Cyril Rataiski, the first representative of the Warsaw underground government, established 20 government departments, composed of former government officials, civil servants and local representatives.

Polish is one of the most unique countries occupied by Germany. In London there is a Polish government in exile, and in Warsaw there is an underground government (Delegatura). Cyril Rataiski, the first representative of the Warsaw underground government, established 20 government departments, composed of former government officials, civil servants and local representatives.

In the summer of 1942, Rataiski resigned from his position as a representative due to poor physical condition and soon passed away. His successor, Jan Piekaukevic, was arrested by the Gestapo in February 1943, and then Jan Stanislaw Jankowski (survived during World War II) took over. Jan Novak, a correspondent who travels between Poland and the United Kingdom, described Jan Novak as: "Medium figure, bald, wearing glasses...has a strong and firm personality, and acts extremely decisively."

Maintain fighting spirit through education and culture

The purpose of the underground government is first to maintain the fighting spirit of the Polish people through education and culture; secondly to promote the work and encourage people to fight; secondly, to prepare for the future. Almost in the early stages of the occupation, they established an underground secondary education system and secretly reopened Warsaw University . When Germany occupied the eastern Polish provinces, the University of Jan Kazimiz, Lviv University and Stefan Bartore University in Virno began teaching one after another. In 1942, Krakow Jagelon University also resumed teaching. A total of about 1,000 students attend these secret universities.

The underground government is also committed to restoring various cultural fields: theatre troupes began to create performances, and art exhibitions were held one after another. They boycotted cultural events sponsored by Germany. For example, some members of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra perform at the Radily Restaurant in Warsaw, conducted by Adolfo Dorzetsky. This man suddenly "remembered" his German descent and signed the German and overseas Chinese list. So all patriotic Poles boycotted the performance.

September 1939, Gdynia, German soldiers took off the Polish government's logo.

In December 1942, the Polish underground government established the Directorate of Civil Resistance led by Stefan Kuponsky. The command has many tasks, and the most important thing is to guide the Polish people to effectively resist German rule. For example, the command center requires the people to despise German regulations and alienate the Germans as much as possible. They also advised doctors in various professional fields to issue false medical certificates for the Poles, so that some Poles can avoid forced labor; in addition, they encouraged judges not to hand over Polish cases to German courts for trial, and let entrepreneurs hire as many Polish workers as possible, so that Germans can prevent them from forcing Polish workers to serve in Germany.

Stefan Kuponsky's negative resistance was very fruitful. Jan Novak once went home after a secret meeting and was questioned by the Gestapo on the street where he went: "Through the German arm, I saw a small bronze medal on the door in the distance with a female dentist's name written on it. I said her name and address of the door without hesitation." The German rang the doorbell and asked if there was a patient named Yegiolanski (Novak's real name) just left, and the dentist confirmed that there had been: "She is a stranger, a stranger I have never met before, and a woman I will never meet in the future. But she did not hesitate for a second, because she instantly understood that the life of a Pole was threatened."

Underground Propaganda and Resistance Work

Underground Government Information and Propaganda’s work has also been effective and can promptly inform the public of major events and policy information. "Polska Zyje" and "Biuletyn Informacyjny" were the two largest publications at that time, with a maximum print count of 47,000 copies. These magazines were also given to Germany's Warsaw Governor Ludwig Fischer . In the Polish Archives, there are 1174 different magazines. The Bureau of Information and Publicity also publishes military, technical and educational manuals.

Polish is one of the most unique countries occupied by Germany. In London there is a Polish government in exile, and in Warsaw there is an underground government (Delegatura). Cyril Rataiski, the first representative of the Warsaw underground government, established 20 government departments, composed of former government officials, civil servants and local representatives.

In the summer of 1942, Rataiski resigned from his position as a representative due to poor physical condition and soon passed away. His successor, Jan Piekaukevic, was arrested by the Gestapo in February 1943, and then Jan Stanislaw Jankowski (survived during World War II) took over. Jan Novak, a correspondent who travels between Poland and the United Kingdom, described Jan Novak as: "Medium figure, bald, wearing glasses...has a strong and firm personality, and acts extremely decisively."

Maintain fighting spirit through education and culture

The purpose of the underground government is first to maintain the fighting spirit of the Polish people through education and culture; secondly to promote the work and encourage people to fight; secondly, to prepare for the future. Almost in the early stages of the occupation, they established an underground secondary education system and secretly reopened Warsaw University . When Germany occupied the eastern Polish provinces, the University of Jan Kazimiz, Lviv University and Stefan Bartore University in Virno began teaching one after another. In 1942, Krakow Jagelon University also resumed teaching. A total of about 1,000 students attend these secret universities.

The underground government is also committed to restoring various cultural fields: theatre troupes began to create performances, and art exhibitions were held one after another. They boycotted cultural events sponsored by Germany. For example, some members of the Warsaw Philharmonic Orchestra perform at the Radily Restaurant in Warsaw, conducted by Adolfo Dorzetsky. This man suddenly "remembered" his German descent and signed the German and overseas Chinese list. So all patriotic Poles boycotted the performance.

September 1939, Gdynia, German soldiers took off the Polish government's logo.

In December 1942, the Polish underground government established the Directorate of Civil Resistance led by Stefan Kuponsky. The command has many tasks, and the most important thing is to guide the Polish people to effectively resist German rule. For example, the command center requires the people to despise German regulations and alienate the Germans as much as possible. They also advised doctors in various professional fields to issue false medical certificates for the Poles, so that some Poles can avoid forced labor; in addition, they encouraged judges not to hand over Polish cases to German courts for trial, and let entrepreneurs hire as many Polish workers as possible, so that Germans can prevent them from forcing Polish workers to serve in Germany.

Stefan Kuponsky's negative resistance was very fruitful. Jan Novak once went home after a secret meeting and was questioned by the Gestapo on the street where he went: "Through the German arm, I saw a small bronze medal on the door in the distance with a female dentist's name written on it. I said her name and address of the door without hesitation." The German rang the doorbell and asked if there was a patient named Yegiolanski (Novak's real name) just left, and the dentist confirmed that there had been: "She is a stranger, a stranger I have never met before, and a woman I will never meet in the future. But she did not hesitate for a second, because she instantly understood that the life of a Pole was threatened."

Underground Propaganda and Resistance Work

Underground Government Information and Propaganda’s work has also been effective and can promptly inform the public of major events and policy information. "Polska Zyje" and "Biuletyn Informacyjny" were the two largest publications at that time, with a maximum print count of 47,000 copies. These magazines were also given to Germany's Warsaw Governor Ludwig Fischer . In the Polish Archives, there are 1174 different magazines. The Bureau of Information and Publicity also publishes military, technical and educational manuals.

The underground government had carried out what was called "Operation N", which provided Germans with journals such as "Der Soldat" or "Der Hammer", which mimicked the style of German journals, but mostly carried out black propaganda. The magazine was published throughout Poland and even to Germany and the Eastern Front.

The Poles also achieved some victories in their fight against the Germans. In a short time, they announced that May 1, 1942 was a paid vacation. Even German workers were deceived and closed the factory, despite the German radio urging workers to return to the factory. Poles with radios were also able to listen to the "Dawn" radio station (SWIT), which is actually located outside London but pretends to be broadcasting in Poland. Every day, Kuponsky would transmit the information to London, and then the "Dawn" radio broadcast the news to Poland. Such rapid broadcasts meant that the news was instant, which made people believe that the station was from Poland. It makes the Poles feel that there are still people who understand their suffering.

In the winter of 1940, German soldiers led a team of Jews on the streets of Warsaw.

At the end of 1941, Germany began to recruit the third category of Poles on the German overseas Chinese list: they have some German ancestry, but have been regarded as Poles before. Dominic Stotterman was such a soldier who later wrote: "The only thing that we feel relieved is the news from Polish Radio London, which lets us know that people are caring about the situation in Poland. We were told that any volunteer soldier would surrender to the other side once they reached the front line. Then we would have the opportunity to join the Polish army and fight our common enemies." The radio encouraged the Poles to be deserters, and a stamp shop in Warsaw became the center of the operation: "When no soldiers patrol along the way, the deserters slipped into the camp and quickly changed their identities - they changed into new clothes, new files, new hairstyles - and then walked out of the back door openly." Some British prisoners of war who escaped from prison camps could enjoy similar help.

The operation to conceal British prisoners of war was initially held by a temporary organization led by Mrs. Makovsky and Mr. Oshevsky. In December 1941, Rovitsky received instructions from London, asking him to organize hiding work and send deserters back to his country. The first task is to send the British to Switzerland, and the Polish military officers in Bern were also ordered to come and assist. Unfortunately, the escape group was infiltrated by the Gestapo and many members were arrested. The British prisoners of war who were arrested again were sent to Corditz or other prisoners of war camps. Some British prisoners of war joined the Polish state army. During the Warsaw Uprising, John Ward, a pilot from Britain, made a significant contribution to the National Army through his broadcast to London.

Polish occupied Poznan Province, Polish prisoners of war work on construction sites.

witfully imitates German laws

Polish underground organizations also mockly imitate German laws. In the winter of 1942, Germany replaced the nameplate on the statue of Copernicus, which stated that he was a Pole, and replaced it with a nameplate that identified him as a German. The Poles took off the nameplate again. When the Germans discovered this, Fischer issued an announcement, with the poster covered with Warsaw:

Recently, criminals removed the plaque on the Copernicus monument for political reasons. In revenge, I ordered the removal of the Klinsky monument. At the same time, I solemnly warn that if similar crimes reappear, I will order the distributing of food to Polish residents in Warsaw for one week.

Klinsky's statue was sent to the National Museum's warehouse for storage; a Pole discovered this and ran to the light-colored wall of the museum and wrote in tar, "Warsaw people, I am here", signed "Klinsky". A week later a poster imitating Fischer's format, tone and font appeared, which read: "Recently, criminals removed the Klinsky monument for political reasons. In revenge, I ordered the extension of winter on the Eastern Front for two months, with the signature: ' Nicholas Copernicus '." Coincidentally, the winter between 1942 and 1943 was indeed extended than before.In April 1943, the Germans announced the news of the Katyn tragedy. They posted posters to invite a special committee to investigate the cemetery. The Information and Publicity Bureau immediately produced a poster, which began with the news of the Katyn tragedy released by the German government, but then wrote:

At the same time, the Polish Governor's District ordered a committee composed of various Polish ethnic groups to go to the Auschwitz concentration camp for inspection. Comparing the methods used by the Bolsheviks to exterminate the Poles on a large scale in Katine, to prove how humane the Germans were to the Poles… the

poster looks so credible that some German government officials came out to post it. The Poles also published a spoof booklet full of popular terms prepared for the resistance movement: "Stop! Hold up your hands and head to the ground! Are you a party member? Savior or SS? Shoot whoever lies. We will deal with you in the way the Germans treat us, put your hands behind your head and face the wall. Pick up the shovel and dig a grave!"