compilation | Wang Qilong
Through "Today in History", we can look at the future from the past and change the future from the present.
Today is May 23, 2022. In 2007, Shanda announced the sale of its shares in Sina, with a total profit of US$76.5 million. Shanda acquired 19.5% of Sina's shares through the open market in February 2005, trying to merge with Sina, but the plan was not implemented smoothly. Since then, Shanda sold its first 3.7 million shares of Sina shares on November 8, 2006. At that time, some observers said that Shanda had given up on the merger with Sina.
1908-23: John Bardeen, the co-inventor of transistors, was born
Source: Wikipedia
John Bardeen is an American physicist born on May 23, 1908, famous for inventing transistors and their related effects; he won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice in 1956 and 1972 respectively. Badin is the only person in the world to win the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: the first time was with William Shockley and Walter Brattain for inventing transistors in 1956; and in 1972, he proposed a basic theory of conventional superconductivity called BCS theory again.
1908 Today, John Barding was born in Madison, Wisconsin, USA. His father is a professor of anatomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the 1st Dean of the School of Medicine. His mother Helen Barding taught at J. Dewey The Laboratory School (Today's University of Chicago Laboratory School) before getting married, and engaged in interior decoration business. Badin attended a college-affiliated high school in Madison, and he also attended additional courses at another high school, during which his mother died. In 1923, John Barding was admitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Because he did not want to become a scholar like his father, he chose engineering with better employment prospects.
1928, Bading received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. Due to his extensive knowledge, he obtained a master's degree in electrical engineering under the guidance of Leo J. Peters after he went to school for a year. After graduation, Barding originally wanted to go to Trinity College in Cambridge to further his studies, but failed. He stayed at the University of Wisconsin for research and worked as a research assistant in electrical engineering. Later, he went to the University of Pittsburgh Applied Research Center, the research department of the Bay Oil Company. From 1930 to 1933, Badin participated there in the research on Earth's magnetic field and gravity field survey methods. After getting tired of work, he went to Princeton University to study for his Ph.D. Bading's paper topic selection direction is solid-state physics, and the instructor is Eugene Wigner.
Source: Wikipedia
From 1938 to 1941, Bardin served as an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota, and worked at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington from 1941 to 1945. After gaining rich work experience, Badin finally came to the workplace that affected his life - Bell Labs. In October 1945, John Bading began to study the conduction mechanism of semiconductors and metals, semiconductor surface properties and other issues at Bell Laboratory. Barding is a member of the Solid State Physics group, led by William Shockley and chemist Stanley Morgan. Other team members include Walter Bratton, physicist Gerald Pearson, chemist Robert Gibney, electronics expert Hilbert Moore and several technicians. They met them because of work reasons when they were students.
Getting back to the topic, Shockley's team tasked with seeking a solid-state amplifier to replace the fragile vacuum tube amplifier. Their first attempt was to use an electric field applied from the outside to influence the conductivity of the semiconductor according to Shockley's conception. These experiments used various materials and combinations, but they all failed. It was not until Badin proposed a theory about surface state that the research began to turn around. Bading conjectures that there is a mechanism on the surface of semiconductor matter that can stimulate a special state that prevents itself from being penetrated by the outer field.The team then changed the research focus to the surface state of the material, and then had a long talk almost every day. The group communication atmosphere was great, and everyone could express their opinions.
1947, Bardin and Bratton invented semiconductor transistors (bipolar transistors). A month later, Shockley invented the P-N junction transistor. The discovery of transistor effects led to the three who later won the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics. After his success, in 1951, Badin's friend Fred Sieme provided Badin with a job with an annual salary of 10,000 yuan. After receiving the employment, Badin left Bell Labs and entered the School of Electrical and Physics at the University of Illinois at the time to serve as a professor. After that, Shockley also left the laboratory and opened his own company, which indirectly led to the birth of Fairchild Semiconductor Company.
With the recommendation of Yang Zhenning of Princeton Institute of Advanced Studies, Leon Cooper, who had just obtained his PhD from Columbia University, began working with Bading and Schriver. In 1957, Bading, Cooper and Schreifer co-founded the BCS theory, giving a reasonable explanation of superconductivity. The three of them later won the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics. Badin also became the first and the only person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics so far. Badin died of heart attack at the age of 82 on January 30, 1991 at Brigham Women's Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.
Source: Wikipedia, Baidu Encyclopedia
1995 May 23, 1995: Java officially released
On May 23, 1995, Sun Microsystems publicly released Java, an object-oriented programming language at the SunWorld '95 conference, with cross-platform, generic programming, functional programming and other features. It was developed by James Gosling during his tenure as Sun Company. At present, Java has become the most widely used and most used programming language in the world. "Father of Java" Gosling advocated simplicity. He positioned Java as "C++ that removes guns, knives and sticks". Of course, this statement has also been promoted. After all, the most popular language at that time was C++.
Source: Wikipedia
For developers, Java looks like C++, but in fact, Java also absorbs the characteristics of Lisp, Smalltalk and Pascal. All I want is to combine these environments together smoothly.
- James Gosling
James Gosling and others who worked at Sun Company developed the prototype of the Java language in the early 1990s. At first, the language was named Oak, and it was just an internal project studied by the company. The reason for everything was that an engineer named Patrick Norton from Sun Company was overwhelmed by the C++ and C language compilers developed by the company because the APIs were extremely difficult to use. Patrick decided to switch to NeXT, and he also got the opportunity to have a project called the Stealth Project at the research company. The Stealth Project was later renamed the Green Project, and James Gosling and Mike Sheridan joined Patrick's working group. They initially aimed to set up this new language in small systems such as household appliances, and apply it to the control and communication of household appliances such as TVs, telephones, alarm clocks, toasters, etc.
Working Group uses an embedded system and has extremely limited resources available. Many members find C++ too complex that many developers often use it incorrectly; they also find that C++ lacks a garbage collection system, as well as portable security, distributed programming and multi-threading capabilities. Finally, they decided to develop a platform that is easy to port to various devices. However, because the market demand for smart home appliances set by the original target was not as high as expected, Sun Company gave up the plan; the team members also opened a branch called FirstPerson Co., Ltd., which was later merged back to the headquarters of Sun Company.
In June 1994, after a three-day brainstorming with John Gaggy, Bill Joey, Patrick Norton, Wayne Rosein and Eric Schmidt, the team decided to change their efforts again, and this time they decided to apply the technology to the World Wide Web. They believe that with the arrival of Mosaic browser, the Internet is evolving towards the same highly interactive vision that they see on cable networks. As a prototype, Patrick Norton wrote a small World Wide Web browser, WebRunner, which was later renamed HotJava.
Image source: Wikipedia
In October 1994, HotJava and Java platforms demonstrated to the company's senior management. In 1994, Java 1.0a version was available for download, but the first public release of Java and HotJava browsers was held at the SunWorld Conference on March 23, 1995. Sun's scientific director John Gaggy announced the birth of Java technology. The launch was conducted with Netscape’s executive vice president Mark Anderson, who announced at the time that Netscape would include support for Java in its browser. In January 1996, Sun Company established a Java Business Group to specialize in developing Java technology.
Java programming language style is very similar to that of C++. Inherited the core of the object-oriented technology of the C++ language, abandoned pointers that are prone to errors to replace them with references; removed operator overloading and multiple inheritance features in C++, and replaced them with interfaces; added garbage collector functions. Generic programming, type-safe enumeration, indefinite length parameters and automatic loading/unboxing features are introduced in Java SE 1.5. Sun's explanation of the Java language is: "The Java programming language is a simple, object-oriented, distributed, interpretable, robust, secure, system-independent, portable, high-performance, multi-threaded and dynamic language."
is different from traditional languages, and Sun Company used it as an open technology when it launched Java. Java development companies around the world are required to design Java software that must be compatible. "Java language relies on the power of the group rather than the power of the company" is one of Sun's slogans and has won the recognition of the majority of software developers. This is completely different from the elite and closed model advocated by Microsoft. In addition, Microsoft later launched a competitive .NET platform and a C# language that mimics Java, and was caught in a lawsuit against the Java language. Later, Sun was acquired by Oracle, and Java became Oracle's product. Today, most of the code for mobile operating system Android is programmed in the Java programming language.
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