silver owner as interest, which is what the county annals said, "Borrowing silver from the tenant will make the rent profit, which is called 'a favorable land'." If the word "pastoral" is used as mortgage loan, the silver owner can obtain rice from the farmer of the pastor to pay interest. The Mao Laowei family documents contain 13 pieces of the word "Feeding Deed", including 10 pieces in the first category and 3 pieces in the second category. There are two types of Mao Laowei’s contract period; during the period of Daosheng, Susheng and Jinsheng’s contract period, only the “foreign rent” can be pre-divided to repay the mother’s bank and interest, and the word “fetal loan is mostly limited to one year. With the increase in the borrowing of pastoral rental and business licenses, fewer "foreign land" and poorer "foreign people", the Han silver masters also made more rigorous lending.
(III) The business tenant cooperated to dig water and dig water and dig water and irrigation
1 The second society of Qianlong and Xingang established a tenant to grant the Han Dynasty Zhang Sheng, once recorded that "the construction of waterways in the stream and the introduction of pizhen is the matter of local officials and the people. As for the construction of pizhen, the craftsman has great craftsmanship and the waterway is far away, so it must be built by craftsmen, and the tenant will pay the capital to pay for the tenant to build the capital, recruit craftsmen to build the building, and irrigate the fields. Therefore, three years later, each of the two pizhens were rented for each pizhen; and the reduction of the Taiwan example was to compensate the tenant to build the construction, which was the reason for paying the tenant to build the construction." This shows that when the tenant was recruited in the early years of Qianlong, the water conservancy on the "foreign land" was very important, and the industry and tenant often needed to build the construction together.
In the sixth and seventh years of Qianlong, the fifth society including Houlong boundary included Haiguanpu, nearly half a mile from the sea, and was named Houjiu, and was passed through the Han Dynasty to "recruit tenants and cultivate farms, and open land in the capital." Unexpectedly, in the 19th, 24th, and 27th years of Qianlong, "there were hurricanes and rains, and the streams and seas were crossing. All the tenants and other tenants were buried and cultivated acres, squatters, stoves, guys, as well as the original tenants and approvals and orders, were flooded." The tenants had no return to their land and refused to do so. In December 27, Houlong Wushe Tongshi Hehuan, Tumumao Laowei and others agreed with Yuan Dian, "If these near-shore salt, wet, wind and sand reclamation fields have been damaged over the years, and if there are too many water damage, there will be more silver, and the cost of money will not be lost, and the rent will be lost. If the subsequent collapse of the pizhen and there will be no water to irrigate, the farm will be drawn at 19 points, and the farm will be saved by 100 points, and the rent will be collected by 100 points, and the rent will be collected by 9 points, and the rent will not be collected by other places or agreed upon.
In June of the 49th year of Qianlong, the owner of the official Mao Laowei established a contract with the tenant for the digging of water:
contract:
contract: htmltongshi Mao Laowei, now the underworld of Guangxingzhuang Grain Field, is near the Dahezhen, and the boundary of the space is connected to Wei Jiye, and he farms with the Han people. After more than a year, the land was opened. The land was washed away by floods, and the seedlings were destroyed. The tenant hired a worker to dig a water plant. The Wei was not at home at that time. The descendants came out to block the situation and refused to dig a water plant. The owner also made a statement. The owner went to the township to pay the land to the public. The owner was studying the land, but the tenant lost the land. The tenant had no return. The official advised the tenant to dig a water plant. He paid the price of the 1000 yuan to pick up the big Yuanzheng. He walked in front of the owner and the owner. The stream pit was up to the end of the road at the entrance of the Tankou, and allowed the tenant to dig a water plant and irrigate the land rent.
If the bottom of the Shenzhen area is damaged by floods in the future, the length and shortness of the capital will be four feet, and the regulations will be made by one member of the Puyin silver. The remaining soil will be made by the tenant. If the sand and stones flow into the water, the water will be made by one or half a meter. If the sand and stones flow into the water, the trustees will not be allowed to make a strange statement. If the land is not allowed to keep the land area in the Puyuan area, do not plow and hoe. You can get the sand and stones, and do not cause the sand pit to flow into the water. The owner will return this land area and sell it. According to the contract, the regulations will be made by others. This is two willing, and there is no need to force you to speak, so you can make two contracts and one paper each with one paper.
1 money per foot, and the 14 Kangxi money shall prevail.
present couple
Daosheng
Knowledge and insight male 未分
Amao
son-in-law Wuge
translator Lin Qianfang
Lai Xizan
June 1, 49th year of Qianlong, the contract was established (Mao Laowei Xinji) Peng Yunhua
Ling Boshou
Mao Laowei and Han Dian Lai Xizan, Peng Yunhua and Ling Boshou were washed away by floods because the grain fields in Guangxingzhuang were washed away by floods. After the township protection, the tenant paid the tenant to pay the tenant price of ten silver yuan to Mao Laowei. They stepped on Mingjiankeng and stopped at the end of the road in Tankou, and allowed the tenant to dig the water.
(I) Fanshe rent collection rights
In the late Qianlong period, Mao Laowei was at the peak of power. He tried his best to promote Daosheng and Jinsheng to the deputy general affairs and local officials to stabilize the interests of the family, but at the same time, forces such as Zan Ying and Jiayu also began to emerge. Zan Ying was a member of the Li clan of Houlong South Society. His father Ma Li was the founder of the 18th generation of the Li clan. He served as the general secretary of the Houlong and other clubs in the 46th and 47th year of Qianlong. Ma Lisheng Zhangsheng, Zan Ying, Tan Sheng, Wu Sheng, Wen Sheng, Ju Sheng. Later, Li Zanying and Li Zhangsheng also achieved the position of General Affairs in the early years of Daoguang. It can be seen that the Ma Li Li family is another important force in the "foreign society" in the Houlong area. In the late Qianlong period, the case of Daosheng and Zan Ying controlling the encroachment of social rent rations was a manifestation of the fierce competition between the two forces for the right to collect rent.
1, "French business owners"
In the 50th year of Qianlong, Pan Kai, Tongzhi of the North Road Lifan Wang Jun asked to add a position of (French) business owner. "The Shangxian was under the jurisdiction of the outside world. It was originally proposed that the property was excluded from the people and live births were returned to the family. As for the ancestral property of this family, the family owners should be reported as the household owners, and the rent and valleys collected by each tenant, so that the local officials could be given a note so that the tenant could be at peace. If there are many people, the tenant will be proposed, and the tenant will be given a note, and the local officials will give a note, and the local officials will hand it over to the company and the local government will be given a note, which will cause the local government to report the matter to the local government to make traitors and pretend to be a corruption. Please pass the case in detail." The Lifan Branch intends to establish a position of "foreign business owners" and the right to collect land and rent, but when the specific policies are implemented, there are different opinions within the "foreign business owners" such as Houlong. Some people believe that local officials should hand over the stamp to the "foreign business owners" of Houlong and other communities, so that they can serve as business owners at the same time, so that there is no need to elect "foreign business owners". The dispute between "foreign business owners" is the struggle for the right to collect rent by various forces in the "foreign society", hoping to control the economic lifeline of the "foreign society".
According to Daosheng's 60th year of Qianlong, the rent collection matters of Longzhong Society have always been under the management of Tongshi. However, in the 57th year of Qianlong, Zan Ying "fiddled" the North Road Lifan Tongzhi Jin Qixi made him a "ban business owner" and "used the Lan business owner, and violated the rules and regulations to go to Lifanxian to fiddle with the branch office of the business owner", and included the rent management powers under him. According to Daosheng's lawsuit against Zan Ying not only caused the staff to work hard and the "foreign" food to be paid in advance, but also owed many public and private debts. The head of the emperor jointly submitted a report to Zhu Huichang, a joint magistrate of Lifan of the North Road, and punished Zan Ying to resign and sent him to the county, and tried to recover the "leas" owed.
In the 59th year of Qianlong's reign, many "fans" were presented as "the business owners" and "the business owners were allowed to take care of the business owners as deputy affairs offices, and gave the business owners the head office of the Lifan branch, collected the class and gave the company food."Daosheng then went to the official business of Jiayu year to work hard at 1,000 stones, each land item, "fan" bail, Jia's first year to work hard at 750 stones, "baifan" grain grain, 650 stones, and "baifan" grain, 6,02 stones of the remaining tenant rent were collected and carried out for official duties. However, the tenant rent for 59 years was cut by Zan Ying to borrow private debts, resulting in insufficient rent for tenant rent. Therefore, Daosheng had no choice but to borrow thousands of silver from Huang Yingguan and others to pay. It is not believed that Zhu Huichang was "killed by bandits" during the Chen Zhouquan Uprising in the 60th year, and Zan Ying was able to get rid of it, and the invasion of the rent before him had not been In the case of recovery, Zan Ying "colluded" to deal with the Fan clan Xue Qing, instigated the "fan" and "killing" the "ban" and Rong and others to "kill", which caused the long-time stamp to be held by Daosheng to be revoked, and the Xiantai sealed the Long Zhongshe Society and rented the rent this year.
with existing documents, we cannot clearly know the direction and result of this case. Two years after Daosheng was also a business owner, Zan Ying re-employed as a "fan business owner" in the second year of Jiaqing. The two forces in Houlong and other communities were in a stalemate, so that the Mao Laowei of the eleventh year of Jiaqing The general returned to the position of Tumu, and five years later he served as the deputy general manager again.
2. In the 43rd year of Qianlong, he rented a field in Houlong. After the business owners Ma Li and Hehuan, he invited the Tamsui Tongzhi and the North Road Lifan Tongzhi Chenglu to be awarded the rent to the bucket. He erected the stone bucket at Houlong Mansion. All tenants offered rent to the bucket. Later, "ignorant people" pestled on the stone bucket. The rice and even the ashes caused "this bucket is more than the day of construction in that year". Using this stone bucket as the standard for rent collection is equivalent to increasing the land rent in disguise. In the 60th year of Qianlong, there was another "trade of the business owner to increase the rent in order to change the previous rules", which caused protest by the tenant. He asked the business owner Daosheng and Tongshi Jiayu to come and enter into a contract with the tenant. "The previous business owners still gave the same rent and lost money. That is, the business owners would still have two sides of the same rent and 20 rent and 20 each farmer held this bucket as a talisman. In the future, a new stone bucket was built and a Sheliaogang was erected. It is always a prescribed rule. In the future, the business owners would never be able to change the system. "Tanying disputes are a phenomenon of class conflicts in the "fan clubs" of Pingpu people.
3, Houlong Four Society Contract and "fan club" order reconstruction
Houlong and other "fan clubs" often sue officials, causing the limited public expenses of each club to be almost exhausted. Therefore, in February of the second year of Jiaqing, Houlong Club, Maoge Club, Zhonggang Club, Xingang Club, the main and vice-public services, business owners and the fourth clubs, "Cai, Jiatou, Baifan" and others jointly form a contract, and agree that if there is any matter, they shall not submit it directly to the government, and try to mediate it within the society. The contract stipulates that the disputes between "Baifan" and the Han people should first be decided by the public affairs, business owners, and Tumu. If the Han people do not follow the matter, they can appeal to the local government. Regarding the affairs of "Baifan", the chief and deputy Tumu should obey the chief and deputy general affairs, and the "fan" and the "baifan" should obey the handling of the chief and deputy general affairs. When the public affairs, the local people and the business owners are in a voting manner, the "baifan" can obey the counter-members. Complaints; those who have no public or private faults and are unwilling to bear the responsibility, may be promoted by the sons and nephews. The "fan" and other people shall not be mixed up.
public affairs, local people, and business owners who use their power to dominate the society, and there are also people who have crossed the "fan" staff to sue the government. This shows that there are constant conflicts and conflicts within the society such as Houlong, but the agreement still stipulates that the "fan club" position can be recommended by the previous person, and the "baifan" shall not be usurped, indicating that the "fan club" leader is also In trying to maintain the old order through cooperation.
In this contract, the rights of the "fen business owner" have been significantly expanded: "The four communities have rented more than 9,000 stones in public rent. Since the 57th year of Qianlong, it has been divided into more than 3,000 stones, including the regular, deputy, sub-tube, staba, and white fodder, and 6,000 stones, and all of them are managed by the owner Zan Ying. In order to collect and consume and support the responsibilities of the two mansions in Zhonglong, Zan Ying is allowed to take charge. The tragedy of the main halls in Zhonglong, and the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of the tragedy of
If Zan Ying spends public rental and private banks, causing them to be owed to provide classes, and the business owners should pay their own management and shall not drag down the share of hard-working food such as the soil. If the four members of the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Education dare to have privately collected food for baifan and other hard work, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Education will discuss the exchange of the goods at any time and will still supplement the industry. The Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Education and Education will not be favored for personal gain."It can be seen that Zan Ying not only regained the position of "foreign business owner", but also controlled most of the "foreign rent" in Houlong and other communities. He was not allowed to ask about the affairs and local people, and he could not collect rent privately. At the same time, due to the increase in administrative affairs and the increase in disputes with the Han people, one person was hired, and the four associations including Houlong and other "family business owners" Zan Yingyun shared five shares, which were jointly borne. As a result, Zan Ying achieved a temporary victory in the internal struggle as a "family business owner". It should be noted that Daosheng, Jinsheng and Jiayu participated in this contract as the original public official, which shows that other forces within the society have "compromise" to reconstruct the "foreign society" order. Faced with the survival crisis of "fan society", the four associations including Houlong used the word "contract" as an opportunity to try to form their own ethnic boundaries and then seek unity among the various associations to overcome the crisis.
(II) Fanshe lending crisis
In order to continue to obtain the right to govern the "fanshe", the Mao Laowei family needs to continuously seek various positions in Houlong and other society. At this time, the economic support behind it is particularly important. In the tenth year of Jiaqing, Mao Laowei controlled the Maoge community as its local identity and occupied the land rent in Xishanbei. In order to offset the control costs, the "Shefan" unanimously agreed to take charge of the Xishanbei rented millet and stones to the Mao Laowei. As the "fantasy" matters become increasingly heavy, serving as a large number of social affairs has brought certain financial burdens to the Mao Laowei family.
1. The old man of the Mao Zedong borrowed the silver to win the general affairs of the general affairs of the
. The old man of the Maoists, who is now in the meeting of the four society landlords, was appointed as the general affairs of the general affairs of the four society landlords. Now, due to the lack of public silver dollars, he came to Lin Minggui's house to borrow 100 Buddhist silver. The silver agreed on three sides on the same day to repay the mother's profit of 130 yuan on the day of the early season of the year. The payment of the order was paid in full and the tenant was paid. He did not dare to breach the contract and owe less. As for this, the gentleman was willing to pay the two sides and would not repent in the future. He was afraid that he would not renege on his word. He was afraid that he would not speak for nothing, so he borrowed the silver paper and paid the silver master to collect it.
today announced that the actual receipt of the loan of 100 yuan in the bank. If the silver is approved by the general agreement, the general agreement will be returned to the mother's liquor by 130 yuan. If the original mother's silver is not completed, the original mother's silver will be returned within ten days, and the approval will not be repentant.
bian Pen male Liu Chaoqiu
present guarantor Peng Yunjin
Wumaoji Liu
February 1, 55th year of Qianlong, a loan of silver letter Houlong New Port Society (Mao Laowei Xinji)
In the 55th year of Qianlong, the "fan" of the New Port Society raised Mao Laowei Chengchengcheng and other clubs and borrowed 100 yuan of silver from the Han leader Lin Minggui. This loan implies the fact that Newport Club may have a position in business and business affairs. According to Huang Shuqiu's records, "There are particularly different cases. When the county officials are in office, they may change their reputations and colors, and the fees may vary from one hundred taels or dozens of taels. If the officials are changed in a year, the officials will also change in the number of people. This kind of expense is called the one paid by the official, but it is actually still compensated in the society." According to the "Zhuluo County Chronicles", "The old rules are given a card every year, and the number of the official affairs is divided into hundreds of gold and is doubled, which is called a flower red. If not, the person will change." It means that at the beginning of the establishment of the "Fantasy Club" to replace the official affairs requires the poor fees and flower red, and the fees are all paid by the members. There are two other points worth noting: First, generally speaking, the word "fetal borrowing" is just as long as you have a middle-aged person or knowledge. This document contains two additional "guarantors", namely the guarantor. Second, in this bank loan, the banker promises that there will be a ten-day interest-free period, that is, "if it fails, the original parent bank will be returned within ten days." This shows that this loan is the activity fund of Mao Laowei Chengchong General Affairs, and it can be refunded if it cannot be completed.
2. The large-scale grain borrowing incident of Xingang Society
In addition to paying the "fan" salary, the leader of the "fan society" will distribute the remaining part to the public in the form of food. The specific distribution forms are divided into two types: receipts for food collection and rations for food supply (the "fan society" can also pre-pay food). The former is the inter-secting of many "fans" and directly receives grain; the latter is the separation of "society" and indirectly receives grain.The receipt for rations was mainly retained during the Jiaqing period: under this form, the rations in the society were collected from the "fan" to the managers of the society (the local community) every year (330 stones).
"The main local community of the Nikkei is distributed on the spot according to the household registration of the family, and the old and young are not worthy of the shortcoming." After signing and printing, the "fans" directly obtained the rented grain. The distribution of rations was mainly preserved during the Guangxu period: under this form, the rations in the society were not directly distributed to physical grains, but were made by the "fan club" local officials, and the "fan" people took one-on-one to receive grain from tenants. That is, every year, above the Yugu (192 stones) that eliminates public expenses in the society, grain is distributed according to the number of minus (one dou of minus per minus valley). After the order is established, the "fan" members must go to the tenant to collect rent in the valley accompanied by the appointment. If the tenant cannot provide sufficient rations and grains for the "Social Family" in this order, multiple orders will be issued. For example, Liu Zhiying's household had two orders in the fourth year of Guangxu, and they were respectively offered to the tenant's Banyan Tree Mark and Meixi Festival.
In the 15th and 16th year of Jiaqing, Xingang Society successively experienced ration management and borrowing silver. The silver borrowing this time is divided into two periods: Quick-growing, July, October and Quick-growing, September and December of the 16th year of Jiaqing. The silver interest rate increased from three dou per yuan to four dou per yuan and five liters. The lender went from Han people and Han Dian around the "Fanshe" to street shops, such as Luandehao and Du Shengji. The above article has stated that the manager is responsible for the agency of the social rental affairs. When the local community, the public service or the "foreign business owner" cannot pay public funds on time or send rations, the manager is responsible for borrowing money from the Han people for public use. The two existing receipts for the rations were collected by the manager Susheng, Wu Sheng, and Wu Sheng were established in October of the 15th year of Jiaqing, and Zhang Sheng was established in September of the 16th year of Jiaqing. The time for borrowing silver from the "fan club" was consistent with the time for distributing foods. From this, the time for releasing grains can also be inferred that the previous management borrowed silver from the main purpose of sending rice to the "fan" foods, and "borrowing silver" is actually "borrowing grains".
Whether it was the Mao Laowei who borrowed silver as the general manager in the late Qianlong period, or the Xingang Social Manager who borrowed silver several times because he owed public expenses and rations within the society, we found that most of the people who borrowed money were in-service "fan" people. That is, the heads of Xingang often use the reasons such as lack of money and small grain distribution to borrow money by using their own rent collection rights as a sacrificial act. Among them, there are also many borrowers who use ancestral inheritance and their own industries to borrow money. As an official, the Lifan Branch also tried to stop such frequent lending. In April of the 50th year of Qianlong, Pan Xiaoyu, the General Office of the Taiwan North Road Taiping Prefecture Branch, said: "Yangxin Port Ai Club, land, club record, tenant, people, etc., know that if you have farming and farming, you should complete the annual rent of grain and stone. After the harvest, you must save it and wait for the branch to collect all the items. The remaining grain will be collected. If you dare to seek a low price, you will induce and borrow the rice that has not been harvested for a short estimation and discount, and you will only need to collect the company. The lord has no choice. Once it was found out, the company was determined to pay the price and the number was strictly followed, and the loan was not lenient. (Approval: It is actually posted by Houlong Dazhuang)”
Houlong and other places receivable rents and valleys in various parts of the society were receivable due to the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valuation of the valu In the 15th year of Jiaqing, Fang Weidian, the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang, said that "the foolish people are not familiar with physiology. Whenever they are missing, they will claim loans to the people. The traitors will take the opportunity to exploit them, so that the Fan Li Classic sells the countryside, and the rent is allowed to be discounted, and the burden is endless. If there is a loan in the future, the regular order will be given to the three-month profit of 100 yuan per month; if the people still exploit the Fan Li Classic in violation of the rules and deceive the Fan Li, they will be punished as usual and pursue the principal and become officials." With the trend of borrowing land, the Pingpu people became increasingly poor, and even the phenomenon of "sons exceed their mother" (referring to the higher interest burden than the mother of the borrowed silver). In the same year, Xue Zhiliang, a joint magistrate of the Lifan, issued an edict according to the request of the people: "Whenever you lend money to a foreign society, you will be limited to one principal and one profit (that is, the interest will reach the same amount as the same as the yuan and the principal)." The root cause is that as the Han people were involved in the commercial land market one after another, the Han people over lend and exploited them.
4. Support the public affairs of the government
(I) Watch and help each other and cooperate with quelling the chaos
New Port Society was one of the earliest "fan society" to join Ming Zheng.According to the "Taiwan Foreign Records", in the 21st year of the Kangxi reign, Zheng Kezhen requisitioned the "Social Fans" along Jilong Mountain to transport military supplies, but due to excessive demand for communication, many "Tuan Fans" killed and robbed food and wages, and "Zhuqian, Xingang and other communities responded to it." From the existing Qing Dynasty memorials and records, we found that the earliest information about the Xingang Society assisting the Qing army in quelling the rebellion was in the early years of Qianlong.
In June of the first year of Qianlong, Houlong Society was responsible for Zhang Guangjie's "Shefan" and attracted resentment from the naturalized "Shefan" of Xingang and other institutions. Ye Guangyu immigrated to Jinjiang, Quanzhou, and wanted to make up for the Houlong Information. He asked Chen Tiansheng to spread rumors that the officers and soldiers were about to wipe out the "Shefan" and incite the naturalized "Shefan" to go up the mountain to escape. Then, the "stubborn" of Jiazhige and Xingang Second Society killed the soldiers of Nanhai, Fengtang soldiers and Maolishezhuangmen. "On the 29th of June this year, one soldier in Nanhai, Houlong, North Road, was shot to death by Tufan, three injured, and one more died after serious internal injuries. On the night of July 20th, eight people were shot to death by Tufan, and seven more died after being injured. They followed the investigation. According to Houlong Tongshi Zhang Fangjie, Tuguan Wupai and other members of the various groups went to various groups to investigate, and there were ten people who lost the quota of Xingang and seven people who lost the quota of Jiazhige, and all fled to the Fanshan Mountains."
The Qing Dynasty government then dispatched troops to "fen" to round up. On October 11, Deputy General Jin Guanghan led soldiers from Zhongying, Zuoying, Youying, Tamsuiying and other places to the border of Jiazhige Mountain to station in a letter, and cut off their food routes. "On the 16th day, the local officials of Maoli Society, Liu Jie, took out Yuwu and gave birth to 90 people; Zhang Dajing, the main members of the Anli Society, brought to our society, 176 people; Lin Xiujun, the main members of the Dehua Society, brought to our society, 240 people, and the main members of the Nanji Society, and the main members of the Houlong Society. The official Wupai, Jiaji and others gathered to assign. The advice was to order Youwu to find the Dehua Society lands from the mountain, and the Dehua Society lands from the mountain, and the Anli Society lands from the mountain, and the Anli Society lands from the mountain, and the Anli Society lands from the mountain, and the Anli Society lands from the mountain, and the Anli Society lands from the mountain, and the Anli Society lands from the mountain, and the Anli Society lands from the mountain, and the Anli Society lands from the mountain, were shot and killed by several "Dafans". By February of the second year of Qianlong, there were still three other remnants, including Martial Arts and Maugu, who had not been found. "There was a time when the East was in the East, and the French were unemployed, and the spring rains rose rapidly and the grain transportation was difficult, so I ordered the army to return."
At the same time, try to prevent and lure them to capture them. "Jiazhige stubborn fled to Qianyi and seduced the connection." Hefan Society, which has always been located in Uchiyama, was confused and kept the "stubborn" at first, but he was immediately afraid of his power and used his life to capture him repeatedly. On March 13, 2018, the second year of Qianlong, the "Sheng Fan" Tumu brought Lao and others to Lugang on the Anli Society's communication, Zhang Dajing and Houlong Tumu Wupai and others to Lugang, and submitted a poem to the Tamsui Tongzhi. The poem said: "I saw that Houlong and other communities knew the great powers and used their lives to express their lives. I was grateful to the old and others and did not dare to sanctify themselves from outside. I would like to lead the men, women, young and old in the Three Society to a total of 288 famous words, attached to the territory, and 8 pieces of deer skin and deer skin each year." On July 15, Wang Deng, Zhou Shi, Wang Xintang, and Lin Xiujun, Zhang Fangjie, and others were dismissed. They won three remnants of Wu Ge Maogan, Jiaora Qi's mother gallbladder, and Ma Hashi's mother. At this point, all the "bad" cases have been captured.
In this incident, Houlong, Zhonghong, Xingang and other "fans" made contributions to assisting the Qing Dynasty in quelling the rebellion. It is said that Mao Laowei was given official clothes and clothes and the Han surname "Liu" because of his contribution to assisting the Qing court in quelling the rebellion. The Taiwan Museum now contains portraits of Mao Laowei and his wife wearing clothes and gifts given by the Qing Dynasty.
(II) After the Lin Shuangwen incident, Fukang'an sent Pingpu tribes to patrol the nearby mountainous areas under the name of "Tunfan". "When Linshuangwen chaos, the various societies fought with officials and made contributions. In the 53rd year, the Grand Secretary Fukang'an and the Governor Xu Si reported that the foreigners should be recruited as Tunjian, set up a garrison, and the land was granted to the outside world, and the land was given to the outside world, and the country was self-cultivated by the long-term investment." Xingang Society has a total of 52 Tunjian, which are under the jurisdiction of the Tamnan Zhuqian Society on the north road. The garrison needs to take turns guarding the pass to prevent the "sheng Fan" from leaving the boundary and making grass. The garrison land also brings a certain amount of garrison rental income to the "cooked Fan" group, but the garrison work is also very heavy, and the "bans" of various communities are exhausted from serving.
Fujian Taiwan North Road, Xiao Zhuqiantun left branch of Zhuqiantun, the left hand of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of Justice of Justice of the Ministry of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice of Justice It was illuminated by the five directions of Tai County, with important seas. After the army was storming the Lin riots, the wealthy people were well-off and the camps were added to guard the land, which was nothing more than to ensure that the place was safe forever and enjoy peace forever. The police will be punished for paying money. The responsibility is for the return of the government. The police will be forced to pay the money. In recent visits, traitors invaded the inner mountain, drew vines and hung deer, poisoned fish and salty fish, and caused the fish to escape and harm the village people. The residents of the various communities must be investigated and investigated strictly. When they reach all the passes of each community, they will be more capable of defending and patrolling the thieves. They must not be lazy and stubborn, gathering wicked wine, and fighting with strong beams. In addition to the fact that the leaders of the garrisons are strictly investigated.
joint instructions. To this end, the residents of the Xingang Society were informed that after they were shown, they should abide by laws and regulations and engage in active activities. They should practice during the farming gap. If they are used to using equipment, they can be prepared and have no trouble, so that they will not be able to set up a garrison without any intention of the emperor. If you dare not obey, rely on your garrison, act recklessly, or act violently, or force yourself, rape, or steal, or go against anything. Once you have visited and heard, you may be found out, and you will be strictly explained in detail. From a serious study, you will not be slightly lenient. You should obey each other. Don't violate it. Special indication.
On the 25th day of the 19th year of Wushi, Qianlong, the 19th month of the 19th year of the Qianlong period, he posted a post to
1 Newport Club Announcement
From the sacred text, it can be seen that on the basis of receiving official salaries and enjoying military farming, the guards of the government must manage the pass for the government, so that the community must not qualify for the cultivation of the "shenfan" land without authorization, and also need to strengthen vigilance to prevent the invasion of the "shenfan". At the same time, the garrison must be strict with oneself, and during the farming gap, we must be diligent in training troops to prevent unfamiliarity, and we must not rely on our power to show off our strength in the society. This edict can be explained to a certain extent that the tun system had a tendency to be lazy and decadent at the beginning of its establishment, so it was necessary to order each tun to be content with it.
In March of the 60th year of Qianlong's reign, because Zhenxian was going to visit Tamsui local inspection, the towns of each community must "bring customary equipment and welcome inspections along the way." Xiao Sui, the left-handed division of Zhuqintun on the north road, ordered Zhang Xi, the chief servant of the society, to "stand up with the outside committee of the village, immediately ordered Zhuqintun to manage the soil, and immediately served the people of the society, so that they could be served at any time." He also followed the Xingang Society's official affairs and the local officials, and immediately ordered the people of the village to carry their usual equipment and serve them together to take them to the road to listen to their services." The imperial edict also emphasized that the two families of the society "don't be delayed when they are due to the time of the time." The complicated and trivial affairs of the village have had a certain impact on the lives of the clubs and communities such as Houlong. For example, "all clubs and communities have to take turns guarding the gates every day, and are not familiar with farming." The Lifan Branch successively established the village system and the villages and communities of Pingpu, and used the villages and communities and the villages and communities of Pingpu to "use the villages and cities" to assist in public security, so that they have no time to cultivate farms to a certain extent.
5. Conclusion
Entering the traditional agricultural society is a major turning point in Taiwan's historical development direction. In this great change, the demands, game, contradictions and struggle of the Qing government and the Fujian, Guangdong and Han immigrants of the Pingpu ethnic group evolved into a synergy of history, leading to social changes. However, the basic driving force for promoting historical development is the interaction between the Han people of Fujian and Guangdong and the Pingpu people. Through the analysis of the documents of Mao Laowei's family, we can clearly see that Taiwan's folk contract documents are an important tool. They were born from Fujian and Guangdong and were written in Chinese. The contract format, common terms, signatures, and seals are all imitated by the customary usage of the mainland, especially southern Fujian. In the process of large-scale land reclamation, through the form of land leases such as reclamation and farming, the customs of land renting in southern Fujian are adopted, and further adapted in the process of adapting to the local environment to form an economic development model with Taiwan characteristics, such as the household reclaim system, the small and small renting system and the birth borrowing system.
From this we can further understand why the Qing court once followed the deep-seated economic model of Taiwan's newly reclaimed pastoral tuition according to the Tong'an County, Quanzhou Prefecture, Fujian, which is that it follows the economic model of integration of Taiwan and southern Fujian. According to the "Taiwan Zhiluo": "In the ninth year of Yongzheng, those who have cultivated their hometowns since the seventh year and have been promoted to the imperial examination will be changed to the Tong'an case... New is lighter than old, which is no less than several times." In the ninth year of Qianlong, the imperial edict said: "After the seventh year of Yongzheng in Taiwan, I will be promoted to the imperial examination and the imperial examination will be promoted to the Tong'an case.Later, after the Ministry's discussion, the Tong'an Department was too light, and the newly cultivated rural areas in Taiwan should be reduced according to the old quota of Taiwan. I think the Taiwanese people are far away from the ocean, and they should be given a favor of a small tax to show their favor. In addition to the past when the land was opened up and the old amount was not reduced, the land that was reclaimed after the seventh year of Yongzheng was still handled by the case of the order in the ninth year of Yongzheng, and if it had been collected according to Tong'an, there was no need to discuss additional taxes. Later, the land was cultivated and the local officials were asked to identify the fertilizers and barrenness, and the actual conditions were calculated and the quota was collected according to the Tong'an rules. "
Following this trend, the Pingpu people in Taiwan in the Qing Dynasty entered the traditional farming society from tribal society, and then began to change their old identities and customs, using Chinese surnames, "speaking Mandarin and Zhangquan Township Language", accepting Chinese traditional culture, and seeking a new way of survival. The "foreign society" governance of the "foreign society" in Houlong, Xingang and other communities emerged, and the power struggle between the common affairs, local etiquette, and "foreign households", and the struggle between tenants and landlords. These all It is the result of the exchange and integration of ethnic cultures. It is not the marginalization of the Pingpu people, but the progress of history. It is also the process of the Qing Dynasty developing border areas, controlling the people within, and the country lies in the local area.
[Note] The article was originally published in the 5th issue of "Ethnic Research" in 2021.
Editor: Li Yiting
