(report producer/analyst: Zheshang Securities Qiu Shiliang, Wang Huajun, Li Siyang)
. Perovskite : One of the most promising optoelectronic materials, excellent performance, widely used Perovskite is a crystal material with the general formula of ABX3, with an octahedral shape and excellent structural characteristics. The preparation process of perovskite crystals is simple, with high photoelectric conversion efficiency, and is widely used in photovoltaic , LED and other fields.
.1. Photoelectric materials with excellent structural characteristics, great potential in the fields of photovoltaics, LEDs, etc.
Perovskite is a material structure with strong light-electric conversion efficiency, with widespread application and high attention. Perovskite (a type of crystal material with the general formula of ABX3) was first discovered by the German scientist Gustav Rose in 1839. The elemental composition of CaTiO3 mineral. Later, people collectively referred to substances with this crystal structure as perovskites. In the perovskite octahedral structure, A is a larger cation, B is a smaller cation, and X is an anion, and each A ion is surrounded by an octahedral composed of B and X ions together.
perovskite material is considered to be one of the most promising optoelectronic materials in the next generation due to its advantages of high light absorption coefficient, large mobility of carrier , and simple synthesis method.
Photovoltaic field is one of the main application areas of perovskite structural materials. Perovskite structure has strong designability and very good photovoltaic performance. It is a popular research direction for photovoltaics in recent years. In the ABX3 structure of perovskite, A is a cation, such as organic cation methylamine CH3NH3+(MA+), formidine NH2CH=NH2+(FA+), metal cation cesium Cs+, rubidium Rb+, etc.; B is generally a divalent metal cation, such as lead ion Pb2+, tin ion Sn2+; X is generally a halogen anion, often a chloride ion Cl-, bromide ion Br-, iodine ion I-, etc.
LED field is another important application field of perovskite structural materials and an important development path for the next generation of lighting or display LEDs. Perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) with halogen perovskite materials as the active region have developed rapidly in recent years. In a typical PeLEDs "sandwich" structure, the perovskite layer is located between the n-type electron transport layer (ETL) and the p-type hole transport layer (HTL). The first room temperature PeLEDs was launched in 2014. With its advantages of narrow luminescence spectrum, wide color gamut, low preparation cost and high efficiency, it is one of the potential application technologies for the next generation of display and lighting. However, due to the difficulty of repetitive preparation of high-quality perovskite films, low efficiency of light output coupled , and lead pollution, problems still need to be solved, and there is still a certain distance from commercial application.
In addition to the fields of photovoltaics and LEDs, perovskites are also widely used in metal-air batteries, solid oxide fuel cells, catalysts, magnetic refrigeration materials, spin electronic devices, oxygen separation membranes, gas sensitive materials, multifunctional conductive ceramic materials, etc., and are emerging materials with great development potential.
.2. perovskite solar cell is a representative of the third generation of high-efficiency thin-film batteries
The current development of solar cell includes the third generation:
First generation: silicon crystal solar cells represented by single crystal silicon and polycrystalline silicon . At present, this technology has developed mature and is most widely used, but there are problems such as single crystal silicon solar cell having too high raw material requirements and polycrystalline silicon solar cell production process being too complex.
Second generation: thin-film solar cell . Solar cells represented by CdTe, GaAs and CIGS have become a research hotspot. Compared with crystalline silicon batteries, this technology requires fewer materials and is easy to produce on a large scale, and has obvious advantages in terms of cost.
The third generation: new thin-film solar cells based on high efficiency, green environmental protection and advanced nanotechnology, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs).
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are solar cells that use perovskite structural materials as light absorbing materials and belong to the third generation of solar cells. PSCs can be divided into mesoporous and planar types according to their structure.In perovskite batteries with mesoporous structures, perovskite materials are covered on porous TiO2 as photosensitizers, and a positive heterojunction structure is adopted; in perovskite batteries with planar structures, perovskites are both light absorption layers and electron and hole transport layers, and the mesoporous structures do not require porous metal oxide stock prices, thereby simplifying the preparation process. Planar perovskite solar cells are divided into front and inverted.
Functions of each layer of perovskite solar cell:
Glass: Sunlight is irradiated through the glass;
Transparent front electrode (TCO): FTO or ITO conductive layer, plated on glass as the photoanode of the battery;
Electronic Transport Layer (ETL): Usually TiO2 or SnO2, covered in TC The O surface plays the role of transporting electrons from perovskite to the photoanode and preventing holes from being transmitted from perovskite to the photoanode;
mesoporous layer: exists in the mesoporous structure and is the scaffold of perovskite;
perovskite layer: is a light absorption layer that absorbs light and generates electron hole pairs;
hole transport layer (HTL): transports holes from perovskite to metal counter electrodes, and simultaneously prevents electrons from being transmitted to metal counter electrodes.
Metal counter electrode: as the photocathode of the battery. The working principle of
perovskite solar cell: Under light conditions, perovskite compounds can absorb photon . After absorbing the photon, their valence band electrons will transition to the conduction band. The conduction band electrons are then injected into the conduction band of TiO2 and then transmitted to the FTO. At the same time, holes are transmitted to the organic hole transport layer (HTL), so that the electron-hole pairs are separated. When the external circuit is connected, the movement of electrons and holes generates a current. The band gap width of the organometallic halide perovskite solar cell is about 1.5 eV, and the extinction coefficient is high. The film with a thickness of several hundred nanometers can fully absorb sunlight below 800 nm. (Report source: Yuanzhan Think Tank)
. Core highlights: high efficiency and low cost advantages, stability, environmental protection, and large-area preparation problems are breaking through Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are representatives of the third generation of high-efficiency thin-film batteries. With good light absorption, charge transfer rate, and huge development potential, they have achieved high efficiency, high flexibility and low cost, and are known as the "new hope in the photovoltaic field." Perovskite solar cells can also further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency through stacking with HJT, which is the key development direction of future industrialization.
The most important problem in the industrialization of perovskite solar cells is to solve the stability problems, large-area preparation problems and environmental protection problems.
.1. Efficiency: The theoretical extreme value is higher than that of crystalline silicon, stacked batteries can be made, and industrialization is of great significance
PSCs photoelectric conversion efficiency improvement speed is significantly higher than that of crystalline silicon. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) took about 10 years to increase the conversion efficiency from the initial 3.8% to 25.7% (as of December 26, 2021), and this process took 40 or 50 years to crystalline silicon solar cells.
single-junction PSCs currently have the highest conversion efficiency of 25.7%, and the theoretical conversion efficiency can reach 31%. single junction PSCs refer to perovskite solar cells with only one PN junction, and multi-junction PSCs refer to perovskite solar cells with multiple PN junctions. Multi-junction PSCs have better spectral absorption effect, higher efficiency, but also higher cost.
Theoretically, the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of single-junction PSCs can reach 31%, and the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of multi-junction PSCs can reach 47%, which is significantly higher than 29.4% of crystal silicon solar cell .
perovskite band gap width is adjustable, making efficient stacked batteries. perovskite can prepare stacked batteries with 2 junctions, 3 junctions and above. Among them, the two junctions stacked batteries include perovskite-perovskite and perovskite-crystalline silicon stacked batteries. The conversion efficiency can be improved to about 40%, and the theoretical conversion efficiency of perovskite stacked batteries with 3 junctions and above can reach about 50%.
HJT and TOPCon are representatives of the third stage of solar cell industrialization development, while perovskite-heterojunction and perovskite-TOPCon stacked batteries are the pillars of the fourth stage. Although the current mainstream technology path in the market is still PERC, PERC may remain mainstream in the market in the next 2-3 years, its production line expansion has come to an end.With the maturity of heterojunction (HJT) and TOPCon equipment, solar cells will gradually enter the third and fourth stages.
perovskite has good laminated battery matching with silicon heterojunction, and can form laminated batteries with higher efficiency than single junction PSCs. According to the bandwidth gap width from small to large and the spectrum from long to short, different materials can be arranged from bottom to top in turn to form a stacked battery.
silicon heterojunction battery has a narrow band gap of 1.1 eV, which is very suitable as a base battery, with the matching top cell band gap between 1.6-1.9 eV. By adjusting the elemental composition, a band gap width that can be adjusted from 1.5-2.2 eV can be obtained. When adjusted to a suitable band gap, a high-efficiency two-end stacked battery can be formed with a silicon heterojunction battery.
perovskite-silicon heterojunction stacked batteries have the advantages of high efficiency and low cost, and the theoretical limit efficiency is expected to reach more than 43%. silicon heterojunction battery effectively reduces the cost based on the high conversion efficiency of single crystal silicon batteries, and is currently the mainstream direction in the field of silicon battery research. Perovskite-silicon heterojunction stacked batteries can make more rational use of photons within the full spectrum range and reduce energy losses. It is an important method to break through the efficiency limit of single junction cells. According to ACS Publications, the limit efficiency of perovskite-silicon heterojunction stacked solar cells is between 44% and 45%, which is significantly improved on the basis of 31% of single junction perovskite solar cells.
The current world record of laboratory efficiency of perovskite-silicon heterojunction stacked batteries has reached 29.2%. In November 2021, researchers from the Netherlands Organization for Applied Sciences (TNO), EnergyVille and Eindhoven University of Technology developed a highly efficient back-contact silicon heterojunction battery with an efficiency of 11.4% developed by combining transparent double-sided perovskite photovoltaic cells with an efficiency of 17.8% and Panasonic , achieving a conversion efficiency of 29.2%, setting a new world record.
TOPCon and perovskite stacking are another perovskite/silicon stacking battery route. Currently, the highest efficiency of perovskite/crystalline silicon stacked solar cells based on tunneling silicon oxide passivation and release (TOPCon) base batteries is 28.2%. It was jointly developed by Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences silicon-based solar energy and wide bandgap semiconductor group and Zhejiang Energy Group . The device adopts the design of black silicon nanosuede and TOPCon structures that are compatible with industrialization.
2.2. Cost: The cost of components is expected to be significantly reduced compared to crystalline silicon, and the energy consumption of raw materials is relatively low.
PSCs industry chain has been significantly shortened, and it only takes 45 minutes to get raw materials to components. Crystal silicon batteries process silicon materials, silicon wafers, , batteries, and components in four different factories. This process takes at least 3 days.
GCL nano disclosed that the production process of perovskite solar cells is simple, and glass, film, target materials, , and chemical raw materials can be processed into components in a single factory within 45 minutes. The industrial chain is significantly shortened and the value is highly concentrated.
PSCs production capacity investment is one-half of crystalline silicon, with 1GW being only 500 million yuan. Fan Bin, general manager of GCL Optoelectronics, pointed out that the investment of 1GW of crystalline silicon (silicon materials, silicon wafers, batteries, components) is 1.16 billion yuan; while GCL Nano-perovskite's first 100MW equipment production line is 100 million yuan, which will be further reduced in the future if large-scale production is completed.
PSCs raw materials have low purity requirements and are very easy to obtain, and the amount is also lower than that of crystalline silicon.
The raw materials of perovskite solar cells are basic chemical materials and do not contain rare element . Crystal silicon solar cells require 99.9999% of the purity of silicon materials, while perovskite materials are insensitive to impurities. Perovskite materials with a purity of about 90% can be made into solar cells with a conversion efficiency of more than 20%. Perovskites with a purity of 95% can meet the production and use needs, making raw materials easier to obtain.
crystalline silicon solar cells require about 500,000 tons of silicon material per year. If all of them are replaced with perovskite solar cells, only about 1,000 tons of perovskite raw materials are required, so there is no raw material bottleneck for PSCs.
PSCs can be prepared in a low-temperature solution, and the energy consumption per watt is only 1/10 of that of crystalline silicon.
perovskite solar cells only need to be formed through simple spin coating, spray coating, scraping and other solution processes. The temperature of the entire production process does not exceed 150℃, which greatly reduces production energy consumption compared with the maximum process temperature of 1700℃ required for the preparation of crystalline silicon materials. The energy consumption of manufacturing a single-crystal module of 1 watt is about 1.52 KWh, while the production energy consumption per watt perovskite module is only 0.12 KWh, and the energy consumption of a single watt accounts for only 1/10 of crystalline silicon. The cost of single W of
PSCs component is about 0.5 yuan, which is only 50% of the limit cost of crystalline silicon. In the cost structure of perovskite monolithic components, perovskite accounts for about 5%, glass, target materials, etc. account for 2/3, and the total theoretical cost is about 0.5-0.6 yuan, which is only 50% of the limit cost of crystalline silicon.
.3. Stability, large-area preparation, and environmental protection need to be broken through, are the most important factors restricting industrialization
Stability is an important factor restricting the industrialization of perovskite solar cells.
perovskite solar cells, as the fastest-growing photovoltaic technology in history, have advantages over crystalline silicon batteries in both efficiency and cost, but their main disadvantage is their short life (low stability). Currently, the T80 lifespan of perovskite solar cells (efficiency drops to 80% of the initial value) is about 4,000 hours, which is far from the 25-year lifespan of current mainstream photovoltaic technology.
From the perspective of reasons, the reasons for instability of perovskite solar cells can be divided into internal factors such as hygroscopicity, thermal instability, ion migration, and external factors such as ultraviolet rays and light.
Due to the designability of perovskite materials, R&D personnel have proposed various solutions to solve the stability problems.
has developed all-inorganic perovskite materials for thermal stability and chemical stability; for water and high humidity instability, long-chain organic molecules have been introduced and two-dimensional perovskite materials have been developed; the commonly used lithium salt doped Spiro hole transport layer has a lower stability than the perovskite layer, so a solution is proposed to replace organic functional layer materials with high stability; in order to cope with diffusion and ion migration, a solution for developing surface barrier layers, packaging, " zero-dimensional " perovskite materials and other solutions have been proposed.
Currently, the efficiency of PSCs large-area modules is still far lower than that of small areas, which is another problem that restricts industrialization. The main reasons for the significant efficiency gap between small-area batteries and large-area modules are:
(1) The coverage, uniformity and flatness control of large-area films under solution treatment is more difficult;
(2) When the size increases, the defects of the perovskite layer also increase, which has a negative impact on the extraction and transmission of light-induced carriers;
(3) The resistance of the transparent electrode increases approximately linearly with the increase of area, which increases the series resistance of the battery and degrades performance.
The preparation method of high-quality uniform large-area film needs to be broken through.
solution spin coating method is a common method for laboratory preparation of PSCs. Although it is simple to operate, fast film formation speed and good repeatability, it cannot meet the large-area and low-cost manufacturing requirements required for large-scale industrial production of perovskite solar cells. Currently, the commonly used production processes for preparing large-area perovskites include scraping coating, slit coating, spray printing, and gas-phase-assisted deposition technology roll-to-roll method. At present, there is still a gap in the photoelectric conversion efficiency of large-area perovskite solar cells compared with spin coating.
Lead-containing perovskites have a risk of environmental pollution, and it is also a problem that needs to be solved in industrialization.
contains lead elements in typical organometallic halide perovskite batteries. Once the lead element is leaked, it will cause serious environmental pollution problems. Therefore, lead elements are listed as prohibited materials in many countries and regions in the world. At the same time, the recycling of lead-containing perovskite batteries is also an important research topic. Researchers are working hard to explore lead-free perovskites, but it will lead to a decrease in battery conversion efficiency.
Compared with the lead used in the crystalline silicon industry, the lead used in perovskite solar cells is actually lower.
Although the silicon wafer does not contain lead, the solder tape of the crystalline silicon battery is coated with lead in copper foil. Each standard-size crystalline silicon module contains about 18 grams of lead, while the perovskite module of the same size does not contain more than 2 grams of lead, which is only 1/10 of the crystalline silicon.According to the RoHS standard , the lead content in crystalline silicon components cannot exceed 0.1%, while the lead content in perovskite components is less than 0.01%, which is more environmentally friendly than crystalline silicon batteries. (Report source: Yuanzhan Think Tank)
. Industrialization: Domestic leading breakthroughs at the R&D end, and the industrial end landing progress has accelerated. The main processes of perovskite solar cells are coating and PVD, and the production process is greatly simplified compared with crystalline silicon. It is currently in the equipment process verification stage. combined with industry, academia and research , my country's perovskite field is booming and leading the world.
Academic aspects, my country's perovskite solar cell research and development team has made efforts to explore the most competitive and cost-effective technical routes in combination with production and research. The number of patent applications accounts for 68% of the world; on the industrial side, local perovskite equipment manufacturers have taken the lead, and some have been successfully delivered. The efficiency of local perovskite solar cell manufacturers has been continuously breaking through, financing is progressing smoothly, and they have already laid out pilot lines.
.1. Academic end: China's leading academic research, the industrial process is full of motivation
Academic aspects, the number of patent applications for perovskite solar cell has shown explosive growth, with 68% from China. As of December 2019, China's total perovskite solar cell patent applications reached 2,282, which belongs to the No. 1 Group, far higher than Japan, South Korea and the United States, which have a total of 200-300 patent applications.
The main reason for the high enthusiasm for Chinese patent applications is policy guidance and local support. In recent years, my country's R&D books related to solar energy technology include 863 Plan, 73 Plan , National Natural Science Foundation of , key R&D plans and other projects, which have greatly guided and stimulated the research enthusiasm of scientific research institutions. According to the " Management Measures for the Certification of High-tech Enterprises ", enterprises must meet the relevant regulations on the quantity and quality of intellectual property rights when applying to become high-tech enterprises. Local governments have actively issued measures to promote scientific and technological development to encourage patent applications, and a series of funding has given birth to a large number of emerging photovoltaic enterprises.
3.2. Industrialization end: Major manufacturers have already laid out
PSCs preparation process is simpler than crystalline silicon batteries in perovskite equipment, batteries, materials, and detection ends, and is currently in the equipment process verification stage. The module production process of perovskite solar cells: depositing transparent conductive layer (TCO), depositing electron transport layer (ETL), depositing perovskite layer, depositing hole transport layer (HTL), back battery preparation, and module packaging, which is greatly simplified compared with crystalline silicon solar cells. The only link in the production process of
PSCs is packaging. During the production process of perovskite modules, except for the perovskite layer, all buffer layers and electrodes can be produced by the PVD process, which has certain similarities with HJT, but the similarities with the panel industry are more obvious. Coating is a unique link in PSCs and is mainly used in the printing of perovskite layers.
In the industry, perovskite equipment orders are ahead and the manufacturer's delivery is smooth. The main PSCs equipment manufacturers, Maiwei Co., Ltd. , Shengcheng Photovoltaic, Jiejia Weichuang, Jeput, and Dehu Coating Film, have all received equipment orders, and some manufacturers have successfully delivered mass production.
Important players in the production field have raised over 100 million yuan in financing, and the pilot line is gradually being built. GCL Optoelectronics, fiber-nano-optical and Jidian-optical Energy, major manufacturers of PSCs, have completed financing of over 100 million yuan. GCL Optoelectronics has invested in the world's first 100MW large-area component pilot line, and Jidian-optical Energy has also begun to build a 150MW test line. Seven times of fiber-nano-optical has broken the world record of small components, and industrial development is booming.
. Market space: It is expected that the equipment market space will exceed 80 billion in 2030, and BIPV will bring 100 billion in application space device space: perovskite solar cells will gradually increase the penetration rate in the global photovoltaic market with high efficiency, low cost and increasing stability. We estimate that the market space of perovskite solar cell equipment in 2030 is about 80.5 billion yuan.
battery space: perovskite has the characteristics of light mass, small thickness, large flexibility, translucentness, etc. It is the star material for automotive solar films and BIPVs in the future. We expect perovskite solar cells to be used in electric vehicle mobile power generation power supply to be used in 2030. The global market space of about 29.9 billion yuan, and the market increase brought by BIPV will reach 100 billion.
.1. Equipment space: It is expected that the perovskite equipment space will reach 80.5 billion
We calculate the perovskite solar cell market space from 2020 to 2030. Assuming:
Global cell production increased from 163GW to 886GW, CAGR=18%, capacity utilization rate is 75%, and capacity increased from 249GW to 1181GW;
Perovskite solar cell permeability increased from 0 to 30% in the next 10 years;
2022-2030, the investment in perovskite solar cell single GW equipment has dropped from 1.5 billion to 500 million.
can be calculated that by 2030, the market space of perovskite solar cell equipment will be about 80.5 billion yuan.
.2. Battery space: excellent in light, thin, soft and transparent characteristics. The market size in the BIPV field exceeds 1,000 yuan
Light weight, low thickness, bendable, translucent features enrich the application scenarios of PSCs. The thickness of silicon wafers in crystalline silicon solar cells is usually 160-180 microns, while the thickness of the perovskite layer in perovskite solar cells is only 0.3 microns. Perovskite solar cells can be prepared by low-temperature solution method to achieve excellent photoelectric performance, which is very suitable for preparation into flexible batteries for integration with aviation, military, architectural, and wearable power generation devices, greatly broadening application scenarios. Currently, the highest photoelectric conversion efficiency of flexible perovskite solar cells has reached 21.7%.
BIPV field may be the first to cover the application market, with a total market size of over 100 billion. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, the total area of urban construction land in my country in 2020 is about 58.3 billion square meters. Hypothesis:
1) The total area of urban construction land in my country: grows at an annual growth rate of 2% (refer to the growth rate of 2018-2020, which is 2%.
2) Installable area: 30% of roof photovoltaic availability and 10% of facade photovoltaic availability. Industry and commerce account for 30% of the total area.
3) The annual renovation ratio is 5% and the completion ratio is 10%. (Refer to historical assumptions)
4) The wattage can be installed per square meter, the unit price per watt is 5.5 yuan, and it is reduced by 10% per year. (Currently, it is sold at a premium compared to traditional components)
calculates that the potential installed market of BIPV is 203GW, corresponding to the potential market size of 121 billion.
PSCs can be used as mobile power generation power supply for electric vehicles, with a market size of 29.9 billion yuan in 2030. We estimate that China's total demand for electric vehicles in 2030 is about 24.505 million. Assuming that the film area of each vehicle is 3 square meters, the market size can reach 14.7 billion yuan; in 2030, the global total demand for electric vehicles is about 49.782 million, the market size will reach 29.9 billion yuan.
. Perovskite battery equipment is gradually accepted and shipped. The total production capacity in 2022 may exceed 1.5GW.1.PSCs equipment: The main equipment has entered the acceptance and shipment stage, and domestic manufacturers have created many firsts.
Domestic perovskite equipment manufacturers led by Dehu Coating Film, Shengcheng Photovoltaics, Zhongneng Photovoltaics, Maiwei Co., Ltd., and Jiejia Weichuang have strong global competitiveness, and some equipment products have entered the acceptance, shipment and delivery stage.
5.1.1. Shengcheng Photovoltaic: Perovskite cluster multi-cavity evaporation equipment has been mass-produced and has been successfully applied to multiple clients
Suzhou Shengcheng Photovoltaic Equipment Co., Ltd. was established in 2010. It is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Jingshan Light Machinery . It is located in Suzhou High-tech Zone . It currently has more than 1,000 employees, including more than 300 technical R&D personnel. It is mainly engaged in the research, development, manufacturing, sales and services of intelligent equipment in the photovoltaic industry. Its products have been exported to more than 20 countries and regions around the world, including the United States, Germany, France, etc. The company provides customers with overall photovoltaic module manufacturing solutions, meeting different needs such as conventional, double glass, half-piece, MBB, and stacked tiles, and also provides related intelligent equipment for battery and silicon wafer manufacturing fields.
Company has strong R&D capabilities, and has strongly joined forces with GCL Optoelectronics to carry out in-depth strategic cooperation in in terms of perovskite production line equipment. Company invested 1 billion yuan to build an intelligent equipment manufacturing center in early 2021. The project is used to add a new high-end photovoltaic module equipment production line and establish a research and development organization for the preparation of heterojunction and perovskite stacked batteries.
In May 2021, the company and GCL Optoelectronics officially reached a strategic cooperation in the development of perovskite stacked battery technology, jointly developing the processes and related equipment of perovskite and stacked batteries. The company has passed the ISO9001 quality management system certification , and its products have obtained CE, ETL, UL and other certifications.
Currently, the company's perovskite battery cluster multi-cavity evaporation equipment has been mass-produced and has been successfully applied to multiple clients.
5.1.2. Dehu Coating: Perovskite solar cell core coating equipment has the highest global market share
Dehu Coating is a high-tech project introduced by Jiading District, Shanghai. It is currently the only electronic-grade coating equipment company in China that can participate in the world competition, benchmarking the world's top five German, Japanese and Korean slit coating equipment companies.
company focuses on industries such as solar cells, flat panel display, electronic information, integrated circuit advanced packaging, hydrogen batteries, etc., and provides a series of precision solution film forming equipment, systems and complete solutions from R&D, pilot to mass production.
company's perovskite solar cell core coating equipment has the largest market share in the world. slit coating technology can deposit various liquid compounds on substrates such as glass, stainless steel sheets, plastics, etc., and prepare films with required technical indicators by precisely controlling the relative speed of liquid flow and movement. The company won the major scientific and technological special project of the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2019, and was in charge of the development of perovskite mass production core coating equipment. In the field of perovskite solar cells, the company's core coating equipment accounts for the largest global market share.
.2.PSCs Batteries: Major players are leading the world in R&D, and new products under construction in the pilot line are about to be released.
leads the world with the industrialization progress of local perovskite battery manufacturers led by GCL integration, fiber nanophotography, electrode electrophotography, Zhongneng Optoelectronics, and Wandu Optoelectronics. It is expected that the total production capacity of perovskite solar cells will be close to 1GW in 2023.
5.2.1.Gxin Optoelectronics: The world's first 100MW large-area perovskite mass production line is under construction
Gxin Optoelectronics was established in 2010. Its original body is Weihua Solar Energy, focusing on the research and development and production of perovskite solar modules. In 2017, the company was acquired by GCL, the world's largest photovoltaic group. Subsequently, Total Energy, CATL and other companies became shareholders of the company one after another.
large-area component pilot line construction process is far ahead. In February 2019, GCL Optoelectronics took the lead in building a 10MW-level large-area perovskite module pilot production line, with the module size of 45cm*65cm, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency reached 15.3%.
At present, GCL Optoelectronics is building a 100MW mass production line, which will expand the component area to 1m*2m, and the component photoelectric conversion efficiency will be increased to more than 18%. It is currently the only perovskite manufacturing company in the industry that has a mass production line.
5.2.2. Octopus photoelectricity: The 150MW pilot line is under construction, and a new product is about to be released
Octopus photoelectricity was predecessored by the solar energy business department of Honeycomb Energy Technology Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Great Wall Holdings. It started the pre-research work of perovskite optoelectronics technology in early 2018 and was independently Wuxi Octopus photoelectric technology in April 2020. Focusing on the exotic photoelectric material of "perovskite", the company is committed to the industrialization technology development of solar cell and components, luminescent quantum dots and precursor materials.
The company's R&D team is strong and has advanced R&D software and hardware facilities. company hired Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin, an internationally renowned scientist in the field of perovskites, as the chief scientist. The R&D team is composed of first-class talents from top universities at home and abroad, and members with master's degree or above account for more than 70%. The first phase of the company has an area of more than 5,000 m2, and has built a clean laboratory with an area of more than 1,000 m2. In June 2021, the company's 20.1% of the steady-state efficiency of perovskite modules was included in the world's highest solar cell efficiency table and was evaluated as having the significance of "landmark", which means that the company maintains the world's highest level of perovskite photovoltaic module efficiency.
pilot line is being built, and new products are about to be released. has successfully completed a Pre-A round of financing of 220 million yuan and is building a 150MW perovskite photovoltaic pilot line project. According to the company's plan, the company's perovskite power generation stone products are officially launched at the end of 2021, and the perovskite curtain wall series products are expected to be launched at the end of 2022. While ensuring the photoelectric conversion efficiency of more than 16%, the product still has a light transmittance of more than 10%, which is at the industry-leading level.
5.2.3.Fiberna Optoelectronics: Perovskite pioneer
Fiberna Optoelectronics was established in 2015. It is committed to "the design and development of perovskite cutting-edge technologies, perovskite materials research, related products and high-end equipment, low-carbon manufacturing and market-oriented application". The company has applied for more than 200 intellectual property patents worldwide, undertaken 3 key R&D plans of the Ministry of Science and Technology. It has been recognized as the most growing quasi-unicorn enterprise for two consecutive years from 2019 to 2020, and has currently completed the C round of financing.
seven times to refresh the world record of perovskite widget conversion efficiency, and obtained the world's first perovskite strict stability test certification.
In 2017, the company broke the foreign technology monopoly on new perovskite semiconductor photovoltaic materials for the first time, and set a new world record for perovskite solar module efficiency seven times, and obtained the world's first perovskite stability certification and multi-severely stable certification.
In November 2021, the company set a world record for the conversion efficiency of 21.4% (steady state) perovskite widgets, with a module area of 19.32cm2. The company has an international leading advantage in the mass production technology of perovskite solar cells.
Company has built the first perovskite production base in China to lead the commercialization of perovskite solar cells.
Company has built the first perovskite production base in Quzhou, Zhejiang Province. The first phase of the factory is 11,000 square meters, including semiconductor workshops, power, synthesis, warehouses, offices, dormitories and other related supporting facilities. It was selected as the key construction project in Zhejiang Province in 2018. The company predicts that after the large-scale application of perovskite solar cells, the power generation cost can be reduced to about half of the current traditional batteries, about 0.2-0.3 yuan per kilowatt-hour, which is equivalent to the price of coal-fired power.
On June 3, 2021, the company signed a cooperation agreement with Amaton. In the future, the two parties will carry out multi-dimensional cooperation in glass customization, BIPV components, TCO glass and other aspects.
Yamaton is a national single-champion enterprise in manufacturing. It has rich technical accumulation and research and development experience in glass applications, coating technology, BIPV products, etc. Xianna Optoelectronics will provide Yamaton with the world's leading perovskite quantum dot interlayer technology, and work together to promote the widespread application of BIPV in the dual-carbon era.
On June 4, 2021, the company signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Yidao New Energy, committed to comprehensive cooperation in the fields of perovskite stacking technology, BIPV and BAPV.
5.2.4. Zhongneng Optoelectronics: The perovskite solar photovoltaic module production line under construction can produce a production capacity of up to 200MW/year
Hangzhou Zhongneng Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd. was established in August 2015. The core team comes from Tsinghua University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology. It is positioned to use new thin-film photovoltaic technology to make energy more inclusive and popular, and specialize in the research and development and industrialization of perovskite solar photovoltaic modules and related equipment. Since 2017, the equipment designed and produced by the company has been used in more than 30 customers at home and abroad, effectively promoting the research and development and industrialization of optoelectronic technology.
Company independently developed perovskite solar cell modules and related equipment. The core team of comes from Tsinghua University and Huazhong University of Science and Technology. It has 3,000 square meters of office areas, laboratories, and production workshops, nearly 50 employees, and has nearly 20 invention and utility model patents. It has won honors and scientific and technological awards such as National High-tech Enterprises, Hangzhou Chuying and Zhejiang Province Key Technology Innovation Special Projects, and has passed the ISO9001 quality management system certification.
has the industry's leading supply performance of perovskite solar cell production lines. has sold nearly 100 sets of perovskite solar photovoltaic modules, perovskite laser etching equipment, 50 sets of perovskite laser scribe etching equipment, and 30 sets of perovskite PVD equipment shipped.The company's module efficiency of 64cm2 and 3000cm2 reaches 20% and 17% respectively, which is at the international advanced level. The company's perovskite solar photovoltaic module production line under construction can produce a production capacity of 200MW/year.
5.25. Wandu Solar Energy: Invest 6 billion yuan to build a perovskite solar cell production base
Wandu Solar Energy was established in 2016. It is mainly engaged in the development and industrial promotion of ultra-low-cost photovoltaic devices. The core goal is to integrate the layout of the entire chain from basic research to industrial applications, and obtain efficient and stable new solar cells.
Company undertakes the research results of Professor Han Hongwei's team at the Wuhan National Optoelectronics Research Center of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Company coats three layers of mesoporous films on a single conductive substrate by layer printing to prepare printable mesoporite solar cells. In 2018, Wandu Light Energy achieved a 110-square-meter printing mesoscopic perovskite solar cell system. The relevant results were published in the journal Science. As of 2021, the company was the first in the world to complete the pilot and outdoor verification of the next generation of photovoltaic printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells, and the industrialization indicators are in the leading position in the world.
Company invested 6 billion yuan to build a Wandu Photoenergy Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cell Production Base Project. The project covers an area of 110 mu and is built in two phases. The first phase will build a 200MW-grade printable mesoporous perovskite solar cell test line. After success, it is planned to expand to 10GW production capacity to meet the photovoltaic market's demand for cheap solar cells. After the project is completed and put into production, more than 10GW of solar cells can be produced each year, achieving an annual output value of 10 billion yuan.
5.2.6. Hete Optoelectronics: Plan to build the first heterojunction/perovskite stacked battery pilot line with a target efficiency of more than 28%
According to the Hangzhou Xiao Steel Structure Investor Interactive Platform: The company's subsidiary Hete Optoelectronics plans to start production of the first heterojunction/perovskite stacked battery pilot line by the end of 2022, with a target efficiency of more than 28%. Once the production line is successfully put into production, it will greatly increase the market competitiveness of the company's products.
Hete Optoelectronics has started the technical research and development of heterojunction solar cells since 2001, and has made great breakthroughs in battery processes and production equipment. It has completely independent intellectual property rights. In addition, it has also applied for related patents for heterojunction/perovskite stacked battery technology. The company has basically completed the process of moving from the laboratory to the market and has met the technical conditions for product production. After the production line is put into production, it can directly enter product production and promotion. At the same time, the extension layout of the industrial chain also gives products greater room for cost reduction.
In May 2022, Hangzhou Xiao Steel Structure launched a shareholding plan for Hete Optoelectronics employees. Hangzhou Xiaogang Structure plans to recover no more than 10 million shares and no less than 5 million shares of the company's shares, with a recycling price of no more than 6.03 yuan per share, and the transfer price is the average repurchase cost price, and the participants will contribute their own or self-raised funds.
. Industry companies 6.1: Maiwei Co., Ltd., Yamaton, Jinchen Co., Ltd., Robotko, Dier Laser, Jejia Weichuang, etc.
6.2: Jingshan Light Machinery, GCL Integration, Longi Green Energy Technology Co., Ltd., CATL, Trina Solar Energy, Oriental Risheng, Tongwei Co., Ltd., Jinko Energy, Zhonglai Co., Ltd., Lingda Co., Ltd., Goldwind Technology, Jeput, Tuori New Energy, Hangxiao Steel Structure, etc.
6.3 Non-listed companies: Dehu coating, GCL Optoelectronics, fiber nanophotography, electrode electrophotography, Zhongneng Optoelectronics, Wandu Optoelectronics, etc.
. Risk warning risk of product or technology substitution in the photovoltaic industry.
If there are major technological innovations and product upgrades in the downstream related industries in the future, the downstream market will have adverse changes in the company's existing product demand, and the company's insufficient investment in R&D and talent, and the technology and product upgrades cannot keep up with the pace of the industry or competitors, the company's competitiveness will decline, which will have an adverse impact on the company's operating performance.
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