Muxin and Mao Dun are relatives.
There was a family dinner. When Mao Dun's father passed away, his mother made an elegiac couplet.
Regarding this elegiac couplet, everyone talks about it. Some people say it is rare, some people say it is ordinary, and some people say it is good at Chapter Taiyan 's wife Tang Guoli's poem is good.
Mu Xin listened and said,
"Write poetry? At least you have to write poetry like Du Fu ."
made relatives and elders burst into laughter.
Mu Xin at that time understood Du Fu's poems under the guidance of her mother and knew what was good about it. Later, Mu Xin positioned Du Fu in this way:
"If Du Fu's works were removed, will a full Tang poem collapse?"
This is a pillar, this is a spirit.
01
In 712 AD, Du Fu was born in Henan.
Many years later, he was respected as the saint of poetry by the world.
When we were reading, Du Fu was a down-and-out literati in " The Thatched Hut was broken by the autumn wind " "The children in the south village bully me and are powerless, and they can't bear to be thieves on the opposite side. They openly carry the thatch into the bamboo, their lips are burning and their mouths are dry, and they can't scream, and they sigh on their stick when they return."
is also a scholar who is worried about the country and the people and the world's poor people, who is worried about the world and cares about the world.
We thought he was born in a poor family, but in fact Du Fu came from a famous family.
Among his ancestors, there were great generals, great poets, and high officials.
Du Fu's grandfather Du Shenyan , was a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty and an official of the court.
When he arrived at his father, he was not as famous as his grandfather, but he also ate the country's food and the country's salary. He was the county magistrate of the court.
It can be said that Du Fu's luck was born in such a family. At least when he was young, he did not have to suffer for his livelihood, and he could also have a good educational environment.
html When he was 36 years old, he had the opportunity to watch Gongsun Da Niang 's sword dance .
html When he was 39 years old, he copied Yu Shinan 's calligraphy and was accustomed to writing large characters.
12 years old, he had the opportunity to listen to the singing of Li Guinian many times.
He constantly writes poetry, writes, and studies, and also firmly retains his innocent heart.
Recalling his childhood, he said:
8 months before the courtyard pear dates ripening, and climbing trees in a day can make you thousands of times.
Just when he was climbing a tree to pick pears and dates, his poems were as eye-catching as ripe dates. When the famous Luoyang scholars Cui Shang and Wei Qixin saw it, they were amazed by it, saying that it was the rebirth of Bangu and Yang Xiong .
Du Fu at this time was still a handsome young man.
02
When Du Fu was still growing up steadily at home, Li Bai was already traveling around with his sword in his arms.
In 731 AD, Du Fu was 20 years old.
He also began his first journey in his life. At the beginning, he went to Jiangnan . In Jiangnan where the three autumn osmanthus and ten miles of lotus flowers, he followed the footsteps of literati and scholars and browsed the beautiful mountains and rivers of the motherland.
traveled for three or four years. He saw the declining wealthy family, the Vimalakirti murals of Gu Kaizhi , which were still safe after the baptism of time, visited the grave of King Wu Helu , and also visited the Sword Pool in Tiger Hill, and caught up with Changzhou Garden where lotus flowers bloom.
He also wanted to take a boat to visit the legendary "Fusang", and also went to see the Tianmu Mountain where Li Bai was sleepwalking.
Until he returned to his hometown to take the Jinshi exam in 735, but he failed the exam.
Du Fu is still an idealist and has not noticed the real life. He is young and frivolous and does not take many people seriously. He failed the exam in
, but it did not hit him. His father was still an official in the court, he was still a son of the official family, he still despises the vulgarity of the world, and he had not seen the sufferings of the world. After failing the
, Du Fu continued to travel.
In spring, he sang on the convoy platform in Handan, and in winter, he hunted on Qingqiu in Qingzhou.
While hunting, he sang, wrote poems, rode a Hu horse, pulled a long bow, and shot arrows without fail.
As he walked, he reached Taishan and wrote a song "Looking at the Mountain ":
How is Dai Zongfu? Qilu Qing is still alive.
Creation of the clock is full of gods, and yin and yang are divided into darkness.
The old clouds are born, and the birds return to their eyes are dying.
will be the top , and will look at all the mountains of small .
As he walked, he stood at thirty years old, but he still achieved nothing except writing poetry.
03
When Du Fu was traveling in the south of the Yangtze River, Li Bai was wandering on the land of Qilu.
Wait until Du Fu arrived in Qilu land, Li Bai arrived in the water town of Jiangnan again.
The two always missed it by chance. It was not until Du Fu was 33 years old (744) that the two met in Luoyang. At this time, Du Fu had just established his own style, and Li Bai was already famous and had completed many famous works.
Du Fu at that time became a fan when he saw Li Bai.
The original Du Fu traveled in a regular manner. Seeing the scenery is seeing the scenery, nostalgia is nostalgia, and it is still realistic after reading it.
But after meeting Li Bai, Du Fu was taken a deviant.
Li Bai is a ranger, carrying a sword, seeking immortality and seeking the Tao.
So, Du Fu also followed the search for immortality and seeking the Tao.
In the first poem he gave to Li Bai, he put a lot of Taoist terms. He also made an agreement with Li Bai to go to Liangzhou to pick the legendary fairy grass - Yao grass.
fan Du Fu followed Li Bai to visit famous mountains and rivers.
But Du Fu and Li Bai are always different. Li Bai pursues personal freedom and cannot bow his head to serve the powerful. Li Bai is like a gust of wind, so free that no one can keep him, but what about Du Fu? Always unconsciously, I turn my eyes to the world.
Influenced by Li Bai, after seeking immortality and visiting Taoism for a period of time, Li Bai continued to visit famous mountains, while Du Fu went to Chang'an to continue pursuing his career.
In Chang'an, he stayed for 10 years and got not a prominent official position, but a understanding of reality.
He entered reality and got closer and closer to our poet saint.
04
First arrived in Chang'an, Du Fu's passion had not yet retreated.
That year, he was still yelling to gambling with guests in a hotel in Chang'an.
However, the Tang Dynasty politics at that time had gradually become corrupt. The wise emperor was addicted to the enjoyment of his senses. The treacherous ministers in the court were in power, and Li Linfu has great power.
The longer Du Fu was in Chang'an, the more he saw this painful reality. He missed the days he traveled with Li Bai, but he wanted to get a job in Chang'an. He envied Li Bai's unrestrained life, but he had to say goodbye to this kind of life.
747, 36-year-old Du Fu took the exam again and failed the exam again.
His father also passed away. Without strong support, his life became more and more depressed. He wandered around Chang'an, getting poorer day by day. In order to maintain his life, he was humble and became a "literati" in the aristocratic mansion, writing some poems for the aristocratic to have fun.
He wrote:
Towards the Fuer's door, and the fat horse dust is in the evening. The remaining cups and cold roasts are filled with sorrow everywhere.
He also began to see the reality of society and had to sigh:
The playboy will not starve to death, and the Confucian champion will ruin his body.
He was a scholar-in-law and was waiting humbly in Chang'an.
751, Xuanzong held three grand ceremony in a row from the eighth to the tenth day of the first lunar month: sacrifice to Emperor Xuanyuan, Taimiao and Tiandi.
Du Fu, who had no way out, took the opportunity to write three fu. After Xuanzong read it, he admired it very much and asked the prime minister to supervise Du Fu's exam.
Du Fu is famous.
However, because Li Linfu was involved in it, Du Fu's exam ended in vain.
He said desperately that there is not much hope in the career, so he should write poetry well in the future.
Then, he wrote two more essays, writing about life very poorly and writing about himself very motivated.
He also wrote poems to the powerful and powerful, praising their merits in the poems, and also wrote that he hopes to be promoted.
Du Fu at this time had a reason to be born more than anyone else, but he was devoted to his family and country and wanted to share his worries for the country.
He saw the scene of the country's recruitment and soldiers set off, and wrote " Soldiers Carriages ":
You don't know that the Han family has 200 prefectures in Shandong, and thousands of villages have grown jingqi. Even if a healthy woman holds a hoe and plow, the crops grow in the fields and there is nothing to do.
The pen tip turned, and he immediately said:
Have you seen Qinghai Head, and no one has collected the bones in ancient times. The new ghost is annoyed by the old ghosts and cried, and the sky is cloudy and rainy.
Du Fu was forty years old at this time, accomplished nothing, and lived a difficult life.
He saw that behind many people's luxurious lives was the blood and tears of the people, and he was painful and unbearable, so he wrote " Beauty Walk " to accuse these people of shameless behavior.
In the ten years of Chang'an, Du Fu's footsteps went from the aristocratic gardens to the poor people. Due to his own hunger and coldness, he realized the suffering of the people, and his poetry changed little by little.
In the most difficult time, he led the government's relief food.
As the family came to Chang'an, several sons were born one after another, Du Fu was even more embarrassed.
But even so, the court gave him a position as a county lieutenant, but he resigned because it was cruel and unbearable to whip the people.
When Du Fu refused this job, he was 44 years old, and he was middle-aged and had a responsibility. In addition, he had been seeking fame and fortune for most of his life, but Du Fu resigned from this position without hesitation.
The ancients said: A gentleman is poor, but a villain is abused.
Du Fu is very poor, but he always sticks to it.
05
After resigning as county magistrate, Du Fu joined the army, and his mission was to guard the weapons and weapons and manage the access control keys.
Before taking office, he went to Fengxian to visit his wife.
But along the way, what did he see?
The people are displaced and hungry in the wild, while the nobles are only concerned about enjoyment.
He said sadly and angryly:
The wine and meat smell bad, and the road is frozen to death.
After he arrived home, he discovered that his youngest son, who was less than one year old, had starved to death.
The deep sorrow filled Du Fu's heart, from his own to others, and he suddenly thought that he still had some privileges, no need to serve in the military or pay taxes, and even if his life was like this, the suffering of others could be imagined.
Du Fu's sorrow suddenly changed from his own small home to sad for the people of the entire country.
His personality has become great.
starved his son to death, and he felt compassion for the whole world.
returned to Chang'an to work for a while, and An Lushan hit Luoyang. One month before An Lushan was about to attack Chang'an, Du Fu fled and left.
He was mixed in the exiled team. Due to excessive fatigue, he was trapped in the weeds and could not move forward. His cousin who fled together turned around and could not see Du Fu. He called for search, found Du Fu, and lent his horse to Du Fu to protect Du Fu from danger.
After renowned with his wife, he continued to escape and picked up wild fruits to satisfy his hunger. His daughter was so hungry that she cried.
At that time, it was a thunderstorm and the road was muddy, but they didn't have an umbrella.
It’s like this. When you meet friends, you rely on friends to help you with a few meals. If you don’t meet friends, you will be hungry all the way. In Du Fu’s eyes, what you see is the suffering of the people and the hardships of life.The occurrence of the Anshi Rebellion has made the society more miserable, weak and corrupt at home, and difficult to resist foreign invasions from the outside world. The economic productivity has been greatly reduced, and it is painful everywhere.
Du Fu is a poet. When he saw this scene, he was sad, angry and painful, and began to write these tragic reality into his poems.
In " Sorrow Chen Tao ", he said:
In the winter, the blood is made of Chen Taoze's water.
0 The wilderness is clear and there is no sound of war, and 40,000 rebels died on the same day.
In " Sorrowful Qingshang " said:
Mountains, snow rivers, ice and wilderness, green is the white bones of war.
How can I attach a letter to our army? I will not die in a hurry next year.
At this time, poetry is history, and history is poetry.
Du Fu, he is sad about himself, the people are sad about the country, he is in suffering, lamenting the fate of the people in this country.
The first half of his life was furry and horses and brocades. He was a young talented man, but he was poor and destitute in the second half of his life, but he became the poet Du Fu.
06
After An Lushan's death, Du Fu planned to flee to Fengxiang, but the Hu people searched for it in a large amount, and Du Fu could not move forward.
He avoided the eyes and ears of the Hu people in the temple.
On April, Du Fu walked out of the west of the city and ran towards Fengxiang.
This time, Du Fu may be caught by the Hu people at any time and die at any time.
Zhang Ailing said: "People in troubled times have no real home, they can only take one step at a time."
At this time, Du Fu really has no future and no way out. He is called "daily" and "daily" and "daily" and "daily" and "daily" are not effective, and he can only take one step at a time.
He lamented:
Who should report to death? Returning began to pity himself.
Survival today, the tragedy is temporarily a person.
A year later, he came to the Golden Light Gate again, and was shocked:
This path was surrendered, and Hu Zhengfan of the western suburbs.
is still unlucky, and he should not have been summoned!
When he escaped to Fengxiang, Du Fu wore two hemp shoes , his clothes were torn so that his elbows were exposed, which was no different from beggars. He paid a visit to the emperor and got the official position of the left-handed person.
The official position of Zuoshi Yi is just a sesame-sized official, but Du Fu is not a waste of time as a scattered official. When he learns something unfair, he has to speak out.
Fan Zhongyan said:
"Never die in silence."
Du Fu also had this meaning, which soon aroused the emperor's anger and sent Yan Zhenqing and others to interrogate Du Fu. After
, he was acquitted after being rescued by some people.
But Du Fu was really unhappy. Thinking of the fall of the country and the suffering of the people, he often suffered a lot and hatred. He also often reminded the emperor to work hard to govern.
But since Xuanzong, the emperors of the Tang Dynasty have been unable to support the wall. Seeing that Du Fu is not a person who can make people happy, Zuo Shiyi is not an important position, he asked Du Fu to leave Fengxiang.
became an official again and failed, Du Fu went home to visit his relatives.
There was no horse, no car, and there was not even a good piece of clothes. He went home on foot and saw either wounded soldiers or poor people along the way.
It took me a long time to finally get home. When my wife saw him, she said:
My wife blamed me for being there, and she was shocked and wiped her tears.
When the child saw him, he said:
The sweetheart kept leaving his knees, and he was afraid that I would go back.
Early the next morning, the neighbor came to see him with wine, pouring wine and saying:
Don't dice the wine tastes thin, no one cultivated the millet field.
0 The soldiers have not yet stopped, and the children have all gone to the East Expedition.
Prosperity, the people suffer, the people die, and the people suffer. Du Fu has seen too many people.
07
Du Fu is an unlucky person. When he was born in the prosperous country, he witnessed the decline of the country step by step.
He can do nothing.
757 At the end of the year, Du Fu returned to Chang'an again and continued to be the Zuo Shiyi, and went in and out side by side with Wang Wei, , Cen Shen and others, writing poems and singing together, complimenting each other.
was exiled again after half a year, left Chang'an, and went to Huazhou to join the army.
From then on, I never returned to Chang'an.
He once again walked into the people, into the miserable life, into the great era when he was powerless.
The country is still in chaos, but the emperor has begun to believe in gods and officials from all over the country have presented auspiciousness in order to please the emperor.
As the saying goes:
inches of the earth and the sky are all tribute, and strange auspiciousness and auspiciousness are coming to give it.
No way to climb the dragon and attach to the phoenix, the whole world will become a marquis and kings.
But what about the people? Suffer, bitter, bitter!
Du Fu saw it, but he was powerless.
The fields look at the dry rain, and cuckoo urges spring planting everywhere.
Don’t be lazy when you are on Qi, and miss your wife in the south of the city and dream.
He passed through Xin'an, Shihao, and Tongguan . All he saw were the elderly, weak, sick and disabled, and all the people in dire straits. He wrote the tragedy he saw, heard, and personally experienced into " Xin'an Li ", " Shihao Li ", " Tongguan Li ", " Newly Married Farewell ", " Old Li ", and "Homeless Farewell".
This is the "three officials" and "three separations" in the life of the poet.
He wrote the people into his poems, wrote the sufferings of history into his poems, and he finally lived as Du Fu as we know them.
Du Fu was painful and also saw the most difficult life of this time, but he did not complain. He had hope that he would turn the suffering he saw into compassion in his heart, and at the same time hope that his country would get better and better.
759 In the summer of 2019, there was a severe drought in the pass. Du Fu saw officials treating the people cruelly. He had a higher understanding of the politics at that time. He felt that it was meaningless to be a military officer, so he gave up the position.
Although he is unwilling to be an official, Du Fu is not really far away from the world. He always cares about state affairs and always worrys about the future and destiny of the country.
He arrived at Qinzhou and planned to build a cottage to live in forever, but because of his poverty, he did not succeed.
Du Fu at that time couldn't even eat.
He made a living by selling herbs, but he still couldn't make ends meet. His body became weaker and weaker. Malaria began to rage again, and every other day, he had high cold and heat.
Wang Guowei said:
days to achieve success.
Du Fu is getting harder and harder, but his poetry is becoming more and more vigorous. In more than half a year, there are 120 poems he has passed down.
08
lived in Qinzhou for less than four months, had no thatched houses, and could not support one's own food and clothing, so he finally went to Chengdu.
arrived in Chengdu, and Du Fu lived in the temple. Then he found a piece of wasteland, reclaimed a large acre of land, and built a thatched house under a big tree.
This thatched cottage was also passed down from generation to generation, which is the thatched cottage.
Building a thatched hut is not easy. Almost everything requires the help of relatives and friends. His cousin sent him construction fees, which was very touched.
After two or three months, the cottage was completed, Du Fu finally ended his wandering and had a place of his own.
In the thatched hut, Du Fu got temporary peace.
He can look at nature and envy the beauty of nature:
Willow branches are weak, loquat pairs of fragrance. ——" Field "
The fish are coming out in the drizzle, and the swallows are slanted in the breeze. ——"One of the Heart of the Water Threshold"
The clouds cover the first crescent moon, and the fragrance spreads to the flowers of the small trees. ——"Scan the Second of the Idea"
He also wrote about rain, but what he still cares about is the country and the world:
sneaks into the night with the wind, moistening things silently.
One day in August, thunderstorms were mixed, strong winds were blown away by the cottage, the branches of the trees beside the cottage were broken, and the thatch was blown away by the wind. After a night, the house was filled with water.
But Du Fu was thinking about it, not just his personal destiny, but even for the poor people in the world to have a stable residence, he would rather sacrifice his personal stability.
How can you have thousands of buildings and shelter all the poor people in the world to be happy, and the wind and rain are as peaceful as a mountain.
When he saw that the old tree was sick, he thought of the pathology of society.
He personally planted herbs, like all farmers, carefully cared for his herbs and worked hard to cultivate his food. Although he was not rich, he did not have to go into exile to survive.
However, under the influence of the overall environment, Du Fu's stable life did not last long.
09
After the chaos in Chengdu, Du Fu went into exile again.
Du Fu, who was in exile, heard that the officers and soldiers had recovered Henan and Hebei, was ecstatic for a moment, and felt that he could finally stop wandering in a foreign land.
Suddenly, the sword was filled with tears when he heard it. But what's the worries about my wife? The poems and books are full of joy and joy.
Singing during the day, you must drink with wine, and youth is a companion to return home. That is, from Baxia to pass through Wuxia, then go down Xiangyang to Luoyang.
But the good situation did not last long, and it soon began to be in chaos, and many places continued to fall.
Du Fu understood that he was powerless to change anything. Only when the king worked hard to govern can he save the country. He also saw through a truth:
The thief is the king's minister. ——"Five Thoughts of the Three"
Many so-called thieves are forced and helpless people.
Du Fu, in exile, had no food and clothing, and was entirely supported by the rich. When those people needed him, they would invite each other enthusiastically, but they did not have any sincere feelings.
764, Du Fu returned to the cottage again. He wanted to continue his life as a farming life, but was soon elected as a member of the Ministry of Works of the Inspection School.
soon resigned and left the quiet life of the tang treasury and began another period of wandering for several years.
While drifting, Du Fu was poor and destitute. For a while, Du Fu had to spend his time on the boat. For that year and a half, he spent most of the time on the boat.
770, Du Fu was floating on a small boat, and looking around, he felt miserable.
He was so poor that he lived on a quinoa soup all day long, and his clothes were covered with patches.
Not only that, he was also very ill and sweated when he took the medicine.
He felt that his death was coming soon.
However, he still did not forget the disaster of the country, nor did he forget the suffering people:
The blood flows still, and the military voices are still moving.
That winter, cold, cold, cold.
Du Fu at that time was 59 years old.
is on that boat, and Du Fu died quietly.
10
After Du Fu's death, his family was unable to bury him, so he had to put his coffin in Yuezhou .
43 years later, his grandson took great efforts to transport Du Fu's body back to Shouyang Mountain from Yuezhou for burial.
Du Fu's most admired ancestors Du Yu and Du Shenyan were both buried here.
On the way back to Du Fu, he met the great poet Yuan Zhen . Yuan Zhen wrote an epitaph for Du Fu. He said:
Since there were poets, there has been no such great as Du Fu.
Many years after Du Fu's death, people drew a map based on Du Fu's life travel and exile route:
Everyone found that Du Fu went to many places in his life, but except for those places he visited when he was a teenager, almost all the places he went to were remote and poor places in the Tang Dynasty.
In order to avoid the war, he ran to wherever he was far away.
This is completely different from Li Bai.
The places where Li Bai went were almost all famous places and historical sites, all of which were rich.
Du Fu lived a hard life, but his personality was very noble. Xu Jun of the Song Dynasty said in a poem:
0,000 miles away, and his soul ended up in Huanhua Village.
Ningly poor, cold and hungry, how could you forget the supreme one after another?
——"Du Fu"
This is actually the best portrayal of Du Fu's life. There is no favoritism in the world, and even the rulers hurt him again and again, but he always has sincere love for this country.
In the novel " Romance of the Three Kingdoms ", Cao Cao said a selfish but classic saying:
would rather let me let the world down than let the world down.
But for Du Fu, he would not like this, nor would he do this. He would rather let the world betray me than let me betray the world.
Qian Mu said when talking about Du Fu's poems:
When we read his poems, we will be invisibly inspired by his extremely high personality. His poems do not talk about loyalty and filial piety, nor morality, but only put their daily life into it. However, there is no sentence that is not loyalty and filial piety, no sentence that is not moral, and no sentence that is not the highest level of life ideals.
The ancients said that poetry expresses one's aspirations. Behind Du Fu's poems is Du Fu, this eternal personality, this eternal soul.
11
I often think about a question, what are people?
The answer I once got was that man is God's creation and a bipedal animal. This is the image of man, and man should also include the soul. His mind should look at truth, goodness and beauty, eternity and moment, freedom and perfection.
Because God gave him a body that can walk and a mind that can think, not to let him waste his life.
But how could life be a waste? Every step of life is contributing to the completion of this life.
has been thinking for many years, but so far, I have not found the real answer about what a person is. Du Fu is one of the ends I saw when I couldn’t find the answer.
He was poor, but his heart was not trapped in poverty, and he did not lament about his own destiny, but saw the fate of the entire human race and the destiny of the vast majority of people.
He is in his own way and finally sees compassion and compassion. What should
people look like?
What I saw in Du Fu is: When a person completes himself, he is no longer a two-legged animal. He only knows how to eat, drink and have fun, and he becomes a real person, a person who connects himself and the entire universe.
The fate of a person is no longer worthy of pity, but should be used to think deeply.
text | Not interesting soul
