In September 2009, UNESCO officially approved the inclusion of the Dragon Boat Festival in the world as a world intangible cultural heritage, becoming China's first festival to be selected as a world intangible cultural heritage. This year marks the tenth year of successful application for the Dragon Boat Festival, and this year's Dragon Boat Festival is also the ninth after the successful application for the World Heritage. It is touching the scene and it is inevitable that people will remember the sensational "South Korea's Dragon Boat Festival" incident and the ins and outs of the "Successful Application for the Dragon Boat Festival of the Dragon Boat Festival".
On November 25, 2005, South Korea's " Gangling Dragon Boat Festival " was designated as a human oral and intangible heritage by the World Union. It caused a thousand waves and exploded on the Internet... Although the official later refuted the rumors, people still believe that South Korea has robbed our Dragon Boat Festival.
Figure 1 Gangling Dragon Boat Festival is a unique witch and customary sacrifice activity for farmers in the Dragon Boat Festival period of the Gangling area of South Korea. It does not specifically refer to a festival
Although South Korea is due to cultural inferiority and trying hard to get rid of the influence of Chinese culture, it often shows voices that take Chinese traditional culture for itself among the people, such as "Confucius belongs to Korea", "Goguryeo is the predecessor of Goryeo in the ancient Korean dynasty, so Liaodong has been the territory of South Korea since ancient times" and so on. But objectively speaking, from the perspective of UNESCO, has not "regarded the Dragon Boat Festival in China", because South Korea's "Gangling Dragon Boat Festival" is not the same as China's Dragon Boat Festival, and it has almost nothing to do with it, and it will not affect China's Dragon Boat Festival application for the World Heritage. There are three main reasons for
:
first, with different names and meanings.
"Gangling Dragon Boat Festival" first brings the place name "Gangling". "Gangling" is a city and county under the jurisdiction of Gangwon-do in South Korea. It is equivalent to a prefecture-level city in China in terms of administrative division level, but its area is even less than that of a county and district in China. "Jangling Dragon Boat Festival" can be said to be a characteristic custom of Jiangling City. Many other Koreans don't even know that Jiangling has such a custom. Although there are many regional differences in specific customs in my country's Dragon Boat Festival, the festival itself is definitely a national. In addition, due to media translation issues, the "Jiangling Dragon Boat Festival" was once read as "Jiangling Dragon Boat Festival" in China, and the difference is a thousand years of sorrow. "Festival" and "Sacrifice" cannot be completely equated, at least UNESCO has made a difference.
Figure 2 The official slave mask drama
in the Dragon Boat Festival event of Jiangling, the content of the event is different.
Although the activities of the Dragon Boat Festival in China will vary in specific places, eating rice dumplings, drinking realgar wine in , racing dragon boats, commemorating Qu Yuan (or Wu Zixu ), etc. are almost standard; and the content of the "Gangling Dragon Boat Festival" in South Korea is not only completely different from the Dragon Boat Festival, but also more diverse. Official slaves have masked dances, swings, throwing pots, wrestling, farm music competitions, farm songs, etc. There are countless sacrificial activities, but they do not worship Qu Yuan or Wu Zixu. They include the brewing divine wine sacrifice, the Daguanling Mountain God Sacrifice, the Daguanling National Teacher City God Sacrifice, the Qiushan City God Sacrifice, the Heshan City God Sacrifice, the Feng'an Sacrifice, the welcome gods' tour, the court drinking ceremony, the Dragon Boat Festival witch sacrifice, the gods' sacrifice, etc. There are many types, and people are dazzled.
Third, the time is different.
Although the two will have time overlapping around the Dragon Boat Festival in China (the fifth day of the fifth lunar month), most of the Dragon Boat Festival in China only have activities on that day. Even in areas where you pay more attention to and lively, the festival will not last more than a week. But it can start from the end of March until the beginning of May, and often it is day and night.
Figure 3 The important festival activities of the Dragon Boat Festival are of course to commemorate Qu Yuan’s “Dragon Boat Flight (jìng) Ferry”
0 China’s Dragon Boat Festival successful application for the World Heritage.Faced with the sensational "South Korea's Dragon Boat Festival" incident, experts once denied the rumor: "Apply for World Heritage" in is not a registered trademark, and "Apply for World Heritage" is to propose representative works of culture so that the whole world can know and share it. This is different from trademark registration. It does not mean that South Korea's "Gangling Dragon Boat Festival" has been successfully applied for World Heritage. In the future, Chinese people will have to pay the fee for the Dragon Boat Festival again, and the two are not the same thing. As expected, in September 2009, China's Dragon Boat Festival was officially "applyed for World Heritage".
However, is the reason why the so-called "China-South Korea Dragon Boat Festival dispute" has caused a lot of controversy over time is simply because of the misunderstandings of the media and the public and the rise of patriotism? Obviously not. The fundamental reason for the continued fermentation of the incident is to tear apart the serious shortage of protection of intangible cultural heritage represented by traditional festivals in my country, and many intangible cultural heritages are on the verge of extinction.
Figure 4 "On the Dragon Boat Festival in the Midsummer, Cooking the duck and the horned millet. Commonly wrapping the millet with leaves..." This is " Tremells and Tuji " written by the prefect of the Jin Dynasty, Zhouchu . Wu is a duck, and millet is a rice dumpling. Cooking Wujiao is a rice dumpling, which means boiling ducks and wrapping rice dumplings.
In 2005, when South Korea's "Gangling Dragon Boat Festival" was successfully applied for World Heritage, China was in a golden period of rapid economic development, surpassing France at the end of the year to become the fifth largest economy in the world. However, the development of culture is far from keeping up with the pace of economic development. The more typical evidence is that traditional festivals are ignored. Although the continuous and in-depth opening up to the outside world has injected vitality into the rise of China's economy, it has also seen the extreme phenomenon of Western culture invasion. Many young people are keen on celebrating foreign festivals and only know Thanksgiving, Halloween, and Christmas, but they know very little about the Cold Food Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc. What's more, they admire foreign countries and fascinate foreign countries, forget their roots, and slander the traditional culture of the motherland. There has not been a complete protection mechanism for intangible cultural heritage in China, and traditional festivals, as an important heritage, have not even been included in the protection list.
In contrast, South Korea, the "Gangling Dragon Boat Festival" in just a specific place was listed as No. 13 of the "Important Intangible Cultural Heritage " in its country as early as 1967, and through nearly 40 years of protection, inheritance and innovation, it was finally successfully applied for World Heritage. It should be noted that although the "Gangling Dragon Boat Festival" is not consistent with the Chinese Dragon Boat Festival, South Korea is deeply influenced by Chinese culture and its country also has the tradition of celebrating the Dragon Boat Festival. The "Gangling Dragon Boat Festival" was originally inseparable from the Dragon Boat Festival. It was gradually evolved and innovated to form customs with its own characteristics. Therefore, not only does the Koreans pay attention to traditional festivals need to be affirmed, but their spirit of being good at innovation and integration is also worth learning from.
Figure 5 "There are three years of mugwort in the family, and the doctor does not use it." The ancients called mugwort a human form " mugwort ", and hung the mugwort leaves in the air and cut into the shape of a tiger, called "mix tiger" to ward off evil and drive away miasma.
It's not too late to fix the problem. The "Korea's Dragon Boat Festival" incident in 2005 can be regarded as a watershed in the protection of China's intangible cultural heritage, because the second year of the incident, , in 2006, my country announced the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, which was listed on the Dragon Boat Festival. Later, the second, third and fourth batches of national intangible cultural heritage lists were approved and announced in 2008, 2011 and 2014 respectively; in 2008, the Qingming Festival and the Dragon Boat Festival were listed as national statutory holidays; in 2009, the Dragon Boat Festival was officially included in the world intangible cultural heritage, becoming China's first festival to be selected as the world intangible cultural heritage. At the same time, the education department is gradually promoting traditional cultural education in primary and secondary schools, striving to improve the traditional cultural cultivation of the next generation and fundamentally solve the problem.
However, with the further development of the market economy and the door to opening up to the outside world is getting bigger and bigger, although the protection of intangible cultural heritage is gradually increasing, the results achieved are not satisfactory. Especially with the rapid spread of online culture, many intangible cultural heritages are on the verge of extinction, not only not only not resolved, but are becoming more and more serious. For example, in 2006, Dakong Opera, Humai, etc., which were included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage lists, entered 2019, and the number of people who could sing was less than 100, which was almost lost.The protection situation of traditional festivals is not optimistic. In recent years, traditional festivals have become a gimmick for merchants to conduct promotional activities. There are almost no real innovations in festival customs and customs, and there is even the danger of being squeezed out of living space by "emerging modern festivals", such as "Single's Day" and "Girls' Day". The road to protecting intangible cultural heritage is a long way to go!
text: Boling Qinghe
text was created by the team of the History University Hall, the picture is from the Internet, the copyright belongs to the original author