What is tetanus vaccine
When people suffer from tetanus , they must be treated early to clean the wound, otherwise it will worsen and even cause more serious conditions. The commonly known tetanus injection is to get tetanus vaccine, which is to obtain protection through passive immunity, that is, after facing possible infection, it can obtain protection through injecting anti-tetanus globulin. There are two commonly used preparations: tetanus antitoxin (TAT, derived from horses) and human tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG, derived from humans). The former requires a skin test, while the latter does not require a skin test. Tetanus injection skin allergic clinically mainly refers to tetanus antitoxin (TAT, derived from horse) skin allergic, which can be changed to inject human tetanus immunoglobulin (TIG, derived from human) to obtain protection. If there is no TIG, TAT desensitization injection can be taken. For specific methods, please consult the medical staff at the clinic. If you have a history of strict vaccination, you can consult a doctor based on your condition. If you are not required to inject TAT during the protection period (as described below).
Use tetanus immunoglobulin if necessary. Tetanus immunoglobulin is made from plasma or serum with high titer from healthy blood donors who are immunized with hepatitis B vaccine and then immunized with tetanus toxin. It is mainly used to prevent and treat tetanus, and is especially suitable for those who have allergic reactions to tetanus antitoxin (TAT). It is suitable for tetanus patients with unclear immune history, serum allergies, wound infection for more than 24 hours, and still have no immunity after vaccination with tetanus toxins.
Tetanus immunoglobulin is made by extracting and inactivated viruses after immunization with hepatitis B vaccine. Human tetanus immunoglobulin is artificial passive immunity and produces an immune effect immediately after injection, but the duration is short, and the immunization time is 2 weeks, generally not more than 3 weeks. There are generally no adverse reactions after injection. A very small number of people have redness, swelling and pain, and they can recover by themselves without special treatment. The efficacy of
tetanus vaccine
toxins is expressed as an international unit with protective effects (IU), which is determined by evaluating the survival rate of immune guinea pig or mice after tetanus toxin challenge. According to WHO requirements, the efficacy of the monovalent tetanus toxoids shall not be less than 40 IU per dose (0.5 ml) (assayed in guinea pigs or mice); if tetanus toxoids are combined with diphtheria and whole-cell pertussis vaccines, it shall not be less than 40 IU (assayed in guinea pigs) or 60 IU (assayed in mice).
Types of tetanus vaccine
In the international market, tetanus toxins include monovalent antigen vaccine (TT), diphtheria tetanus combined vaccine (DT or dT, depending on the content of diphtheria toxin), and pertussis -diphtheria toxin-tetanus combined vaccine (DTwP, DTaP, dTaP or dTap). Pertussis vaccines include whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP) and acellular pertussis vaccine (aP), and are denoted as aP or ap according to the content of pertussis antigen. In addition, combined vaccines based on DTwP or DTaP have long been launched on the market, including inactivated polio vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B influenza b vaccine.
When to get tetanus vaccine
tetanus vaccine, it can usually be vaccinated before the age of 2. If it is post-prevention, the earlier the better.
1. Pre-vaccination
means that you are not injured now, but you have the tetanus vaccination first, so you don’t need to worry about being caught when you are injured. This is the highest level of "preventing disease", and most vaccinations are implemented according to this strategy. At present, the individual tetanus vaccine has been eliminated, and the most commonly used are diphtheria + pertussis + tetanus combined vaccine (Treatum phenolic vaccine) and diphtheria + tetanus combined vaccine (Treatum phenolic vaccine). These two vaccines are free to be vaccinated in my country. The child received 4 doses of tetanus vaccine before the age of 2, and 1 dose of tetanus vaccine at the age of 6, which is equivalent to 5 doses of tetanus vaccine within the age of 6. Generally, its preventive effect on tetanus can be maintained until at least 16 years old or even longer.
2. Post-inoculation
The earlier the injection after the injury, the better, generally not more than 24 hours, but it still has injection value after exceeding (because the incubation period of tetanus infection is generally about one week, but the disease can start at the fastest 24 hours, so the earlier the injection after the injury, the better). The TAT protection time is about 2-3 days, and the TIG protection time is 2-3 weeks. There is no absolute conclusion on this at present, but the approximate range is that, and it is facing the risk of infection again after this time, and it is necessary to inject again. The protection time for to obtain active immunization is relatively complicated. You can consult a doctor. Generally, when you are injured within 3 years after the last vaccination, you do not need to inject tetanus toxin again. For those who have been injected for more than 3 years, you should inject tetanus toxin once more. For severely contaminated trauma, in addition to injecting tetanus toxin, you can inject TAT or TIG at another location as appropriate. In fact, the ideal situation is that if a person without a history of immunization faces possible infection, while injecting TAT or TIG to obtain protection, if the situation allows, he should inject tetanus toxin to obtain active immunization. However, the clinical situation is limited to individuals, hospitals and other reasons, and this measure has not been taken, and the use of TAT or TIG is still the main focus.
is used for pregnant women. The toxicological effects of TAT or TIG are unknown and should be cautious. But tetanus toxins (i.e. tetanus vaccine) are safe, and generally speaking, the method of use is the same as that of ordinary people. For the prevention of tetanus in newborns, if a pregnant woman has been vaccinated with tetanus toxoid in the past, as long as one injection of tetanus toxoid in the early stage of pregnancy, at the latest 3 weeks before delivery, the antibody can also obtain this protective antibody through the placenta. If the pregnant woman has not injected tetanus toxoid in the past, another injection should be injected 4 weeks after the first injection to strengthen it.
Adverse reactions to tetanus vaccine
tetanus vaccine is a very important vaccine because tetanus is unpredictable and can occur anywhere and at any time, so it is very dangerous. But there may be adverse reactions after injection. The adverse reactions of tetanus vaccine include headaches, fevers and stomachache, etc., but they usually disappear within a few days and do not affect everyone. Serious adverse reactions include convulsions and coma, but are relatively rare, accounting for less than 1% of those who are vaccinated.
Tetanus is a neurological toxic disease caused by exotoxins of tetanus pole, accompanied by episodic aggravation. If not treated in time, the mortality rate will be around 10% to 40%. If you suffer from tetanus, you must inject antitoxin to preventive vaccination, but some people are allergic to this drug.
1. If the subcutaneous test is allergic to tetanus antitoxin, you can choose to inject tetanus immunoglobulin. So what is tetanus immunoglobulin? Tetanus immunoglobulin is made from high-value plasma or serum collected from healthy blood donors who are immunized by hepatitis B vaccine and then immunized by tetanus toxin. It is mainly used to prevent and treat tetanus, especially for patients with allergic reactions to tetanus antitoxin.
2. If you are allergic to tetanus vaccine, first observe the clinical manifestations. The incubation period generally ranges from 1 day to several months, usually 1-2 weeks. Typical symptoms of tetanus allergy are tight teeth, tight muscle spasm throughout the body and paroxysmal spasm. In mild cases, the spasms are mild and the number of seizures is small. In severe cases, the degree of seizures is severe and the number of seizures is frequent.
Symptoms of Tetanus Allergy Western Medicine Treatment: Oral treatment, debridement and disinfection, 3% hydrogen peroxide or 1:4000 Potassium Hot Ester Liquid Wet Compression. Antitoxin treatment, antitoxin 10,000 to 100,000 units, single-use intravenous drops, 1500 to 10,000 units for young children, single-use intravenous drops; TIG: 3,000 units of intravenous injection at one time, divided into 3 equal parts of intravenous injections. For antibiotic treatment, penicillin, erythromycin and tetracycline can be used. Control spasm, 2-8 mg/kg body weight for Western adults, 0.5 mg/kg body weight for children, 0.5 mg/kg body weight for children, 1 intravenous drip. Others such as sodium phenobarbital, chlorpromazine, and chloral hydrate can also be used. People with inflammation use hormones, and those with tight teeth should prevent suffocation.
Side effects of tetanus vaccine
Side effects of tetanus vaccine include convulsions, coma, vomiting, diarrhea and high fever, etc., but it is relatively rare, accounting for less than 1% of those who are vaccinated.
1. Serious side effects of tetanus vaccine
Convulsions and coma, as well as brain damage are serious side effects of this vaccine.Severe allergic reactions also include swelling of the mouth, difficulty breathing, and wheezing, and the possibility of cramps. But these side effects are extremely rare.
2. Moderate adverse reactions
Moderate side effects of tetanus vaccine include vomiting, diarrhea and high fever. Mostly it is a low fever, but occasionally it will exceed 39 degrees Celsius. These adverse reactions are rare.
3, mild side effects
, mild side effects caused by tetanus vaccine include pain and redness and swelling at the injection point, which is also the most common adverse reaction. Other side effects include low fever, headache, nausea, fatigue and muscle pain.
