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The historical origins of Uzbekistan and China
"My little donkey has a stubborn temper, telling it to go east but not east, telling it to go south and west..."
When we heard this familiar song, everyone's first reaction must be the image of Afanti with a goatee beard and a cloth wrapped in cloth.
Where is Afanti from? Some people say they are from Xinjiang, some people say they are from Turkish . It seems all right. In fact, Avanti's hometown is Uzbekistan to be precise.
And Afanti's image also sincerely tells the important contributions made by Uzbekistan and China in promoting the intersection and integration of the Central Plains and Central Asia, Eastern civilization and Western civilization during important exchanges such as the Western Han Dynasty, Northern Wei Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties and Yuan and Ming dynasties.
The origin of Uzbekistan and China was traced back to the Western Han Dynasty 2,000 years ago. At that time, Zhang Qian, the ancient Uzbek country, was the first to discover the ancient Uzbek country. "Han Shu·Biography of the Western Regions" said that he "goed 82,000 miles to Chang'an, 120,000 households, 600,000 mouths, and 120,000 soldiers." A country of this size is definitely one of the best in Western Regions , and can even compete with Han Dynasty .
In fact, Kangju Kingdom has always been away from the Western Regions Protectorate of the Han Dynasty. The ruling center is in the core area of Central Asia today, located in the northwest of the Dayuan Kingdom, famous for its sweat and blood BMW , exceeding the military control of the Han Dynasty.
During the Western Han Dynasty, Kangju Kingdom always supported Dayuan against the Western Regions Protectorate, and often fought with Wusun, who was kind to the Han Dynasty. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Kangju Kingdom repeatedly defeated the strategy of class over to the northern part of the Western Regions. can be said to be one of the Han Dynasty's biggest opponents in operating the Western Regions.
When they arrived at the time of the Jin Dynasty , they were still very surrendered to China and once sent envoys to the Dynasty. During this period, cities such as Bukhara, , Samarkand , gradually formed and became the center of domination and culture. , especially Samarkand, connects the three empires of China, the Persian Empire and the Indian Kushan Empire. Business-friendly Sogdians built Samarkand into a beautiful capital.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Sogdians or their descendants who came to the Central Plains from the Sogdian region of Central Asia came to the Hezhong region and established a country. They gradually formed nine surnames such as Kang, An, Cao, Shi, Mi, Shi, He, and Mu, all of which were Zhaowu, so they were called the Jiuxian surnames of Zhaowu.
Among them, Kang State is in the area of Samarkand, the present state of Ukraine, is the center of the nine surnames of Zhaowu; An State is in the area of Bukhara, the present state of Ukraine, and the state of Cao State is divided into three countries in the north of Samarkand, and is closely related to Kang State; Shi State is in the area of Tashkent, the present state of Ukraine, and He State is in the west of Samarkand, and Shi State is in the city of Qishi, and its location is in the area of In the area of Shahlisabz in the Ukrainian country...
00m in the mid-16th century, Zhaowu and other countries successively subordinated to the Western Turks. In the mid-7th century, they sued the Tang Dynasty and were under the jurisdiction of the Anxi Protectorate. At the same time, they began to be invaded by the Arab Empire. They asked for help from the Tang Dynasty many times, accepted the title of king granted by the Tang Dynasty, and resisted the Arab Empire.
In the Tang Dynasty, there were settlements of the Jiuze Hu surnamed Zhuye, Puchanghai (now Lop Nur, Xinjiang), Xizhou , Yizhou, Danghuang (now west of Dunhuang County, Gansu), Suzhou (now Jiuquan, Gansu), Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu), Chang'an, Lantian , Luoyang , Guannei Road , Hequ Liuhu Prefecture in the north, etc. After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty had no time to look west, and the Uzbekistan region was successively ruled by the Persian Saman Empire and the Turkic dynasty, mainly the Gassini Dynasty, the Karakhan Dynasty, and the Seljuk Empire.After the fall of the Liao Dynasty, the Liao Dynasty nobles, Yelu Dashi, moved westward and established the Western Liao Dynasty in Emin County, Xinjiang. Uzbekistan was ruled by the Western Liao vassal state of Xikarakhan, and jointly managed the Hezhong region with Yulong Jiechi's Khwarezm.
3th century, Uzbekistan was conquered by Mongols. In "History of Yuan Dynasty", it was recorded as Yue Zubo (or Yue Bi), and the land was divided into the Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate.
312, Mohammed Yuejibekhan, who was born in the blue tent, usurped the throne of the Khanate of the Golden Horde. During his reign, he vigorously promoted the Islamic , killed pagan ministers, and prompted the Golden Horde under his rule to complete Islamization and boost national strength. Therefore, foreign exchanges began to use the name of Uzbek .
5 In the late 1920s, Abu Haier, the 17-year-old prince of the Borjijin Xiban family, who was born in a white tent, was promoted to the Khanate King and rebuilt Uzbek Khanate . Later, Krekhan and Janibek of the Shuchi clan had a fall and fled to the Eastern Chagatai Khanate, and established Kazakh Khanate . Some people followed Mohamed Sibani Khan south and settled in the Hezhong Agricultural Zone, conquered the local Sarta people and merged with them, forming today's Uzbek .
6th to the 17th century, they came to the Tarim Basin in southern Xinjiang to trade, called the Bukhara people, the Kokhan people or the Anjiyan people. They mainly engaged in commercial activities, forming three divisions: Uygur- Naiman , Mongolian-Qincha, and Nukuz-Mengjit.
6th and 17th centuries, Fergana Basin belonged to Bukhara Khanate, and later gradually broke away from its control. In 1710, Sharukh, the leader of the Uzbek Minger clan, established an independent country with Kokhan as its capital. In 1760 (the 25th year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty), Kokhan ruler Erdeni once defected to China. His heir, Narbuta, strengthened Kokhan's rule over Fergana and continued to surrender to China. The Uzbek region formed a three-country stalemate in the Bukhara Khanate, Shiva Khanate and Kokhan Khanate.
8 In the 1890s, the Khanate of Kokhan entered its heyday and began to look east. Jiaqing years, Madali Khan repeatedly invaded the Kashgar region of China and tried his best to support the rebellious activities of the Hojo descendants in the area. During the period of Hud Yar Khan, the rulers of the Khanate took advantage of the turmoil in Xinjiang to invade Chinese territory.
830, on the night of August 9, the tenth year of Daoguang, the Kokan Army launched an attack on the Qing army's Kalangguikalun (now Heiziwei Township, Wucha County), and the first Qinghao War officially started. After two months of fighting, in December, the Kokan invading troops of Kashgar and Yingjisha were completely wiped out by the Qing army.
865 (the fourth year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty), the generals of the Kokhan Khanate, Aguber , occupied Kashgar New City, and captured Yingjishar, Kuche, and Korla, and occupied southern Xinjiang south of Tianshan Mountain. With the support of Britain and Tsar Russia, the "Zedeshar Khanate" was established.
In order to maintain the sovereignty of the border areas, in 1875 (the first year of Guangxu), the Qing government appointed Zuo Zongtang as the imperial envoy to supervise Xinjiang military affairs. In April 1876, the Second Qinghao War officially started. After two years of resistance, the Qing Dynasty crushed the conspiracy of Britain and Russia to annex Xinjiang and successfully recovered Xinjiang. At the same time, Kokhan and three Uzbek Khan were annexed by the Russian Empire.
With the two expansion actions of the Kokand State, a large number of Uzbek, Kazakh and Salar people entered Xinjiang and became an important ethnic minority in Xinjiang today.
After Ukraine became the first country in Central Asia to establish diplomatic relations with China. In 2012, the two sides established a strategic partnership. In 2016, it was promoted to Comprehensive Strategic Partnership . In April 2020, after the outbreak of the new crown pneumonia epidemic in Ukraine, China immediately sent a medical team to provide medical assistance to Ukraine for epidemic prevention and control and disease treatment. Fully show the deep friendship between China and Wujinshi.
owns the chosen land and the Platinum Kingdom
Fergana Basin is known for its rich products. With 1% of the land area of the five Central Asian countries, it feeds 22% of the population and is known as the "selected land". The main part of the Fergana Basin is exactly occupied by Uzbekistan.
Western Uzbekistan is in the middle of the river. There is another important river distributed on the border near Turkmenistan - Amu River . It is the river with the richest water in Central Asia. The lower reaches of the Amu River form a delta and eventually flow into the Aral Sea.
Fergana Basin and Hezhong region have been a gathering place of oasis since ancient times, with irrigation agriculture extremely developed. Compared with other parts of Central Asia, local irrigated agriculture has always been at a relatively developed level, and has given birth to a well-known commercial group - Sogdian.
Uzbekistan is deeply inland and is very far from the ocean. It has become the only dual inland country in Asia. is controlled by continental air masses all year round and belongs to the temperate continental climate . The climate characteristics are cold in winter and hot in summer, with poor daily temperatures and large annual differences, drought in the climate, low annual precipitation, but sufficient light and fertile soil.
Since the large-scale introduction of light-loving cotton in the 1880s, it has become one of the most important cotton producers and exporters in the world, and is known as the "Platinum Country".
Cotton is an important industrial pillar of Uzbekistan. Its annual export volume reached 900,000 tons at its highest, accounting for one-tenth of the world's total export volume, second only to the United States, and ranks second in the world.
There are cotton production areas in all states across Uzbekistan, but there are not many areas with higher cotton production, which are distributed in Tashkent Prefecture , Surhanhe Prefecture, Bukhara Prefecture , Kashkadaria Prefecture and Andjiyan Prefecture, accounting for nearly half of the total output. More than one million civil servants each year, and private enterprise employees participate in cotton harvesting.
Uzbekistan's cotton is complementary to China's Xinjiang long-length cotton , and the variety has high color grade, high fracture strength, high fiber length, low heterofiber content, and its quality is comparable to GM and SM grade Australian cotton, and its grade is obviously better than Brazilian cotton, Indian cotton, West African cotton, etc.
In addition to cotton, Uzbekistan is also a country with extremely rich resources. It has various advantages in developing its economy. It is rich in natural resources such as gold (reserved 3350 tons, accounting for 4th in the world), oil (reserved 100 million tons), condensate (reserved 190 million tons), natural gas (reserved 1.1 trillion cubic meters), coal (reserved 1.83 billion tons), uranium (reserved 185,800 tons), manganese (reserved 15 million tons).
Relying on cotton exports and the abundant natural gas in the country, Uzbekistan has become one of the few franchise republics with stable economic system transformation in the former Soviet Union.
Uzbekistan is also the most important fruit and melon production base in Central Asia. fruit and melons are more than 2.5 million tons per year. Because of the large temperature difference between day and night and good light and heat conditions, the fruits produced here have a large sugar content and are juicy and thick. The fruit production is too large, and almost every household can make various jams, canned foods and fruit pilaf.
In Uzbekistan, different types of fruits can be seen all year round: you can eat apples, fragrant pears, citrus in winter; strawberries, cherries, mulberries, plums, apricots in spring; grapes, melons, and cantaloupes in summer; autumn is the season when many fruits and melons are ripe, and the variety is even more dazzling.
Then, in addition to what to use and eat, there are also many fun places in Uzbekistan.
Because it is located in the ancient Central Plains, the Western Regions and Europe, many cities in Uzbekistan are important towns on the Silk Road.For example, Anjiyan was called "Mantai" during the Yuan Dynasty, Tashkent was called "Chachi", Samarkand was called "Samargan", and Bukhara west of Samarkand was called "Bukhar".
Of course, in addition to these ancient cities, the natural scenery of Uzbekistan is also unique. For example, the Hodge-Guleguleota Mountain where "the ape wants to overcome sorrow and climb", the Partawu Valley Waterfall where "the flying flows down three thousand feet" is the Ganbeshbrak Lake where "the meteor falls and the self-forming zodiac", the Hodshapak Cave where "the stream enters the rocks and the black people have different realms", and the Urugache Yu Lake where "the water is all blue, and the bottom is thousands of feet".
In addition, Uzbekistan has a very superior strategic position. Because it is located in central Central Asia, it is the only country in Central Asia that borders the other four countries, and is also adjacent to the south of Afghanistan , which has huge strategic value.
Uzbekistan can connect to the north (via Kazakhstan) Russia, to the east, to the south is Afghanistan-Pakistan-Indian Ocean, and to the southwest is Iran (via Turkmenistan). Zhengxi is Caspian , which has very rich oil and natural gas resources. To the west of the Caspian Sea is the Caucasus-Black Sea.
Therefore, in history, Uzbekistan has always been a must-fight place for the game of great powers. The Han Dynasty of China VS Kangju Kingdom, the Tang Dynasty of China VS Arab Empire, the Persian Empire VS Turkic Empire, the Timur Empire VS China Yuan Dynasty, the United Kingdom VS Tsarist Russia...
Uzbekistan's strategic value is evident.
