What are the types of assets and liabilities?
Why do we need to understand the various categories of assets and liabilities?
is very simple, just like playing chess, let alone the rules of the game. You don’t even know the most basic meaning of each piece, so how can you play happily? How can you win the opponent’s victory?
Therefore, if a tall building rises from the ground, if you want a tall building, you must master its most basic basic principles and build its most solid foundation structure so that the towers in the air will not collapse and eventually collapse.
So understand and know what assets are and what liabilities are; what assets are and what liabilities are;
This is the most basic basic knowledge in the investment and business fields.
So today, let’s classify assets and liabilities:
Assets = current assets + non-current assets
Current assets = monetary funds + non-monetary funds
monetary funds = cash + deposit + other monetary funds
other monetary funds refer to: foreign deposit , bank draft deposit, bank promissory note deposit , letter of credit margin deposit, credit card deposit, deposit investment , etc.
To put it simply, it is the checks, bills of exchange and other available funds that you have.
Non-monetary funds = Trading financial assets +notes receivable and accounts receivable + other receivables + advance payments + inventory + other current assets
Trading financial assets refer to: debt securities and equity securities that enterprises actively manage and trade to obtain profits.
companies frequently buy and sell such securities in order to make profits in short-term price changes.
So which investment products can be divided into transactional financial assets:
⑴ The purpose of obtaining financial assets is mainly for sale, repurchase or redemption in the near future.
⑵ It is part of a identifiable financial instrument portfolio that is centrally managed, and there is objective evidence that companies have recently adopted short-term profit-making methods to manage the portfolio.
⑶ It belongs to financial derivative tool . However, the derivatives designated by the enterprise as valid hedge tool are derivatives of financial guarantee contract , and are linked to equity instrument investments that have no quotes in active markets and whose fair value cannot be reliably measured and must be settled by delivering the equity instrument .
Summary: is not for long-term investment purposes; financial assets measured at fair value and whose changes are included in 's current profit and loss , we can call them trading financial assets.
Notes receivable refer to a written voucher that is issued by the payer or payee, accepted by the payer , and unconditional payment upon maturity.
Notes receivable are divided into commercial acceptance bills and bank acceptance bills according to the acceptance party. According to whether they are attached, they are divided into interest-attached commercial bills and non-interested commercial bills.
Commercial bills can be endorsed and transferred in accordance with the law, or they can apply for discount from the bank.
In my country, notes receivable refer to commercial notes held by enterprises that have not expired or not cashed out.
is a circulating securities containing a certain payment date, payment location, payment amount and unconditional payment of the payer. It is also a debt certificate that can be freely transferred by the holder to others.
According to the provisions of current laws in my country, the payment period of commercial bills shall not exceed 6 months. Holders of commercial bills that meet the conditions may apply to the bank for discount with unexpired commercial bills and discount vouchers.
To put it simply: the check you hold has not yet reached the cash date, and you can cash it when the date is up. If you are in a hurry to use the money, go to the bank to discount acceptance, the bank deducts you some handling fee, and then cashes the money in the check to you. Written vouchers such as
that can be cashed out, including checks, promissory notes, commercial bills, etc., are called notes receivable.
Give an example of a short story:
Xiao Ming sold Bill 100 kilograms of fish, and the payment was 1,000 yuan, but Bill did not have the funds to pay the payment to Xiao Ming for the time being. After the two parties agreed, Xiao Ming agreed to receive the six-month bank acceptance bill issued by Bill.
After receiving the bank acceptance bill issued by Bill, Xiao Ming was preparing to go abroad for a trip to reward himself. After Xiao Ming returned to China for a month, he found that he had no money in his pocket. At this time, Xiao Ming applied to the bank for the discount of the bill, for example, the discount rate was 3%.
How much does Xiao Ming receive in the end?
Let’s calculate it together.
Xiao Ming’s discount fee is: 1000*3%/12*5=12.5 yuan
0 Xiao Ming’s actual funds are: 1000-12.5=987.5 yuan
After calculation, it is obvious that we can see that Xiao Ming’s actual income is less than the face value,
so it indicates that this payment method, essentially increases the burden on the seller . The product cannot be collected for the time being when it is sold. If you are anxious, you have to pay the discount fee.
So when analyzing a company, whether it has sufficient competitiveness in the market, the company's collection ability and payment ability can all be seen from many details, and thus discover the position of the company in the market, whether it is the leader or the snake's tail, and it will be announced as soon as it is debated.
Accounts receivable refer to: the amounts that an enterprise should collect from the purchasing unit for selling goods, products, and providing services during normal business operations, including taxes that should be borne by the purchasing unit or the receiving unit, various transportation and miscellaneous fees paid on behalf of the purchaser, etc.
Accounts receivable is a claim formed with the occurrence of sales behavior of the company.
Accounts receivable include claims that have occurred and will occur in the future. The former is a claim that has occurred and is clearly established, while the latter is a claim that has not occurred in reality but will definitely occur in the future.
新年新年0 新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新年新
so, the more accounts receivable a company, the better? Or is the less the better?
The answer is of course: the less, the better. The less accounts receivable of
means that the stronger the bargaining power of the enterprise to downstream enterprises and the greater the competitiveness of the product.
Just like in a small town, only Xiao Ming sells fish, and the supply is in short supply every day, while Bill sells ten stores of pork, which is oversupply.
is obvious. Xiao Ming makes money easily, while Bill makes money more difficult.
Other receivables refer to: other than buying and selling financial assets , notes receivable, accounts receivable, advance payment, dividends receivable, interest receivable, interest receivable, subrogation recovery, receivable receivable, receivable receivable, receivable contract reserve , long-term receivable , etc.
's main content includes various compensation and fines receivable, such as compensation collected from relevant insurance companies due to accidental losses incurred by the company's property, etc.; rent of rental packaging receivable by
; various advance payments that should be collected from employees, such as water and electricity expenses paid for employees, medical expenses that should be borne by employees;
backup deposit (a spare money allocated to various functional departments, workshops, individual turnover and use of the company, etc.); deposit deposit (such as the deposit paid for renting the packaging);
prepaid accounts are transferred to ;
other receivable and temporary payments.
To summarize it simply and in a simple and popular way: other receivables are statistics of various "miscellaneous fees", with more categories and many, and the reasons for the occurrence are also different.
Therefore, when analyzing the company's reports, if you find that the difference between the company's other receivables is too large compared with the previous amount, or the amount increases significantly, then you have to pay attention to it. For large amounts of other receivables, the company may realize profit adjustment through other receivables to achieve the real purpose of manipulating profits.
advance payment refers to: enterprises pay the money from the supply unit in advance in accordance with the provisions of the purchase contract .
includes prepaid payment and prepaid purchase deposit.
The prepaid accounts of construction companies mainly include prepaid project payments, prepaid material preparation payments, etc.
In daily accounting, the prepaid accounts are recorded according to the actual amount paid, such as prepaid materials, commodity purchase payment, and pre-order deposit for goods that must be paid in advance to recover in the future.
Since the advance payment is the amount paid to the supplier's customers in advance and is also an integral part of the company's claims,
is a claim arising from the purchaser's advance payment to the supplier.
For purchasing companies, advance payment is a current asset.
is a current asset, and the advance payment is not compensated in currency, but requires the enterprise to compensate with certain goods, services or services in the short term.
The debit registration company prepaid payment to the supplier, and the creditor registered company receives the prepaid payment that should be carried forward by the purchase items.
The debit balance at the end of the period reflects the advance payment of the goods that the company has paid to the supplier but has not yet issued; if the loan balance at the end of the period is the credit balance, it reflects the amount that the company has not yet replenished the goods and has received services.
Does it look a bit complicated?
Then let's simplify it through a short story:
Bill will celebrate his birthday next week. In order to entertain friends, Bill is planning to ask Xiao Ming to buy ten fish, a total of 1,000 yuan, but there are only Xiao Ming's family in the town who sells fish. If you go to buy that day, there will definitely be no fish to buy. So Bill and Xiao Ming reached an agreement and decided to pay Xiao Ming a 500 yuan advance payment on Monday. I hope Xiao Ming will give him ten fish to his house on the weekend, and then pay the remaining 500 yuan final payment.
So for Bill, Xiao Ming is his supplier. The 500 yuan paid to Xiao Ming by Bill is the advance payment for Bill.
Inventory refers to: inventory refers to finished products or commodities held by enterprises for sale in daily activities, materials or materials consumed in product in production or services, etc., including various materials, products, semi-finished products, finished products or stocks, as well as packaging materials, low-value consumables, commissioned processing materials, etc.
Inventory can be divided into about 7 types according to economic category:
(1) Raw materials.
It refers to various raw materials and main materials, auxiliary materials, fuels, repair spare parts (shop spare parts), packaging materials, purchased semi-finished products (shopped parts), etc. that the enterprise has processed and changed its form or properties during the production process and constitutes the main entity of the product.
(2) in the product.
It refers to a product in-process that has not been processed in the enterprise and needs further processing and is being processed.
(3) Semi-finished product.
It refers to an intermediate product that the enterprise has completed the processing tasks of a certain production process, has passed the acceptance and entered the warehouse, but needs further processing.
(4) produces finished product.
It refers to a product that the enterprise has completed all production processes and passed the acceptance and entered the warehouse, can be sent to the ordering unit according to the conditions stipulated in the contract, or can be sold as a product.
(5) Product.
It refers to various goods purchased or commissioned by commodity distribution companies to complete inspection and revenue for sale.
(6) turnover material .
It refers to materials that enterprises can use and gradually transfer their value and still maintain their original form and are not recognized as fixed assets, such as packaging and low-value consumables.
(7) entrusted to sell products .
It refers to the goods sold by the enterprise entrusted by other units.
should be easy to understand about inventory. To put it simply, it is your inventory .
For example: Xiao Ming caught ten fish today and sold 8 fish. It turned out that there were 2 fish left at home, so Xiao Ming’s inventory today is 4 fish.
Other current assets refer to: current assets other than current assets such as monetary funds, short-term investments, notes receivable, accounts receivable, other receivables, inventory, etc.
General enterprises’ “Net Profit and Loss of Current Assets” account has not been processed for transfers, and the statement is posted in the “Other Current Assets” item.
Other current assets of an enterprise shall debit the "Other Current Assets" account and credit other relevant accounts. If other current assets of an enterprise decrease, other relevant accounts shall debit other relevant accounts and credit the "Other Current Assets" account.
To put it simply: other current assets are accounting terms. When this current asset is to be processed as the corresponding current asset account, it can be temporarily recorded under other current asset items.
. It wasn't until here that I finally explained "What is current assets". It seems that I can't finish writing in one breath. You probably are tired of reading it, and I can't code it anymore. So let's divide it into several sections. Next time I will share with you "What is non-current assets".
Today is Children's Day, a happy "June 1st",
I wish all children a happy and worry-free childhood!
I wish all adults a childlike original intention!
END
