20 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Winner, picture from the Internet
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry began in 1901 and was awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on December 10 each year. The purpose of the award is to recognize those who have made the most important discoveries and inventions in the field of chemistry.
Previous Nobel Prize winners (Chemistry - 1)
(VII)
1961, Melvin Calvin, American chemist. Study on the absorption of carbon dioxide in plants.
1962, Max Perutz and John Kendrew, British chemists. Study on the structure of spherical proteins.
1963, Carl Ziegler and Curio Nata, West Germany and Italian chemists. Research in the chemical properties and technical fields of polymers.
1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin, British chemist. The structure of some important biochemical substances was analyzed using X-ray technology.
1965, Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist. Outstanding achievements in organic synthesis.
1966, Robert S. Maligan, American chemist. Basic research on chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules using molecular orbital method.
1967 Manfred Egan, Ronald George Reyford Norish and George Porter, West Germany and British chemists. A method of disturbing the reaction equilibrium with very short energy pulses is used to study high-speed chemical reactions.
1968, Rath Onsage, American chemist. The reversal relationship named after him was discovered, laying the foundation for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
1969, Derek Button and Odd Hassel, British and Norwegian chemists. The concept of conformation and its application in chemistry were developed.
1970 Luis Fdrico Leloil, Argentine chemist. The role of sugar nucleotides in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates was discovered.
(VIII)
1971, Gerhard Herzberg, Canadian chemist. Research on the electronic structure and geometry of molecules, especially free radicals.
1972, Christian Bemmer Amfinson, Stanford Moore and William Howard Stan, American chemists. The former study of ribonucleases, especially the relationship between amino acid sequences and biologically active conformations, and the latter study of the relationship between the catalytic activity of the active center of the ribonuclease molecule and its chemical structure.
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer and Jeffrey Wilkinson, West Germany and British chemists. Study on the chemical properties of metal organic compounds, also known as sandwich compounds.
1974, Paul Flory, American chemist. Basic research on the theory and experiments of polymer physicochemistry.
1975, John Comforth and Vladimir Prelog, Australian, British and Swiss chemists. The former studies the stereochemistry of enzyme catalytic reactions, while the latter studies the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions.
1976, William Lipscomb, American chemist. The study of borane structure explains the problem of chemical bonding.
1977, Ilia Prigojin, Belgian chemist. The contribution to non-equilibrium thermodynamics is particularly proposed for the theory of dissipative structure.
1978, Peter Mitchell, British chemist. Use chemical permeability theoretical formulas to contribute to understanding biological energy transfer.
1979, Herbert Brown and Georg Vitichi, American and West German chemists. Boron-containing and phosphorus-containing compounds are developed into important reagents in organic synthesis, respectively.
1980 Paul Berger, Walt Gilbert and Frederick Sanger, American and British chemists. The former is a study of the biochemical and recombinant DNA of nucleic acids, and the latter two study on the determination of DNA base sequences in nucleic acids.
(Nine)
1981, Kenichi Fukui and Rod Hoffman, Japanese and American chemists. The principle of conservation of molecular orbital symmetry is proposed to explain the occurrence of chemical reactions.
1982, Aaron Klug, British chemist. Crystal electron microscopy was developed and the structure of nucleic acid-protein complexes with important biological significance was studied.
1983, Henry Taub, American chemist. Study on the mechanism of electron transfer reaction in metal complexes.
1984, Robert Bruce Merrifield, American chemist. Solid-phase chemical synthesis method was developed.
1985, Herbert Hauptmann and Jerm Carr, American chemists. Outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for determining crystal structure.
1986 Dudley Hershbach, Li Yuanzhe and John Charles Polani, chemists in the United States, Canada and Hungarian countries. Contribution to the study of the kinetic processes of chemical motif reactions.
1987, Donald Cram, Jean-Marie Lane and Charles Pederson, French and American chemists. Molecules that can perform highly selective structural specific interactions have been developed and used.
1988, John Dyson Hofer, Robert Huber and Hartmut Michel, West German chemists. Three-dimensional structure determination of photosynthetic reaction center.
1989, Sidney Altman and Thomas Cech, Canadian and American chemists. The catalytic properties of RNA were discovered.
1990, Alias James Cory, American chemist. The theory and methodology of organic synthesis have been developed.
(10)
1991, Richard Ernst, Swiss chemist. Contribution to the development of high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy methods.
1992, Rudolf Marcus, American chemist. Contribution to the theory of electron transfer reaction in chemical systems.
1993, Kelly Mullis and Michael Smith, American and Canadian chemists. Both have developed DNA-based chemical research methods, the former has developed polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the latter has established oligonucleotide-based site-directed mutations and their development of protein research.
1994, George Andrew Oula, American and Hungarian chemist. Contribution to Carbon-positive ion chemistry research.
1995 Paul Crutzen, Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland, Dutch and American chemists. Research on atmospheric chemistry, especially on ozone decomposition.
1996 Robert Cole, Harold Croto and Richard Smalley, American and British chemists. Fullerene was found.
1997 Paul Boyer, John Walker and Jens Christian Sco, American, British and Danish chemists. The first two elucidate the enzyme catalytic mechanism in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the latter discovered the ion transport enzyme, namely the sodium-potassium ion pump for the first time.
1998, Walter Cohen and John Pope, American and British chemists. The former founded density functional theory, while the latter developed computational methods in quantum chemistry.
1999, Yamid Chiwell, Egypt and American chemist. Study on transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy.
2000, Alan Hager, Alan McDelmead and Hideki Shirakawa, American, New Zealand and Japanese chemists. Conductive polymers were discovered and developed.
(XI)
2001 William Standish Knowles, Ryuji Noi and Barry Sharples, American and Japanese chemists. Study on chiral catalytic hydrogenation reaction.
2002, John Bennett Finn, Koichi Tanaka and Kurt Witrich, American, Japanese and Swiss chemists. Methods for identification and structural analysis of biological macromolecules have been developed. The first two establish a soft analytical ionization method to perform mass spectrometry analysis on biological macromolecules, and the latter establishes a method to use nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to analyze the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution.
2003, Peter Agrey and Roderick McKinnon, American chemist. All of them studied ion channels in cell membranes. The former discovered water channels, and the latter studied ion channels structure and mechanism.
2004, Aaron Chehanowo, Afram Heshko and Irving Ross, Israeli and American chemists. Ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation was found.
2005, Yves Chauvin, Robert Grubb and Richard Schroker, French and American chemists. The metathesis method in organic synthesis has been developed.
2006, Roger Cohenberg, American and German chemist. Study on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription.
2007, Gerhard Etel, Japanese and American chemist. Study on chemical reactions on solid surfaces.
2008, Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Qian Yongjian, Japanese and American chemists. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was discovered and modified.
2009, Venkat Raman Ramakrishnan, Thomas Steitz and Adah Jonath, British, American and Israeli chemists. Research on ribosome structure and function.
2010, Richard Heck, Eiichi Neshiki and Aka Suzuki, American and Japanese chemists. Study on palladium catalytic coupling reaction in organic synthesis.
(twelve)
2011, Dan Sheikhtman, Israeli chemist. The discovery of quasicrystals.
2012, Robert Lefkovitz and Brian Kobilkar, American chemists. Study on G protein-coupled receptors.
2013, Martin Capras, Michael Levitt and Aliye Vasher, Austrian, American, British and Israeli chemists. Multi-scale models were created for complex chemical systems.
2014, Eric Betsieger, Stefan Hull and William Mornar, American and German chemists. Achievements in the field of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy technology.
2015, Thomas Lindal, Paul Modric and Aziz Sanjar, Swedish, British, American and Turkish chemists. Research on the mechanism of DNA repairing cellular.
2016, Jean-Pierre Sovaz, Fraser Stoddat and Bernard Fellinga, French, British, American and Dutch chemists. Design and synthesize molecular machines.
2017, Jacques Dubochy, Joachim Frank and Richard Henderson, Swiss, German, American and British chemists. Develop a cryogenic electron microscopy technology for high-resolution structure determination of biological molecules in solution.
2018, Francis Arnold, Greg Winter and George Smith, American and British chemists. The former designs the directed evolution of enzymes, while the latter two develops phage display technology for peptides and antibodies.
2019, John Bennister Goodinoff, Stanley Whitingham and Yoshino Akira, American, British and Japanese chemists. Lithium-ion batteries were developed.
2020, Emmanuelle Schalponte and Jennifer Daudner, French and American chemists. A method for gene editing techniques was developed.
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