"Suyuan Break-Tianmingxuan"
▼First of all, because the museum purchased a set of Ming-style furniture. Mrs. Vincent Astor, who was then the director of the Metropolitan Museum of and head of the Astor Foundation, proposed to create a Chinese courtyard in the museum to place this set of furniture. uses Chinese gardens to give Chinese classical furniture an exhibition space , which may also be related to Mrs. Astor's childhood spent in Beijing, and she has a complex about Chinese gardens.
There is no denying that this is a very good idea.
At that time, the museum invited the famous Chinese-American stage artist Li Mingjue to design, but the plan failed to satisfy the museum. The reason is unknown, but it has created the subsequent story of "classical gardens exported overseas". After determining the direction of display furniture in Chinese courtyards, in the autumn of 1977, Fang Wen , who was then director of the Asia Department of the Metropolitan Museum of New York and director of the Archaeology Department of Plinton University, visited China with the American " Ancient Chinese Painting Expedition Team", inspected ancient buildings in Fujian, Zhejiang, Beijing and other places, and finally came to Suzhou . Here, Fang Wen met with Chen Congzhou and visited Suzhou gardens together, and reached a consensus during the itinerary--the Dianchun Huo Courtyard of .com Shiyuan is the best background to set off the furniture in the Ming Dynasty.
Fang Wen said to Chen Congzhou: "I have collected a lot of Chinese Ming Dynasty furniture in New York and have always wanted to display them, but I don't know where it is more appropriate?" Chen Congzhou said without hesitation: "Of course the Ming Dynasty furniture should be placed in Ming Dynasty buildings." Fang Wen woke up as if he was a dream and hurriedly said to Professor Chen Congzhou: "What Mr. said is that Ming Dynasty furniture should be placed in Ming Dynasty buildings, but I am in the United States, where can I find Ming Dynasty buildings?" Chen Congzhou laughed and said, "This is easy. I'll find you a ready-made one. The Dianchun Huo in Suzhou Net Master Garden is very suitable. If you move it to the United States, everything will be solved."
——The above comes from Baidu Encyclopedia
· Chen Congzhou recommends the Dianchun Huo in the Net Master Garden. There are inevitable reasons:
One is Chen Congzhou's special complex for the Net Master Garden. Chen Congzhou's teacher, painter Zhang Daqian , once lived in the Net Master Garden. Dianchun was originally the studio of Zhang Daqian and his brother Zhang Shanzi.
PS: During the time of living in the Netshiyuan, the Zhang brothers raised a baby tiger "Tiger". There is still a tomb of the "Tiger" in the corner of the small courtyard of the Dianchun Huo - "The Tomb of the Tier Born by Brother Xianzhong". In 1982, Zhang Daqian specially sent it back to the mainland from Taipei.
△The Zhang brothers and Hu'er
△Before the Dianchun Huo, Zhang Shanzi was having fun with Huo'er
△The Dianchun Huo, the existing "Tiger Tomb" monument
nd is the recognized principle of the small garden, "fewer and more, win with less."
△Panorama of Netmaster Garden
In the spring of 1978, Fang Wen returned to the United States, and wrote a letter to Wang Yeqiu, then Director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage of China, in the name of the Metropolitan Museum, asking for help in building the park.
"After the approval of the State Council, our country will build a Chinese courtyard for the Metropolitan Museum in New York, imitating Suzhou Netshiyuan Dianchuntang."
△Left: Wang Yeqiu (1909-1987), succeeding Zheng Zhenduo as the second director of the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, and was in office from 1976 to 1979. Right: New York Metropolitan Museum of plan diagram, Mingxuan (The Astor Court) is located in the center of the East Asian Art Museum on the north wing of the second floor of the museum.
△New York Metropolitan Museum, bird's eye view
"Tianmingxuan"
Previous article we understand that Mingxuan is built based on the Chunhuang Courtyard of the Netshiyuan Palace, with the purpose of being to furnish the Ming-style furniture of the Metropolitan Museum. Chinese classical gardens "exported" overseas, arousing the world's attention to oriental culture and classical gardens. At the same time, it also made the Xiangshan Gang popular. As a highly "standardized" product, pays less attention to drawing design. Except for Teacher Chen Congzhou, who was in charge of the design, the other team members are relatively little known.
△Left: Mr. Zhang Weiren (73 years old) who was interviewed in 2014, was involved in the entire process of Mingxuan as a technician (later the director of Suzhou Garden Design Institute ), and was looking through the Mingxuan album; right: Mr. Zhang Weiren (39 years old) when he was doing the Mingxuan project.
We know . Chinese ancient buildings have a logically rigorous design and construction system. Two masterpieces:
, " Creation of French " and "Creation of Methods".
"Creation of Framework" records the systems, practices, employment, patterns, etc. of Song Dynasty architecture, and has far-reaching significance for studying Chinese architecture and understanding its concepts and spirit.
"The Originality of the Creation Method" focuses on the unified construction structure and technical measures of traditional folk buildings in Jiangnan - folk houses, houses, gardens and architectural sketches.
Therefore, they are often trapped in such misunderstandings and prejudices. - think that Chinese ancient buildings are unchanging, and classical gardens that follow the situation have given birth to changeable garden structures such as "ban Pavilion" and "folding corridors"... It is natural to assume that Mingxuan's drawing design is not difficult - after all, there are pearls and jades in the small courtyard of Dianchun Hun. The only difference lies in the mountains and flowers. Members of the
verification team were still shocked: on one side was the project team formed by the Suzhou Urban Construction Bureau (Zhang Weiren from Suzhou Garden Department, Zou Gongwu from Chen Congzhou's student, and Wang Zuxin from Suzhou Urban Construction Bureau). On the one hand, Professor Pan Guxi led a group of teachers who specialized in Suzhou gardens to participate in the design at that time at Nanjing Institute of Technology .
According to Professor Pan Guxi's oral statement:
I remember that those who participated at that time were Du Shunbao, Le Weizhong, Ye Juhua and Liu Xujie . Just the five of us were in the courtyard of the Chunhuang in the Netshiyuan Dianchun. The drawings were roughly five flat, vertical and sectional drawings, and No. 1 ink line drawings. I drew a set of sectional drawings and perspective views of the yard. The few of them drew the plane, elevation and sectional drawings respectively. The floor plan is very thin, with the floor, pool and rockery all drawn. I have left a set of pictures, but unfortunately I can't find them now. Ye Juhua has saved one. Judging from the picture sign, this set of pictures was completed on October 5, 1978...
pictures are very fond of the design of the Nanjing Institute of Technology team. I praised them all the time when I saw the exquisite drawings. He also said in the interview:
Their pictures are more beautiful than the pictures we draw. They spent many years researching and publishing "Suzhou Classical Gardens", which had a very good foundation. And we are in a hurry and a mob.
△The Mingxuan floor plan of Suzhou Garden Department. The two layouts of the drawings are based on the Dianchun Ci as the template, with similar basic layouts and slightly different details. The layout of Suzhou Garden Department is relatively straightforward, and the connection with the building is handled in a 90° level connection. The drawings are relatively simple and not as exquisite as Nanjing Institute of Technology.
△Mingxuan, floor plan. Pan Guxi version. The curved gallery is more delicate. The planar layout has more dynamic momentum. Especially at the intersection of the curved corridor and the building, a small patio is deliberately folded out, which is a classic Soviet-style house.
△Mingxuan, perspective view.Panguxi version
△Mingxuan, Metropolitan Museum of New York, real-view
teams, two sets of drawings (both similar and slightly different) . Overall, the layout and form of the drawing structures of Suzhou Garden Department are more central, especially the curved corridors. The curved corridors of Nanjing Institute of Technology should be more delicate, the layout is not completely symmetrical, and there is obvious momentum. A special corner is made at the location connected to the main building and a corner of the patio is a classic Soviet-style house. The simplicity of the Suzhou Garden Department version, the delicateness of the Nanjing Institute of Technology, and the pictures are much more exquisite... After registering for , the picture of the Nanjing Institute of Technology was defeated on the issue of "The rockery is too high and the floor cannot be carried" .
Therefore, the seemingly simple copy project of , under the highly standardized classical construction system, still needs to be refined and deepened to adjust in combination with on-site conditions. Imitation is to selectively optimize and transform under on-site conditions. Innovation is valuable, and replication with innovative nature is also valuable. After the design drawings and models were confirmed, the Cultural Counselor of the Chinese Liaison Office in the United States, Xie Qimei and signed a construction contract with the Metropolitan Museum on behalf of China. The contract stipulates that Mingxuan needs to make two sets, first make a set of actual size models in Suzhou Dongyuan , and then make a second set to ship to the United States after confirmation.
Mingxuan's "export" is not only a business cooperation, but also a diplomatic incident. It is precisely this rigorous way of working that leaves a exactly the same Mingxuan in Dongyuan.
· Dong Zhang: Dongyuan Mingxuan
△ Dongyuan Mingxuan perspective. Because of the future problem of museum floor load, Deshan has simplified it.
△Dongyuan Mingxuan Cold Spring Pavilion: Due to load reasons, the green planting method is simplified on the basis of retaining the original spatial structure. Forty years, the trees have become as tall as a cover.
△Dongyuan Mingxuan Lengquan Pavilion: Flowers and trees are simplified on the basis of preserving the original spatial structure. A maple tree, a dwarf pine , a few clusters of banana , enough. Mingxuan, with lush flowers and trees, has become an old garden that has lasted for a hundred years.
△A corner of Mingxuan in Dongyuan, paying tribute to the spring in the small courtyard of the simplified mountain.
△Dongyuan Mingxuan, the layout of the curved corridor follows the relatively neutral layout of Suzhou Garden, and the intersection position with the building is flat.
△Dongyuan Mingxuan, Qujiao. Yunbushi is not used frequently and is almost lost by the grass along the steps...
△Dongyuan Mingxuan, Qujiao. Take a paragraph, like a short play, a fragmented garden impression
△Inside Mingxuan in Dongyuan, there are simple but not simple furniture decorations.
In the autumn of 2019, Gusu traveled and went to Yiyuan and Coupling Garden , and visited this Dongyuan Mingxuan, which has been known for a long time. The East Garden is very big. I have to ask the security guard carefully before I found this "Mingxuan" after all.
From today's perspective, the 1:1 proofing model courtyard is still a big deal. In my experience, there is only the Junxi Villa in Vanke Liangzhu Cultural Village. At that time, the building was proofed by 1/4 of the facade, and the landscape was proofed by 1:1 pavilion and water curtain wall... What's more, in Suzhou more than 40 years ago.
△"Mingxuan Real Style" plaque
Mingxuan Real Style , not only exporting a Chinese garden to the outside world, but also re-examining the classical creation theories that were once criticized as the "four olds" after the Cultural Revolution . Fortunately, there are also Xiangshan Gang, as well as scholars and technicians, from the bricks and tiles of the Net Master Garden, combining theoretical books with on-site practice, to restore and revive...
Therefore, the case about the two drawings is still circulating in the market, and Mingxuan actually shows the integrity and simplicity of the drawings of Suzhou Garden Office.If it is not limited by load, I am more looking forward to the actual display of the drawings of Nanjing Institute of Technology. Will the folding corridor be more dynamic? Just like the stunning "From the Wind Pavement" in the Master Garden - the slightly arched pavement combines two materials: gravel flower boundary and blue brick paving - the height difference and material texture can be combined with body posture to enhance the landscape feeling in the garden. The city and forest are the scenery in front of you, and it is also the perception of the body.
, the paper garden more than 40 years ago. The corridor is delicate, following the mountain, climbing up the stairs... How many stories are being staged one after another?
·Westward: Mingxuan, Metropolitan Museum of New York,
△Minister Museum of New York, real-life perspective. Due to the limitations of loads and lighting conditions, the plant landscaping design of this Mingxuan is mainly based on shallow root plants such as shrubs, ground quilts and bananas. Click until it is. In terms of landscaping effect, it is inevitable that it is weak. Closer to the effect of greenhouse bonsai.
△Minister Museum of New York, Banting. In the center of the pavilion, like the original Cold Spring Pavilion, a stone peak is placed. I have always disagreed with this approach. The pavilion is no longer a stop, but is in the opposite direction. In my opinion, Lengquan Pavilion is the cutest. It is the correct way to open garden life during the residence of the Zhang brothers.
△Half pavilion, the greening and landscaping that is clicked to the end.
△Duanshan and plant landscaping. Due to conditions such as loading and lighting on site, the mountains here are slightly scattered. Especially after more than forty years, compared with Mingxuan in Dongyuan, the latter reflects its vigorous vitality, with plants, trees, flowers and turquoise.
△Daily opening method of Mingxuan in the museum: the courtyard is an exhibition hall, an exhibition, and it is also a space used to carry visitors' activities. The visitors sat on the ground in the middle of the courtyard, resting or eating, just like they were having a picnic in the grass or forest.
Mingxuan, the Metropolitan Museum of New York, is still in the divine travel stage. In addition to the global epidemic that has broken out in the past two years, the trip to Mingxuan in the west seems to have become far away.
I have been looking forward to this trip, after comparing the bricks and tiles of Mingxuan in Dongyuan Garden. The same components are assembled into two identical groups of garden constructions, as well as unpredictable changes in flowers and trees and mountains... Wandering vs. Shenyou. If it weren't for the glass ceiling above, if it weren't for visitors of all kinds of skin colors, they would have been almost lost in the time and space of Dongmingxuan.
I still have awesome thoughts about Mrs. Astor, This courtyard is an exhibition space and the exhibit itself... The mysterious and ancient oriental culture is fascinating not only the set of Ming-style furniture, but also flowers and trees and mountains. In the eyes of Westerners, the thin, leaky, wrinkled and transparent Taihu stone is closer to natural sculpture artwork. These all lay the foundation for the continuous output of Oriental classical culture...
talk about several points that impressed me in the pictures and texts of Mingxuan of the Metropolitan Museum:
. The courtyard display space of bonsai and the aesthetic standards of
In the development of classical gardens, Deshan has experienced the absolute imitation of nature "as natural as nature", to the freehand mountain garden of "Fisting Stone to the Mountain", and then to the naturalism of "Viewing the Mountain One Footh" using perspective relationships, controlling viewing and tour... Guo Xi On landscape painting, it also sets the aesthetic standards of lying down to the mountain.
So, what moved me on the paper was Nanjing Institute of Technology. Mr. Pan Guxi's design: The curved corridor is not absolutely symmetrical. When you go to the main building of Mingxuan at the courtyard cave gate, there is dynamic trend up the mountain . Take the "Qiaofeng Path" in the Net Master Garden to go to the "html March to Fenglaiting " section of the art - the undulating road surface. The patio space left between the corridor and the wall - seems familiar, it is the dream of this online teacher for more than ten years.
△Net master garden woodcutter wind path, road undulating - height difference treatment, material texture combined with body posture to strengthen the landscape artistic conception in the garden.
△Net Master Garden, from Qiaofeng Path to Yuelai Pavilion: the road surface undulates with the lake stone embankment. The flat section is paved with blue brick herringbone, while the ups and downs continue the stone pavement of the recession platform. According to the height difference of the road surface, the body posture of going up and down the mountain is combined with the material texture to emphasize the meaning of the mountain.
△Pangu West Edition Mingxuan Perspective: The curved corridor connects the ups and downs of the road surface at the main building of Mingxuan.
The rockery next to the half-table, strictly speaking, the Pan layout drawings are more in line with the aesthetic standards of Xingwangjuyou . How about the on-site restrictions! If you say regret, it is better to say that it is the impact of the on-site restrictions on the implementation of design intentions. This experience is still applicable in today's project construction.
Therefore, the layout drawings of Suzhou Garden Office are closer to the actual situation of on-site construction - "three-point design and seven-point creation", the flowers and trees and mountains that are not reflected in the picture have determined the basic direction through 1:1 actual consideration. In the final implementation process, inevitable accidental changes make the two both similar and different.
Metropolitan Museum Mingxuan, echoes the value pursuit of Western culture "living towards death" - believers 's eternal expectation for the soul after death , so it is constant. The museum itself is also an imported product. The exhibits are displayed in glass cabinets, paying tribute to the past years with a respectful attitude. It is a bonsai garden , "moving the sky and shrinking the earth", solidifying for a while...
I felt the unobservable changes in the flowers and trees for decades, but I accidentally found that the crowd sitting on the ground in the courtyard, resting or eating, was like having a picnic in the forest or grass... Rest scenes in the courtyard , in a sense, are traveling from the perspective of Western civilization - Believers' remembrance and tribute to the ideal paradise for their whole lives !
△Manet, lunch on the grass. In a sense, the rest scene of sitting in court is a journey from the perspective of Western civilization - the remembrance and tribute of believers to the ideal paradise throughout their lives.
In the east, people may lie under the pine tree, on the stone, in the forest... Just like the classic scene in "Listening to the piano", it is presented with the values of nature as friends.
△ Huizong "Listening to the piano"
. In addition to the garden, borrows the scenery and has reason - the creation logic under the differences in spatial attributes
Dongmingxuan, limited by the size of the body, insufficient residence and travel. Under the differences in spatial attributes, different creation logics are presented:
Metropolitan Museum Mingxuan, similar to the landscape method -refined structure elements, scene-based space. At this time, gardens are no longer a niche act of inviting friends from classical garden life, but also an art exhibition window for the general public. The museum holds various activities to attract audiences. Visitors walk into the museum, encounter art, experience the most real existence of art, and thus gain the improvement of personal beliefs and the concept of goodness...
"Perhaps, we should understand that museums display art, not art... This is also the answer to why we need museums."
△Municipal Museum Mingxuan: Cave Gate. Refined garden structure elements.
When collecting pictures and texts, he accidentally encountered this theme exhibition called "China: Through the Looking Glass". I admire the deconstruction and reconstruction of Chinese elements by Western fashion and the creation of unique and novel artistic interests.The more stunning and quaint oriental garden, mixing multimedia images and lighting, combined with exhibits, presenting a dreamy effect of time and space intertwining...
High attention is mixed reviews, but it also gives the garden more landscaping possibilities...
△China: Through the Looking Glass theme exhibition poster. The exhibits include more than 150 costume works with Chinese style from top designers. Wong Kar-wai serves as artistic director.
△China: Through the Looking Glass theme exhibition. In the courtyard, flowers and trees complement Chinese style clothing. In addition to feasting and resting for niches, the garden can also become an exhibition space for themed exhibitions. Conflict and coordination are the inevitable consequences of the integration of two civilizations.
△Inside the exhibition hall: The large screen scrolls to play " big red lantern hanging high ", " Farewell My Concubine ", " Years of Love " and other films... Light, shadow, color, create a bizarre spatial atmosphere.
Dongyuan Mingxuan is relatively quiet...
After completing the 1:1 real-sample model, this garden was preserved as a witness to history. 's introverted layout has no scenery to borrow. After more than forty years, it has formed a logical and self-evident viewing system - lush vegetation and abundant business, which is very different from the exquisiteness and permanence of Mingxuan in New York.
Jiamu is in the courtyard, and the years are flourishing and withering. Compared with the two Mingxuans, Mr. Tonghua 's view that "no flowers and trees are still a garden" is still in his ears. Classical architecture is indeed beautiful, and I finally prefer the wild and wild vitality of Mingxuan in Dongyuan. That afternoon, I stood for a long time until the park was closed... days of light and clouds all entered the painting .
gardens are essentially creating time worth wasting...
Four seasons are changed, the regret that one cannot reach is slowly fading after exploring the "Autumn Scenery"... The frost dyes the leaves red, and the concrete and slight feeling is unique to the Mingxuan in Dongyuan and the charm of time.
△The Mingxuan in the East Garden, autumn scenery. The frost dyes the leaves red.
Source: Landscape Patai
Author: Yao Muyan
Copyright belongs to the original author
