Ludian belongs to Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, and is a small mountain village county dominated by agriculture. Before the Republic of China, the land in the county was long under feudal ownership. During the Republic of China, most of the land was privately owned, and only a very small part of it was temple fields, learning fields, and learning land. In the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), there were 14,307 households surveyed on farmers' household registration, of which 2,173 were self-cultivated farmers, accounting for 15.19% of farmers; 5,625 were semi-cultivated farmers, accounting for 39.32%; and 6,509 were tenant farmers, accounting for 45.50%. Most farmers cannot withstand natural disasters and man-made disasters. Due to life, they are often exploited by loan sharks. When the green and yellow crops are not in line, poor farmers can only sell 60 to 70% of the actual harvest. Some people are forced to sell their land and houses because the loan period is expired. Most of the buyers are rich homes. The buyers and sellers need to hire witnesses to formulate a contract, which states the four boundaries, time, etc. Some of them are sold and then rented, and the annual rented portion accounts for 60 to 70% of the total output. After the 34th year of the Republic of China (1945), the Republic of China government implemented the "25-5 rent reduction", but because the county is located in a remote area, most of them have not been reduced. In addition to regular rent, there are also "small rent", "change tenant silver", "congratulations money", "born money", etc. A farmer can only get 1 liter (6 kilograms) of grain for 5 to 6 days, and those who borrow or ow more than 5 liters of grain cannot be paid off.
On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded, creating a new era of people's democracy and ending the history of a few exploiters enslaved the vast number of working people in old China for thousands of years. In April 1950, the Ludian County People's Government was established, and the working people were the masters of their own country and began to create their own better life. Under the leadership of the Party and the government, carry out socialist revolution and construction. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party in 1978, the work priorities were shifted, the mistakes were corrected, the reform and opening up were reformed, the production relations of were adjusted, the productivity was liberated, the enthusiasm of the broad masses of people was fully mobilized, and the earth-shaking changes were achieved, and an unprecedented unprecedented prosperity was created. In order to fully reflect this history and record the trajectory of Ludian's agricultural development, the author compiled this article "Changes in Ludian's Agricultural System" based on relevant information, aiming to attract attention.
1. Land Reform
In June 1950, the Central People's Government Committee discussed and promulgated the " Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China ", with the purpose of abolishing the feudal exploitation of the landlord class, implementing the land ownership of farmers, so as to liberate rural productivity, develop agricultural production, and open up the road for the industrialization of New China. On October 15, 1951, the Ludian County Party Committee organized 16 cadres in the organs and selected 22 farmers' activists from various districts to form a pilot work team for land reform. Focus on studying the draft land reform implementation of Yunnan Province and related documents on land reform, class division, etc. After 4 days of study, we will divide it into two groups to Wenping and Ange townships in District 1 to carry out land reform pilot projects. By deeply mobilizing poor and employed farmers, publicizing policies, establishing or rectifying organizations, holding representative meetings of poor and employed farmers, farmers' associations, youth and women's representative meetings, and explaining relevant policies on class division. Class components are defined in four steps: (1) Discuss and complaints by the masses. (2) Discussed by the Farmers Association. (3) After analyzing the situation, hold a struggle meeting to clean up family history and crime history. (4) After the preliminary allocation is made by the village and township, it will be submitted to the district for approval after discussion and approval by the representatives. After class division, the landlords and rich peasants were confiscated and expropriated, and a confiscated and expropriated committee was established in the township, and a confiscated and expropriated group was organized by the village, which was under it, which was a ox farm tool group, a floating finance furniture group, and a land and house group. Each group included registration, storage, inventory, transportation and other groups. A total of 34 households were confiscated and distribution was organized. By the end of January 5, 1952, a celebration meeting was held, a patriotic convention and a family love plan were concluded.
The first batch of land reform was held in January 1952, and the cadres meeting, the farmers' congress, the -person congress, and the Youth Women's Congress. A meeting of 10,000 people was held on the 23rd of the same month to suppress a group of counter-revolutionaries, and at the same time announced that land reform preparations will be started in 32 townships across the county. Due to the few cadres, most townships have no experience in reducing rents and reimbursement. After 10 days, 4 townships were reduced, and a total of 28 townships were carried out.After mobilizing the masses; reducing rent and refunding classes, adopting the practice of "blasting open first, then going deeper"; visiting hardships, taking root, mobilizing poor and employed farmers; rectifying organizations; dividing classes, distinguishing the boundaries between the enemy and us, and fighting the enemy; confiscating and expropriating, implementing the struggle against dispersion and concealing, combining land investigation and production determination; fair distribution; summarizing and improving. The land reform ended for more than four months and turned to the patriotic production movement.
The second batch of land reform was carried out. In March 1952, the county party committee dispatched more than 30 cadres and 250 farmers to 37 townships on the 28th to carry out the second batch of land reform. During the land reform, we adhere to the implementation of the central government's general line of "relying on the poor and hiring farmers and uniting farmers" and the provincial party committee's instructions to "mobilize the masses, defeat the landlords, and cultivate cadres" and the practice of "blasting the ball first, then going deeper" and "politics first, then economy first". In the preparation stage, firstly, the policies to suppress counter-revolution are promoted with great fanfare, the bully landlords and counter-revolutionaries are cracked off, and the situation is blown away; then the grassroots level visits the poor and inquire about suffering, complain and connect, and insist on ideological mobilization. The second stage is to distinguish between the enemy and us, expose the enemy, defeat the landlords, mobilize the masses, unite the internal affairs, master policies, and correctly divide classes. The third stage is mainly about confiscation and expropriation, and the anti-dispersion and anti-concealment struggle. In the fourth stage, distribute the fruits of victory. Mainly overcome egalitarianism, take appropriate care of poor and employed farmers, fill in pits and gaps, allocate reasonably, and summarize and consolidate the results of land reform. At the end of July, the county's land reform was completed. A total of 1,832 farmers were hired, 5,103 people were hired, 12,472 farmers were poor, 50,253 people were hired, 8,849 farmers were 44,080 people were middle-aged farmers, 897 farmers were 4,754 people were rich farmers, 1,541 farmers were 6,890 people were 1,93 farmers were rented out, 620 people were rented out, 25 farmers were 70 people were vagrants, and 361 households were 924 people were other households (including urban poor and small handicraftsmen). During the land reform, 71,282.75 mu of land and rich fields were confiscated, 1,935.5 houses, 2,214 farm animals, 2,896 agricultural tools, 5.606 taels of gold, 599.3 taels of silver, 105,504.26 kilograms of grain, 1,566,18,800 yuan and other RMB (old RMB). 4,580.2 mu of land and 13 houses were expropriated.
In January 1953, according to the instructions of the Prefectural Committee, a land reform review was conducted. At the end of January, a re-examination pilot will be conducted in Longquan Township, Yanhe Township, District 3, Township 8, Township 4, and Tiechang Township, District 7. The certificate will be filled out on March 5 and the land certificate will be issued on the 6th. On February 20, 36 townships in the county were reviewed, and on March 24, 28 townships were reviewed, and the review in June was completed. During the review, a comprehensive investigation into the performance of the landlord class after the land reform, the ideological trends of various classes, and the legacy issues in the land reform. In accordance with the policy, deal with legacy issues, correct the right and wrong class components, remove the hats of good performance, and re-define the landlords who miss the mark in accordance with the law, in order to facilitate the development of production, democratic consultation, and formulate production development plans and township rules and regulations. Demarcate land, forests, barren mountains, etc., and fill in and issue land certificates.
2. Mutual Aid and Cooperation
The first National Agricultural Mutual Aid and Cooperation Conference was held on September 9, 1951 to formulate the "Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Mutual Aid and Cooperation in Agricultural Production (Draft)". After the meeting, the central government took measures to promote the development of the mutual assistance and cooperation movement. In the spring of 1952, Ludian launched a mutual aid cooperation campaign. On the basis of the original change of mutual aid, the regions that completed land reform conducted guidance and organized mutual aid groups based on the three principles of "voluntary benefit, equivalent exchange, and democratic management". Since farmers generally feel that organizing is more efficient than working alone, the mutual aid group has developed very quickly. By the summer and autumn harvest period, 38,450 people in the county formed 1,052 temporary mutual aid groups, 13,450 people formed 560 seasonal mutual aid groups, and 520 people have been fixed for years. Due to lack of leadership and management experience, no plans were established, and no insistence on grading and calculating work, most of them disbanded after the autumn harvest, and only a few groups remained.
In June 1953, at the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, Mao Zedong first proposed a relatively complete idea of the general route of in the transition period of . After that, the Party’s work focus and policy focus gradually shifted to the general line of publicity and implementation of the transitional period. In terms of agricultural mutual aid cooperation work, the work has gradually shifted from a mutual aid group to a agricultural production cooperative focused on the development of . On February 15, the central government passed a formal resolution on the mutual aid cooperation movement. The third national agricultural mutual aid cooperation conference was held in October. This is a turning point meeting, and the focus of the mutual aid and cooperative movement has changed from the development of mutual aid groups to the development of agricultural production cooperatives. A wave of establishing agricultural production cooperatives soon set off in the country.In the same year, the county party committee decided to pilot the agricultural cooperative . After investigation, cadres were selected to participate in provincial and local training, and formed two working groups to conduct pilot agricultural cooperatives at Yanzha and Hulukou. The county-wide production representative conference was held from November 15 to 19, with one person in each township and one representative of each district’s mutual aid group, and a total of 95 people attended the meeting. At the end of the year, the county organized 4,571 households and 19,733 people to form a mutual aid group, accounting for 19.5% of the total farmers and 17.3% of the total number. The establishment of the society began on January 1, 1954. Based on the two permanent fixed groups of Tie Chaobin (Tuanjie Society) and Zu Guiyuan (Red Star Society), it absorbed three seasonal mutual aid groups around it and four households to participate alone. A total of 44 households and 206 people were included, including 26 poor farmers, 18 middle farmers, 88 full laborers (49 males and 39 females), and 24 semi-laborers (17 males and 7 females); 106.4 mu of land entered the society and 363.68 mu of land. There are 3 party members and 10 league members. These two points have strong backbone, good foundation, and have been established for a long time. In 1952, Tie Chaobin was rated as the county-level first-class labor model and won a county government award for a ox. Zu Guiyuan Group was rated as a second-class model at the county level in 1953. The construction of a society is carried out in three stages. The first stage is to fully implement the general line, fully explain the nature and superiority of the cooperative, relieve concerns, do ideological work thoroughly, and achieve voluntary work for everyone; the second stage is to deal with the principle of evaluating production and equity, specific issues such as farming and farming tools, fertilizer seeds, etc.; the third stage is to summarize the construction of a society. Improve ideological awareness, democratically elect cadres, formulate labor discipline and production plans, and transfer them to production. Junior Community , the land ownership belongs to the individual, the land entering the community will be divided into 46% of the annual output, and the labor force will be 60% of the total production investment, and the public welfare fund and provident fund account for 3%. It is operated uniformly, planted according to the local area, small farm tools are brought to the cooperative at a discount, large farm tools are rented, and oxen are rated for 10 points per day for rent. 10 points per day for 10 points per liter of corn, 10 points per liter of corn, fertilization investment is subject to the valuation, and the company is uniformly bribed, and the seeds are paid after the autumn, and the seeds are invested in the cooperative according to the planting area and variety, and the labor force is returned after the autumn, and the labor force is arranged in a unified manner to form a temporary or fixed operation group, and the seasonal or annual contracting of labor is implemented, and the work scores are evaluated according to the fixed quota, and distributed according to the work. To resolve the contradiction between "collective labor and decentralized management" in the mutual aid group, adhere to the principle of "running a society with democracy and running a society with thrift", most members of the two pilot society increased their production and income. On February 10, the county government issued a notice on "Production and Vigorous Development and Consolidation of Mutual Aid Cooperative Movement in 1954". In September, the county party committee built 26 new production cooperatives in two batches in six townships in the first district, and ended on October 24. There are 26 communities with a total of 509 households and 2,060 people, 964 people with total labor force, 303 people with semi-labor labor force, 5,953 mu of land, and 408 oxen heads, including 9 Hui communities and 6 of them jointly established a cooperative with more than two ethnic groups. Due to the short process of building a society, production chaos and labor wasted after the establishment of the society, and some people's thoughts fluctuated.
In the same year, in accordance with the provincial party committee's instructions on "focusing on mutual assistance and cooperation, patriotism and production increase, combined with in-depth and meticulous publicity of the general route", the county party committee promoted the general route in a large manner throughout the county, set off a mass socialist boom, and carried out the production work of water conservancy, drought-resistant planting, seedling protection, etc. with mutual assistance and cooperation as the center. Expand the mutual aid group in the field, gain experience in pilot projects, and guide the field. Cadres at all levels went deep into the countryside to help establish grain plans, purchase and supply plans, and investigated and understood the situation. Based on relevant situations, the county party committee concentrated all the county cadres to study the central government's resolution on mutual assistance and cooperation. All cadres at all levels in the county conducted a comprehensive, systematic, in-depth and meticulous publicity on the general line to the general public, listed production and mutual assistance cooperation as the center of the long-term overwhelming rural areas, and led the mutual assistance cooperation as a movement, and analyzed the county's mutual assistance group to carry out the mass classification and evaluation movement. It is decided to use cooperatives to drive mutual aid groups, and annual mutual aid groups to drive general mutual aid groups to form a mutual aid network. From June to October, the county held a cadre meeting, training classes for party and league members and party members, mutual assistance and cooperation representative meeting, people's congress, youth congress, women's congress, propaganda representative meeting, supply and marketing, credit, and social representatives, and a total of 3,284 people attended the meeting. Each production season group visits the two agricultural production cooperatives Tuanjie and Hongxing.From 1 to June, 17,265 households and 75,893 people were organized, accounting for 73.7% of the total farmers and 65.5% of the total population. From June to December, 18,968 households and 84,413 people were organized, accounting for 80% of the total farmers and 72% of the total population. Due to large-scale construction of cooperatives, some are just formalities, and some organizations disbanded soon.
In the spring of 1955, the county party committee proposed to consolidate 38 old communities, prepare for the establishment of new communities, and implement the central government's "long-term preparation and batch development" policy of building a society, and decided to establish the first batch of agricultural cooperatives in the county. Each district analyzed the situation of the annual mutual aid groups in each township, and the county party committee determined 240 annual mutual aid groups to prepare. County, district and township organize personnel to understand the situation in depth, conduct evaluations, use pilot experience, and hold mutual assistance and cooperation training classes through township zoning, and learn the policies of building a society through reports from old social cadres. The county women's federation trained 1,082 female activists in 25 townships and organized a visit to old communities in various districts. The county party committee also dispatched a group of government officials and old club cadres, and organized a propaganda team to perform in the village where the club was established to perform programs such as "People Go to High Places". At the same time, old club members such as Duangyi, October, and Hongxing appeared and made a big contribution to the education of the masses. 38 old clubs were consolidated. According to the standards of the prefectural committee's social division: 17 types, 18 types, and 3 types. The 38 communities increased their production in the autumn harvest trial, with the lowest production increase of 14.7% over the previous year and the highest production increase of 105%, laying the foundation for the establishment of a society. On August 1, the county party committee began to build a society in Yanzha and Zhao Jiahai, District 1. After gaining experience, it expanded to the whole county. On August 3, a training class for mutual assistance and cooperation cadres in the county was held, and it ended on the 12th. The county-wide cooperative construction work began from January to September 15th. After January and ended on September 16th, 34 old cooperatives were expanded in the county and 677 households were expanded; 203 new cooperatives were built, 4,227 farmers were joined; 33 new cooperatives were expanded, accounting for 27.7% of the total farmers in the construction township, and 18.7% of the total farmers in the county. There are 241 new and old communities, and the distribution according to economic regions is: 146 Pingba, 34 river valleys, 37 Erbanshan District, 14 Gao Erbanshan District, and 10 Gao Han Mountain District. The scale is: 38 of less than 15 households, 38 of less than 16 households, 165 of 16 to 30 households, 33 of 31 to 50 households, 4 of 51 to 100 households, and 1 of more than 100 households. Due to the short time of the establishment of the society, the accounting work has not kept up, the ethnic policy and the publicity of relevant documents on the establishment of the society is insufficient, and there are obvious rush to achieve success, leaving some problems. From September 5 to 10, the county party committee held the second batch of mutual assistance and cooperative cadres training classes in the county, and trained 674 cadres and rural activists in the 25 townships that were rebuilt and newly built, including 31 working cadres, 38 township cadres, and 100 credit cooperative representatives. By summarizing the work in the first half of the year, we will fully implement the specific policies for building a society, study the specific steps and methods of running a society, and after the meeting, we will go to each township to carry out the work of building a society. From September 18 to 22, the County Party Committee Production Cooperation Department held a training class for agricultural technology backbone, with 227 associations and 245 people attending the meeting, including 6 agricultural presidents, 17 vice presidents, and 222 members of the association cadres and members. Mainly carry out future education, visit and internships, summarize the experience of increasing production in various places, and establish grassroots technical organizations in township and society. At the end of the year, there were 38 old clubs in the county, 770 households, 269 new clubs, 4,309 households, and 20 expanded clubs, 186 households.
In the spring of 1956, the county party committee decided to pilot the senior cooperatives in 21 townships, which are divided into two types. One is the whole township office, including one district unit, Hulukou, Cuiping in three districts, Tangfang and Longshu in four districts, Suoshan and Heishi in five districts, Tuanjie in six districts, Xinpeng, Heilu and Shuimo in seven districts; the first category was organized with a scale of 200 to 500 households, including Yanzha, Tuogu, Liyuan, Dashuitang, Taoyuan in one district, Dashuijing in two districts, Malugou in three districts, Xinfa in four districts, Xinle in four districts, and Hongbu in six districts. First, a mass meeting was held to publicize 40 central government articles, announce the county's draft plan, mobilize deeply in households, elect cadres, establish senior agricultural cooperatives, implement the land owned by the whole society members, and receive remuneration completely according to work. The difficulties of widowhood, widowhood, orphanage, old, weak, and disabled will be paid by the society uniformly, and a small amount of private land will be left, and large areas of forests and fruit trees will be included in the society at a discount. Large side businesses such as oil mills, mills, and brick and tile kilns will be collectively owned. By the end of May, 300 cooperatives were built in the county, with 23,656 farmers joining the cooperative, accounting for 89.4% of the total farmers in the county, of which 421 senior cooperatives had 10,137 households, accounting for 38.5%. By the first half of 1957, agricultural cooperatives were established in the county and consolidated and consolidated the work in accordance with the instructions of the central government's "Democratic Association".
3. People's Commune
After the socialist transformation of means of production ownership in in 1956, my country entered a new historical period of comprehensively building socialism. To this end, the Party boldly explores some major issues in socialist economic construction from theory and practice. On November 13, 1957, the slogan of "Great Leap Forward" was first proposed in the editorial of People's Daily, which means that economic construction develops at an extraordinary high speed, ignores objective laws, and exaggerates people's subjective initiative, causing serious losses to the cause of socialist construction of . That winter, the county party committee decided to build a large-scale steel industry, and successively built 54 furnaces in Dashuijing, Shanqiao, Camp, Taoyuan, Cuiping, Tuanjie and other places. The steel was not refined, and a large number of forests were destroyed, which was a waste of money and money.
In August 1958, in cooperation with the "Great Leap Forward" movement, a huge people's communal movement was launched on the land of China. In three months, the country's rural highways achieved people's communalization. On September 10, the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee passed the "Resolution on the Establishment of People's Communes in Rural Areas". On October 10, the Ludian County Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Opinions on Establishing People's Commune". By October 15, the county will realize communalization, namely: October (formerly Lianhe Township), Yuejin (Xiaozhai), Upstream (Dashuijing), Xinghuo (Huodehong), Bayi (Longtoushan), Rocket (Tangfang), Jinxing (Suoshan), Hongqi (Tule), Satellite (Sixth Districts), and Liaoyuan (Seventh Districts). There are 27,959 households participating in the commune, with an average of 2,795.9 households per community, 3 communes with 1,000 to 2,000 households, 6 communes with 2,000 to 4,000, and 1 community with 6,000 to 10,000. By region, there is 1 river valley area, 42 Pingba area, 6 general mountainous areas, and 1 high-altitude mountainous area. Rural people's communes implement the integration of administration and cooperatives, the integration of industry, peasants, commerce, education and military, and the comprehensive integration of economy, politics, culture and military. The original public accumulation and public property of each community shall belong to the commune; the production fee and public shareholding funds shall belong to the commune. If the original shareholding is originally invested at a discount, it shall be converted to the commune's ownership at a discount; the private land shall be handed over to the commune's unified operation; the large areas of forests, fruit trees, bamboo forests, and vegetable gardens shall belong to the commune, and the sporadic fruit trees in front of and behind the houses shall still be private. The commune has the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources, the Ministry of Industry and Transportation, the Ministry of Animal Husbandry and Raising, the Ministry of Finance and Grain, the Ministry of Military Security, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Labor, the Ministry of Culture and Welfare, the Ministry of Commerce, the Planning Committee, the Institute of Science and Technology, the Office, etc. Based on the original village team, several professional and comprehensive production teams and production teams are organized, and the team leader, instructor, agency chief, and documents are in charge of production activities; political thoughts and members' life welfare are managed by the team members and branch members. After the commune was established, Ludian was merged into Zhaotong County at the end of October, and a working committee was established in Longshu to be responsible for the commune work in the Suoshan, Shuimo and Longshu areas. The remaining communes were responsible for the Ludian Office of the Zhaotong County Party Committee Office.
1962 adjusted the scale of the commune, and the commune was converted into districts, and the brigade was converted into commune. Zhaolu is divided into two parts, with 9 districts, 1 town and 75 communes in the county. In August 1963, the county party committee decided to carry out a pilot program of the rural socialist education movement in the United Commune, and organized 8 people at county-level agencies, 10 people at district-level agencies, and 20 people at joint commune branch secretary and president. Pilot training will be conducted from August 15 to 23. It mainly studies Chairman Mao’s comments and The Hunan Provincial Party Committee’s report on rural socialist education movement, materials for cadres participating in labor in Xiyang County, Shanxi Province, Hebei Baoding Prefectural Committee’s “Four Cleanups” work report and ten central articles, etc., to improve ideological understanding, discuss the county party committee’s pilot work plan, and study specific methods of the pilot. On the 27th, an enlarged branch meeting was held at the United Commune. All party members, commune cadres, production team leaders, accountants and other 30 people attended the meeting, mainly to expose the enemy situation, investigate the deceived, investigate the harm, expose the "four unclear" and release the burden, and arrange the pilot work, which ended on September 4. On the 12th, a cadre meeting of the commune expanded to the team committee was held. Take four steps, the first step is to uncover the "four unclear" problems, draw a clear line, and improve class awareness, and the time is 2 days; the second step is to organize cadres to consciously "take a bath and go downstairs" to consciously, and the time is 2 days; the third step is to draw the boundary, and discuss the preliminary plan for dealing with ideological burdens, and the time is 1 day; the fourth step is to study the methods.An expanded branch meeting was held on October 3 to absorb the temporary representative group members of the poor and lower-middle peasants. It ended on the 5th, mainly solving the problem of uniting more than 95% of the masses and solving the problem of autumn harvest distribution. In mid-February, the pilot work ended. On November 22, the county party committee arranged the social education movement in the county in accordance with the instructions of the provincial and prefectural committees, which comprehensively set off a climax. There are 1,613 production teams in 9 districts and 75 small communes in the county, conducted in five batches. The first batch of 235 teams in Wenping District, except for the 13 communes that were piloted, began on November 26 and ended at the end of February 1964; the second batch of 355 production teams in 19 communes in Longshu and Shuimo Districts, started at the end of January 1964 and ended in mid-April; the third batch of 372 production teams in 16 communes in Suoshan and Lehong Districts, started in June 1964 and ended at the end of August; the fourth batch of 371 production teams in 16 communes in Xiaozhai, Dashuijing, and Huodeng Hong Districts, started in September and ended in December; the fifth batch of 280 production teams in 10 communes in Longtoushan District, started in January 1965 and ended at the end of March.
1964 In the spring of 1964, the county launched the "Agriculture Learning from Dazhai" activity, focusing on learning the spirit of Dazhai's hard struggle, and mainly carrying out basic farmland construction and afforestation activities. In February, in accordance with the instructions of the prefectural committee, a meeting of representatives of advanced producers and advanced workers in the county was held on the 24th. The representatives who were supposed to attend the meeting included 350 representatives of agriculture, government agencies, industry, finance, culture, education and health systems, including 260 representatives of agricultural representatives, 86 representatives of industrial, finance and trade, and 259 representatives of actual attendance. The meeting mainly conveyed the instructions of the Central Committee, Provincial and Prefectural Committees on organizing the climax of production, summarized and exchanged experiences, learned "History of the Daqing Petroleum Battle " and "The Road to Dazhai", and carried out the competition, learning, catching up and helping. The meeting ends on March 3. From July 29 to August 2, 1965, the county held a meeting of three-level cadres. 126 people including the county party committee, county-level organ leaders, district party secretary, township branch secretary, etc. attended the meeting, mainly studying agricultural production and preparations for the presidency. From August 3 to 11, the county party committee held the county's advanced agricultural congress and the first meeting of representatives of poor and lower-middle peasants. There are 862 representatives of advanced agricultural representatives in various districts, communities and teams, representatives of poor and lower-middle peasants, and 862 representatives of advanced producers in the county and district-level state organs, finance, trade, industry and transportation, and cultural and military fronts, and 831 representatives. The meeting mainly summarizes and exchanges experiences, affirms achievements, finds the gaps, studies the production plan from 1966 to 1970, selects the three communes of Yanchishan, Suoshan, Xinlin and the Yuanjiawuji production team to attend the commendation meeting of advanced units in the province, and selects 15 people to attend the provincial poor and lower-middle peasants’ representative meeting. Three people were also selected as special representatives to participate in the provincial poor, lower-middle peasants' representative meeting. The county party committee and district party committee have established production model and model units, and the county has launched a production movement of comparing, learning, catching up, helping and overtaking.
After the "Cultural Revolution" movement began in 1966, " Learning from Dazhai " mainly focused on "highlighting politics". Chairman Mao wrote quotations on the mountain, raised red flags when he went to work, and evaluated "political work points" in labor remuneration, and used "high accumulation" in income distribution, and criticized private land, market trade, etc. as " capitalism ". The county party committee set up model fields in Yanchishan, Longquan, Cuiping, Tuoma and other places, and regularly dispatched work teams to adjust the scale. Longquan and Yingpan were merged into the Bayi Brigade and unified accounting was implemented. The county also carried out the "soil mixed with sand" activity, moving the families of land and wealthy people to remote mountainous communities, and moving some poor farmers to live in market towns. In 1968, a special agency for intellectual youth to go to the countryside was established to organize intellectual youth from towns to receive re-education in rural areas, and to organize county, commune, and brigade cadres to visit and study in Dazhai.
On August 31, 1973, the county-wide advanced representative conference and the fourth-level cadre meeting were held. There were 500 advanced representatives and 808 county, community, brigade and production team cadres, totaling 1,308 people. The meeting mainly summarizes, exchanges, promotes and reviews the results of " agriculture, learns Dazhai ", setting off a climax of "learning Dazhai" and the meeting also visited Yanchishan Team 2 and Ange Team 6. He proposed to "work hard, strive for the best, learn from Dazhai, catch up with Xiyang , and put it into the "Outline". After the meeting, relevant cadres were organized to visit Zhenxiong to learn the experience of "changing the platform". From the second half of 1975 to the first half of 1976, rural areas in the county widely carried out learning from the experience of Tianjin Xiaojinzhuang and organized story meetings, poetry competitions and other activities.In November 1976, in accordance with the central government's call for the "whole party to mobilize agriculture, and strive to popularize Dazhai County", the county party committee issued the requirement to the whole county to "build the foundation for four years of hard work and be determined to build Dazhai County", and put forward the overall goal of struggle is: to mobilize the whole county, to become a new look after four years of hard work, and to accelerate the construction of Dazhai County. It is planned to strengthen the treatment of disease reservoirs, carry out the "East Water Diversion" project, and completely cure the Zhaolu River. The " South-to-North Water Diversion " project, solve the irrigation in the arid areas of Longtoushan and Xiaozhai, strengthen the construction of highways and basic farmland construction, and realize the mechanization and semi-mechanization of drainage and irrigation, transportation, rice milling, flour milling, threshing, grass chopping, feed crushing as soon as possible, afforestation and control of mountains, maintain water and soil, gradually realize the land gardening, reform the farming system, and implement scientific farming.
From January 13 to 22, 1977, the four-level cadre meeting in the county was held to convey the spirit of the second National Agricultural Learning Dazhai Conference. More than 1,800 people attended the meeting, including the county party committee, county revolutionary committee members, county departments, committees, offices, and bureau leaders, commune party committee secretary and deputy secretary, brigade branch secretary, documentary, production team leader, militia, women, poverty alleviation association, Communist Youth League, security cadres, heads of various county and community organs, heads of educated youth households, and representatives of educated youth returning home. From July 16 to 18, the main leaders of the county party committees of Zhaotong, Qiaojia and Ludian negotiated in Ludian to carry out a friendly competition. The common goal of the consultation is to raise the flag and learn from Dazhai, and use the "Gang of Four" as the driving force to fight the overall battle to encircle and annihilate capitalism, and build Dazhai County in three years. A signing ceremony was held on the 19th, and the county party secretaries of the three counties officially signed. On August 23, the county party committee established a farmland infrastructure construction command center and selected 13 leaders from the Agricultural Office, Planning Commission, Finance Office, Public Security, Commerce, Industrial and Trade, Finance and Food and other departments to form. A four-level cadre meeting in the county was held from October 13 to 17, with 2,600 people attending the meeting, mainly carrying out agricultural learning in Dazhai, carrying out the Party’s basic line education, and exposing and criticizing the “Gang of Four” movement. In January 1978, the 1977 Advanced Representative Conference on Agricultural Learning in Dazhai and Industrial Learning in were held. The meeting summarized and exchanged the "Gang of Four" in 1977, and carried out the experience of learning in Dazhai and Industrial Learning in Dazhai and Industrial Learning in Dazhai and Industrial Learning in Dazhai. In the same year, the county party committee organized two batches of "learning Dazhai Working Teams" with 379 members of the county party committee standing committee, and went to the five communes of Wenping, Longtoushan, Longshu, Shuimo and Dashuijing to carry out socialist line education. In February 1979, the county-wide agricultural learning Dazhai and industrial learning Daqing advanced congress was held. More than 1,500 representatives of advanced collectives and individuals at the meeting were from agriculture, industry, commerce, finance, trade, culture, education and health, and more than 1,500 cadres at the county level. The meeting mainly studied the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, summarized and commended the advanced collectives and individuals in 1978, emancipated their minds, mobilized their enthusiasm, and adapted to the shift of the Party's work focus to economic construction. On March 21, 1983, the county carried out institutional reforms, changing the commune into districts, brigade into small townships, and setting up villagers' committee in the small township, and changing the production team into agricultural production cooperatives. The county has 1 town and 9 districts, 75 small townships (towns), 3 residents' committees, 519 village committees, and 1,641 agricultural production cooperatives, and 12 ethnic townships out of 75 townships. The People's Commune officially withdrew from the historical stage.
4. Production responsibility system
From December 18 to 22, 1978, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Beijing. This meeting fundamentally broke through the serious constraints of "left" errors for a long time, corrected the Party's guiding ideology, re-established the Marxist political line, ideological line, and organizational line, and began to correct the "Cultural Revolution" and the previous "left" errors, and then moved to a healthy path. This is a great turning point with far-reaching significance in the history of the Party. At the end of that year, the Rural Office of the Ludian County Party Committee organized personnel to pilot the brigades such as Puzhilu, Yanchishan, etc., first divided into professional groups, and then carried out production, mainly ensuring unified production accounting and establishing a "small but complete" operation group. In 1979, the whole county thoroughly implemented the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the relevant central agricultural policies, and some communities began to take charge of production to groups. The forms include professional co-production to the group, fixed-quota small-scale contracting, large-scale contracting to the group, etc. In 1980, the county party committee’s agricultural office organized a working group to investigate and study the Longshu and Tangfang Brigades of Longshu Commune, and proposed that professional joint production should be implemented based on the production team, and it is prohibited to divide the fields and work alone.In the whole county, the spirit of the Central Document No. 75 was promoted, and the county party committee proposed the agricultural production policy of "efficient in food and actively carry out multiple operating ". At the end of the year, there were 22 production teams in the county that specialized in co-production and grouped, 1,134 production teams with fixed quota management of small-scale labor contracts, and 291 production teams with large-scale contracting and grouping, and only a few production teams remained the same. In the spring of 1981, the Ministry of Agriculture and Industry of the Prefectural Committee organized a working team to sit in Taoyuan, and the County Party Committee organized a working team to sit in Longshu, proposing "unified paddy fields, contracting dry land, prohibiting the distribution of fields alone", rectifying some production teams that distributed fields to households, and attempting to reorganize the teams. In June, the county party committee organized three working teams to go to Taoyuan, Longshu, Longtoushan and other communes to carry out production responsibility system work. In August, the county carried out the agricultural production responsibility system work. After hiring 83 rural youths in the county, they went to various communes to help sign production responsibility system contracts. At the end of the year, one professional contract contract was signed; there were 82 teams in large contracts, 61 contracts were signed; there were 1,289 teams in large contracts, 873 teams in small contracts, and 364 teams in small contracts, and 99 teams in contracts were signed. In January 1982, the county party committee’s agricultural office organized personnel to lie in Malugou on how to improve the responsibility system. In August, the county party committee issued the "Opinions on Further Improving the Responsibility System for Agricultural Production", and at the end of the year, the whole county will implement the production responsibility system. In July 1983, Wenping Town, Wenping District was upgraded to a county-level town, and Wenping District was renamed Taoyuan District, and the district-level system was established as a county government's dispatched agency - a district office. In that year, the county party committee organized personnel from the rural office to conduct rural economic investigations across the county. In 1984, it mainly called for the development of professional households and key households. In December, the county party committee and government held the first commendation meeting for professional households and key households in the county.
In January 1985, in accordance with the arrangements of the Ministry of Agriculture and Industry of the Prefectural Committee, the County Party Committee’s Ministry of Agriculture and Industry of the County Party Committee selected personnel to form a three-level investigation team at the county, district and township to Longquan Town, Longtoushan District to investigate the adjustment of the industrial structure, and planned the development by 2000. On February 12, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee Hu Yaobang inspected Ludian and called for "increasing hundreds of wealth". In April, the county party committee organized a working group of 1,073 people, including 17 people in the region, 228 people at the county level, 348 people at the district level, and 480 people at the township level. On the 29th, they entered the village mainly to publicize and implement the central document (85) 1 and the important instructions of the General Secretary to inspect Ludian, and to carry out the work of establishing a "increase of hundreds to get rich" account (two accounts) from townships to townships, calculate the "increase of hundreds" accounts at all levels, and establish a "increase of hundreds" plan. The working group returned to the county to summarize on May 4. The second batch of working teams entered the village in July and left in August, mainly inspecting the "100-100" plan. On August 15, the county party committee and government organized an inspection team of 18 people from the Ministry of Agriculture and Industry, Forestry Bureau, and Planning Commission to visit Dingxing County, Baoding District, Hebei Province and other places to visit "increase hundreds of wealth", which ended in early September. On September 15, the county party committee’s Ministry of Agriculture and Industry organized personnel to go to Misuo Township, Suoshan District to investigate poverty alleviation issues in poor areas. In December, the county party committee dispatched the third batch of working groups to check the annual "increase of 100" situation and left the village in early 1986. After 1986, through county-level organs rectifying the party and re-submitting working groups, the county-level organs were formed to provide responsibility for contacting townships (villages). The agricultural and animal husbandry department mainly focused on comprehensive experimental demonstration zones and relied on science to promote agricultural production. It successively established comprehensive demonstration zones such as grain, tobacco and pigs in Taoyuan, Ciyuan, Longshu, Xinjie and other townships. The county's agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sidelines and fisheries have developed, and the industry, commerce, transportation, services, and building structures in township enterprises have been adjusted.
In May 1988, the county and township system reformed, and reconstructed: Wenping Town, Taoyuan Hui Township, Ciyuan Hui Township, Xiaozhai Township, Dashuijing Township, Huodehong Township, Longtoushan Township, Cuiping Township, Longshu Township, Xinjie Township, Suoshan Township, Lehong Township, Shuimo Township and Tiechang Township, 82 village offices (offices), including 14 townships, 3 residents' committees, 521 village committees, and 1,641 agricultural production cooperatives. After the reform, in addition to Wenping Town and Citsuyuan, the 14 townships have added the Ethnic and Religious Affairs Office and the Urban Management Office, and Taoyuan have added the Ethnic and Religious Affairs Office, the other townships have only one comprehensive office, including the People's Congress Office, Discipline Inspection Commission, People's Armed Forces Department, Judicial Office, Civil Affairs Office, Police Station, Land Management Office, Science and Technology Station, Finance Office, Family Planning Station, Youth League Committee, and Women's Federation. The staff were 519 (including 102 workers), and 331 were streamlined and commissioned, a reduction of 36.2%. The township education committee was abolished. At the end of the year, the whole county still used the method of contacting county-level agencies to provide assistance to the village in terms of work, support, etc.By 1998, rural areas mainly strengthened and improved the production responsibility system.
On May 11, 1999, the whole county carried out rural land contract extension work. The county party committee established a county extension leadership group, which has an office under the leadership group in the Ministry of Agriculture and Industry, which is responsible for daily affairs, and each township has also established a leadership group accordingly. It also uses notices, television, radio, slogans, newspapers, wall posters and members' meetings to widely publicize and mobilize the rural land extension policy. The county held more than 500 training classes, more than 10,000 people were trained, 15 rounds of newspapers and wall newspapers were held, more than 300 members were held, more than 1,500 slogans were posted, and the publicity was about 70%. By November 12, the county’s extension of contract work will be basically completed. The county has a total of 73,188 households and 344,878 people, arable land area of 304,975.7 mu, a total area of 281,115.91 mu, and a contracted population of 235,617 people. From November 12 to 17, personnel were drawn from various departments and 14 inspection and acceptance working groups were formed to go to 14 townships for inspection, and the existing problems were promptly remediated. On December 22, the Prefectural Committee and the Administrative Administration sent an inspection and acceptance team to conduct random sampling surveys on four villages (offices), Wenping Town, Dashuijing Township, Huodenghong Township, and 30 households in 7 agricultural cooperatives. It is believed that Ludian's second round of land extension work has been implemented well and achieved outstanding results. The "Top Ten Management Systems" were issued and issued by the regional extension office for promotion throughout the region, and forwarded by the provincial extension office for promotion to the province.
5. Rural system reform
In 2000, the county carried out village-level system reform. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the village-level system in the county has undergone many major adjustments and changes. These adjustments and changes have played a positive role in maintaining the stability and continuity of the operating mechanism of rural grassroots organizations in the county and have played a positive role in rural social stability and economic development. However, with the continuous deepening of rural reform and the gradual establishment of the socialist market economic system, the rural economic system in the county has undergone fundamental changes. This change urgently requires the reform of the original village-level administrative management system to meet the objective needs of rural social economy. On August 23, the county party committee comprehensively deployed the village-level system reform work. All completed by the end of December. It is divided into 6 stages: the first work preparation stage. Establish leadership and service agencies for village-level system reform, carry out investigations and research, formulate reform plans, hold county-level village-level system reform work meetings, widely publicize and mobilize the masses, and do a good job in the replacement of village party branches (party branches); form a working team in the second stage to train backbones; carry out publicity and mobilize the people; establish a village election committee in the third stage; follow the "Organization Law of the Villagers' Committee of the People's Republic of China" and the "Election Measures of the Yunnan Provincial Villagers' Committee". Democratic election of villagers' committees; the fifth stage establishes the organizational system and rules and regulations of villagers' committees; the sixth stage inspection and acceptance and work summary. On October 17, the county-level village-level system reform meeting was held in the on-the-job conference room. Leaders of the five county teams, all members of the county and village reform leadership group, township party committee secretary, deputy secretary in charge of party affairs, and chairman of the Standing Committee of the People's Congress attended the meeting. The 152 staff members selected were trained. After the meeting, the county party committee work team and 162 cadres dispatched by each township were stationed in the village to carry out village reform work. With the active participation of the county and township party committees, governments, county and village reform leadership groups, all working team members and the majority of voters, the leadership team of the first villagers' committee in 81 villages has been elected in accordance with the law at the end of the year. The county has 13 townships and 1 township, and 82 village (neighborhood) committees and 1,641 villagers' groups. In 2002, the two residents' committees of Wenping Town, Chengguan and Wenping were renamed to four residents' communities: Wenchang Palace, Fumin, Shiqiao and Health Care.
In September 2006, Tiechang Township and Shuimo Township were abolished and Shuimo Town was established; Longtoushan Township and Cuiping Township were abolished and Longtoushan Town was established; Malugou Village in Dashuijing Township and Puzhilu and Yandong Village in Taoyuan Hui Township were assigned to the jurisdiction of Wenping Town. There are 3 towns: Wenping, Longtou Mountain and Shuimo, and 9 towns: Taoyuan, Ciyuan, Huodehong, Jiangdi, Xiaozhai, Lehong, Soshan, Longshu and Xinjie. After the merger of townships, the county's administrative divisions changed from 13 towns and 1 town to 9 towns and 3 towns. Wenping, Longtoushan and Shuimu towns have comprehensive offices, social affairs offices and economic development offices. Other townships only have one comprehensive office. The comprehensive office is equipped with assistants such as civil affairs, safety supervision, science and technology, family planning, disability federation, labor and social security according to work needs.There are 9 leaders in Wenping, Longtou Mountain, Shuimo, Longshu, Soshan, Lehong, Taoyuan and Ciyuan Township (1 additional deputy government position); 8 townships in Jiangdi, Huodehong, Xiaozhai and Xinjie Township. The leadership positions are the head and deputy secretary of the township party committee, the chairman of the people's congress, the head and deputy township mayor, the secretary of the discipline inspection committee and the armed minister. 331 administrative staff have been approved in 12 townships, and no longer use public staff, veteran cadre service staff and staff. Integrate township institutions, each township is integrated from 15 stations, including the original agricultural technology promotion station, agricultural machinery station, economic management station, animal husbandry and veterinary station, forestry station, water pipe station, family planning service center, cultural station, party school, middle school, central school, health center, etc., into 8 stations, including agricultural comprehensive service center, forestry station, water pipe station, family planning service center, cultural service center, health center, middle school, primary school, etc. According to the 542 staffing (except middle schools, primary schools, and health centers) issued by the Municipal Editorial Committee in 2005, it was approved to go to township and business stations.
In 2012, the township reform work was carried out. The county has 10 towns, 2 ethnic townships, 20 community residents' committees, 70 villagers' committees, and 1,690 villagers' groups. That is: Wenping Town has 8 community residents' committees, namely Wenchang Palace, Minfu, Shiqiao, Health, Wolong, Sunshine, Xiaochong, and Sunshine, 6 villagers' committees, Lianhe, Yanchishan, Ange, Yandong, Puzhilu, and Malugou, and 190 villagers' groups; Shuimo Town has 1 community residents' committee, Shuimo, Xinpeng, Tuoma, Yantou, Heilu, Huangnizhai, Songping, Camp, and Dishui, and 169 villagers' groups; Longtoushan Town has 1 community residents' committee, Yanhe, Shaba, Guangming, Yingpan, Babao, Longjing, Cuiping, Xinmin, Yinping, and Xiping, and 246 villagers' groups. Xiaozhai Town has a community residents' committee in Daping, three villagers' committees, Xiaozhai, Liyuan, and Zhaojiahai, and 107 villagers' groups; Jiangdi Town has a community residents' committee in Jiangdi, six villagers' committees, Dashuijing, Xianren Cave, Pojiao, Qingjiao, Xiyangtang, and Shuitang, and 111 villagers' groups; Huodehong Town has a community residents' committee in Huodehong, five villagers' committees, Queluo, Lijiashan, Yinchang, Nancan, and Locomotive, and 107 villagers' groups; Longshu Town has a community residents' committee in Longshu and Xinle, Zhaobi, and Tangfang. There are 114 villagers' committees; Xinjie Town has a community residents' committee in Xinjie, 4 villagers' committees, wine houses, Shanqiao, Zhuanshanbao, and Pingdiying, and 94 villagers' groups; Suoshan Town has a community residents' committee in Suoshan, 1 community residents' committees, Heishi, Chala, Misuo, Dashui, Heizhai, Tole, Gongdi, and Gantian, and 181 villagers' groups; Lehong Town has a community residents' committee in Guanzhai, and 7 villagers' committees, Lehong, Shichu, Tongzhu, Xinlin, Hongbu, Liwai, and Guanliu, and 190 villagers' groups. Taoyuan Hui Township has two community residents' committees, Taoyuan and Yazitang, and five villagers' committees, Qingmen, Tuogu, Tiejiawan, Dashuitang and Chachong, and 111 villagers' groups. The Hui Nation Township of the Citung Province has a community residents' committee, a community residents' committee, a 4 villagers' committees, Hulukou, Yanzha, Tianhe, Banbanfang, and 70 villagers' groups. At the end of 2015, the county had 10 towns and 2 Hui ethnic townships, 70 villagers' committees, 20 residents' communities, and 1,690 villagers' groups.
Reference materials: "Ludian County Chronicles", "Ludian Yearbook" and related archival materials.
(Author: Yan Quan, male, former director and senior editor of Ludian County Local Chronicles Office, retired.)
Source丨Ludian County Social Science Union
This issue editor丨Li Xuan
Editor丨Kong Xiangshu
Submission email: [email protected]
