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Qu Qiubai
was born in Changzhou, poor family, dropped out of school halfway, mother committed suicide, misfortunes never come alone
Qu Qiubai was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu on January 29, 1899 A declining scholarly family. It is said that there are "two spins" on the head, so the family members named them Ah Shuang, the name Shuang, and the name Qiubai.
Qu Qiubai's father, Qu Shiwei, likes to paint and recite poems on weekdays. Since 1922, he has been a teacher at the Shandong Private Fine Arts School in Jinan. He died in 1932. Qu Qiubai's mother, Jin Xuan, also has a special liking for poetry and singing, and has written a good handwriting. It can be said that although the childhood Qu Qiubai is not very rich, the cultural atmosphere created by his parents is quite strong.
Qu Qiubai and his father Qu Shiwei
6-year-old Qu Qiubai was able to enter the new school in Changzhou-Guanying Primary School. In 1910, he was promoted to Changzhou Fu Middle School, where he met Zhang Tailei, a classmate who also participated in the revolution in the future. The two also performed braids together in 1911 to celebrate the Revolution of 1911 overthrowing the Qing government.
Qu Qiubai, who is studying in middle school, has many brothers and sisters in the family, and no other income, and because he can't pay the rent, the family has to move to their own ancestral hall. It is said that on October 10, the National Day of the Republic of China in 1912, 13-year-old Qu Qiubai made a white lantern and wrote "national funeral" in two large characters to express his love for Yuan Shikai Dissatisfaction that the Republic of China exists in name only.
1915,For Qu Qiubai during the graduation season, it should have been a happy and happy day, but the poverty of his family was really difficult to maintain and his studies. In desperation, Qu Qiubai had to give up his studies. Fortunately, Qu Qiubai’s cousin was offered a position as a primary school teacher in Jiangxi, Wuxi. Although the salary was meager, he could still make up for the family. At the urging of his mother, the 16-year-old Qu Qiubai became a teacher in Jiangxi, Wuxi.
But the separation from my mother this time has become a permanent parting. A few days after Qu Qiubai left home, on the night of the fifth day of the first lunar month in 1916, under the persecution of the creditors, his mother Jin Xuan was desperate and took the child to sleep and committed suicide.
Qu Qiubai, who returned to his hometown in Changzhou after hearing the bad news, was extremely sad and couldn't help himself. Although after taking care of his mother's affairs, Qu Qiubai returned to Jiangxi, Wuxi to teach for a period of time, but because he lived alone in a foreign land and missed his mother deeply, in the summer of 1916, Qu Qiubai resigned as a teacher in Jiangxi, Wuxi and returned to his hometown of Changzhou. .
For the next six months, Qu Qiubai was at a loss in the face of the poverty and misfortune of his family. Facing the Midu Bridge next to his home, he kept asking himself where he would go...
Studying in Beijing, working diligently, participating in the struggle, founding publications, active and self-motivated
Just as Qu Qiubai was doing nothing and was at a loss, inspired by his classmate friend Zhang Tailei, in September 1917, Qu Qiubai was admitted to the school without tuition. Study in the Beijing Russian Language Training Center. While in school, Qu Qiubai worked diligently and studied hard, and his essays were often mimeographed in the school. On the other hand, Qu Qiubai started to accept progressive ideas while stepping up his study of Russian.
In 1919, Qu Qiubai, like many progressive young students in Beijing, participated in the "May 4th" patriotic movement under the most simple patriotism, and rose up to fight for sovereignty abroad and punish national thieves internally. The struggle for salvation. It is also because of the inspiration of the "May 4th" patriotic movement, on November 1st of the same year, led by Qu Qiubai, Zheng Zhenduo, , Geng Jizhi and others jointly founded the publication "New Society" which criticizes feudal decay and calls for social transformation. was stopped in May 1920 due to repeated obstruction by the reactionary authorities.
In March 1920, Qu Qiubai took the initiative to join the "Marxism Research Association" founded by Li Dazhao, Deng Zhongxia and others at Peking University , and began to formally understand, accept and study Marxism. After that, Qu Qiubai, on the one hand for his livelihood, on the other hand, in order to better understand the status quo of Soviet Russia after the October Revolution, through his own efforts, he won the cooperation of the Russian correspondents of Beijing "Morning News" and Shanghai "Shishixinbao". Job.
Inspired by Chidu, he made his debut, met his classmates, met Lenin by chance, and followed Chen to return to the country to start the revolution
In January 1921, Qu Qiubai used Beijing’s Morning Post and Shanghai Shishixinbao’s work as a correspondent in Russia. The identity came to the only socialist international capital in the world at that time- Moscow. Coincidentally, 10 days after Qu Qiubai arrived in Moscow, the All-Russian Chinese Workers' Conference was held in Moscow. More than 200 Chinese workers participated in the conference, representing more than 40,000 Chinese workers across Russia. Among the more than 200 representatives of Chinese laborers, some were engaged in business, some were transferred from France to Russia, and some participated in the war... When they heard about news reporters from China, they were extremely happy and asked Qu Qiubai and others to attend the meeting.
may be Qu Qiubai's experience as a teacher. At the All-Russian Chinese Workers' Conference, Qu Qiubai gave an impromptu speech, introducing the patriotic movement that is vigorously developing in China to the Chinese workers in foreign countries.This impromptu speech also resonated with the representatives of the Chinese laborers and inspired their patriotism.
In May 1921, Qu Qiubai and his classmate and friend Zhang Tailei, who came to participate in the third congress of Communist International , met in Moscow. Under the recommendation of Zhang Tailei, Qu Qiubai joined the Russian Communist Party as a "guest." Participated in the Third Congress of the Communist International.
Formally attending the Third Congress of the Communist International, Qu Qiubai met Comrade Lenin in the corridor of the venue and had a brief conversation with Lenin. We must know that Lenin at that time was like a god, and this encounter with Lenin left a deep impression on Qu Qiubai.
He said in the report: When the electric photo light was turned on, Lenin’s great head was projected on the communist International’s slogans such as "All Proletariats Unite"...
In September 1921, Qu Qiubai was sent Worked at the Communist University of Eastern Laborers, in charge of teaching assistants and translators for the Chinese class. Among these students are Liu Shaoqi, Ren Bishi, Xiao Jinguang , etc. It is estimated that Qu Qiubai at that time did not expect that the Chinese class he was in charge would have many party and state leaders in the future.
While working in Soviet Russia, it coincided that a delegation headed by Chen Duxiu sent by the Communist Party of China went to Moscow to attend the Fourth Congress of the Communist International. Qu Qiubai also attended the meeting as an interpreter. During the conference, Qu Qiubai translated the conference speeches and documents for Chen Duxiu.
It is estimated that during the conference, Chen Duxiu and Qu Qiubai established trust and friendship,Chen Duxiu was considering the actual needs of the domestic revolutionary struggle, and he wanted to go back to Qu Qiubai to join the revolutionary struggle together. In this way, , on December 21, 1922, Qu Qiubai, full of enthusiasm, followed the delegation of the Communist Party of China to return home, thus officially opening the prelude to directly participating in the Chinese revolutionary struggle.
appeared in the three majors, served as the editor-in-chief, vocational education in Shanghai, Fujitailai, and the white of autumn is a good story
Qu Qiubai, who returned to his motherland, initially lived in the home of his cousin Qu Chunbai in Beijing. After the West Lake Conference, it was planned to carry out "KMT-Communist cooperation" and establish a revolutionary united front. For further implementation, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to convene the Third Congress of the Communist Party of China in Guangzhou. Qu Qiubai not only attended the Congress as a representative, but was also responsible for drafting the new party program and gave a report to the Third Congress of the Communist Party of China.
In June 1923, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to change "New Youth" into a quarterly journal, with Qu Qiubai as the editor-in-chief. On June 15th, on the inaugural issue of the "New Youth" quarterly, the "New Declaration of New Youth" written by Qu Qiubai was published. In this new manifesto, the question of revolutionary leadership was raised for the first time, and it was clear that the revolution must be led by the proletariat.
Even if the bourgeois revolution is guided by the non-working class, it cannot be achieved. The proletariat is naturally in the position of revolutionary leader in social relations.
Shanghai University was co-organized by the Communist Party of China in Shanghai. Due to the right as the president, Qu Qiubai served as the dean of the Department of Sociology, mainly responsible for the party’s propaganda and theoretical work, and school rectification. He has always dreamed of turning Shanghai University into the center of the Southern Cultural Movement.
34-year-old Qu Qiubai attended the Nanjing Youth League’s "Second Congress" period,I met Ding Ling and Wang Jianhong . They talked about Tolstoy, Pushkin, Gorky and other works together. The same hobby made them feel that they met late. Later, under the recommendation of Qu Qiubai, Ding Ling and Wang Jianhong went to Shanghai University to study.
During his stay at Shanghai University, Qu Qiubai often chatted and socialized with Ding Ling and Wang Jianhong. It was also during this time that Qu Qiubai and Wang Jianhong began to love each other. In January 1924, Qu Qiubai and Wang Jianhong became husband and wife. Soon after his marriage, Qu Qiubai, as a representative of the Communist Party of China, went south to Guangzhou to participate in the "big one" of the Kuomintang. Qu Qiubai was elected as the alternate central executive member of the Kuomintang. After the meeting, Qu Qiubai stayed in Guangzhou to be responsible for related affairs as the representative of the Communist Party of China. During this period of time, Qu Qiubai and Wang Jianhong, who lived in Guangzhou and Shanghai, could only rely on letters and poems to convey love. Qu Qiubai wrote in a poem to his wife Wang Jianhong:
Wanjiao angry green bucket cold wave, check new mud and build old nests. I am the first swallow in the south of the Yangtze River.
What Qu Qiubai never expected. In July 1924, when he learned that his wife was seriously ill, Qu Qiubai returned to Shanghai from Guangzhou. He did not give up his job while taking care of his wife. As his wife’s condition worsened day by day, Qu Qiubai wrote to Ding Ling: I seem to have a premonition of misfortune. Soon after, Wang Jianhong passed away due to illness. After taking care of his wife's funeral, Qu Qiubai returned to Guangzhou to continue working.
In 1924, Yang Zhihua, as the representative of the Youth League branch of Shanghai University, reported the situation of the women's movement in Shanghai to the Soviet consultant Bao Luoting, and Qu Qiubai became acquainted with Yang Zhihua as an interpreter. After that, Qu Qiubai served as Yang Zhihua’s party introducer,Yang Zhihua joined the Communist Party of China.
At that time, the marriage relationship between Yang Zhihua and Shen Jianlong had broken down, but the marriage relationship had not been officially dissolved. Qu Qiubai and Yang Zhihua were in love with each other. For this reason, they were able to establish a romantic relationship with Yang Zhihua and become a husband and wife. Qu Qiubai and Shen Jianlong had a frank talk. In the end, not only did Shen Jianlong and Yang Zhihua dissolve their marriage, but Shen Jianlong also officially became friends with Qu Qiubai.
At the end of 1924, Qu Qiubai was wanted by the authorities and transferred to secret underground work. His wife, Yang Zhihua, as a member of the Shanghai Women’s National Congress, often dressed as an ordinary female worker for propaganda work. Qu Qiubai and Yang Zhihua’s work was praised by the organization, and comrades in the party also linked the names of the two together and called them: Autumn's Baihua.
Qu Qiubai and Yang Zhihua
Turning to the four majors, founding a daily newspaper, daring to criticize and claiming mistakes, a new highland of leadership
In 1925, the Fourth Congress of the Communist Party of China for Qu Qiubai It was a big turn in life. At the Fourth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, Qu Qiubai entered the Central Bureau, served as a member of the Central Propaganda Department together with Cai Hesen, and became the leader of the party. After the "May 30th" tragedy that shocked China and foreign countries by the British patrol in the same year, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to organize a committee with Qu Qiubai, Cai Hesen, Liu Shaoqi and others to establish a united front against imperialism, and organize and lead the entire Shanghai nation to carry out "strikes and strikes "Strikes" to protest against imperialists' wanton massacres of the Chinese people.
When summing up the lessons of the "May 30th" movement, Qu Qiubai pointed out: The great turmoil of the May 30th Movement, due to the lack of farmers' participation, caused the May 30th Movement to be fruitless.
on June 4, 1925,Qu Qiubai became the editor-in-chief of the Party Newspaper of the Central Organization of the Communist Party of China, and published the first daily newspaper of the Communist Party of China "Span11span Hot Blood Daily ", which reported the news of the people's anti-imperialist struggle in Shanghai and the whole country. Qu Qiubai wrote the "Hot Blood Daily" publication:
It is hot blood and cold iron that create world culture. The strong in the world now possess cold iron, while the weak in us only have hot blood; however, we really have hot blood in our hearts. Blood, do not worry that there will be no cold iron in the future. Once the hot blood gets the cold iron, it will be the last fortune of the strong.
After blatantly launching the "4.12" counter-revolutionary coup in Chiang Kai-shek , the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held the fifth national congress in Wuhan to respond. At the meeting, Chen Duxiu also used "Politics and Organization Report" as the title to defend his right-leaning mistakes. Qu Qiubai, who speaks outright, firmly, directly and sharply criticized the mistakes of Chen Duxiu, Peng Shuzhi and others. At the meeting, Qu Qiubai was elected as a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.
After "7.15" Wang Jingwei launched a counter-revolutionary coup, Qu Qiubai hosted an emergency meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Hankou, also known as " ". At the meeting, Chen Duxiu's right-leaning mistakes were thoroughly criticized and he was removed from office. Qu Qiubai presided over the work of the Central Committee and elected a new temporary Politburo. As Qu Qiubai said later: Without it ("August 7th Meeting")-the Communist Party would simply "destroy the Party". Qu Qiubai played an important role in the convening of the "August 7th Meeting" and the formulation of policies. Qu Qiubai presided over the work of the Central Committee at this meeting.Lead the whole party to explore a new starting point for the revolutionary road.
After the “August 7th Meeting”, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China was held. Qu Qiubai successfully launched the Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising in the Politburo of the Central Committee for nearly a year. For this reason, Qu Qiubai pointed out: Chinese revolution, After the August 1 riots in Nanchang, the recent agricultural and industrial riots in Hubei, Hubei and Guangdong, a new road was opened. But with the failure of the Guangzhou Uprising, Qu Qiubai also realized his "Left" adventurism mistakes. Not only that, Qu Qiubai self-criticized his own "Left" adventurist mistakes on the Provisional Standing Committee, and his revolutionary line shifted from urban armed uprisings to the establishment of rural revolutionary bases to carry out armed struggles, avoiding greater losses in the Chinese revolution.
Forced by the domestic white terror and the Sixth Congress of the Communist International will be held in Moscow, based on the above two considerations, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to convene the Sixth Congress of the Communist Party of China in Moscow. In May 1928, Qu Qiubai went to Moscow to make preparations for the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China.
On June 18, 1928, the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China opened in a country house near Moscow. Qu Qiubai made a political report to the conference on behalf of the Fifth Central Committee. The congress objectively analyzed the status quo of Chinese society after the failure of the Great Revolution, and determined that China is still in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the revolution carried out is a bourgeois-democratic revolution; it comprehensively summarized the experience and lessons of past revolutionary struggles, and put forward resolute opposition to the "Left". "And the right two wrong tendencies.
After the Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China, although Qu Qiubai was elected as a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee, he also left the core of the rights of the Communist Party of China. Instead, he remained in Moscow as the head of the delegation of the Communist Party of China to the Communist International.
During the two years in Moscow, Li Lisan and Xiang Zhongfa controlled the leadership of China.In 1927, Wang Ming and the Communist International representative to China miv (formerly: Pavel Alexanderovich Miv, Russian: Павел Александрович Миф) colluded with each other, and first fabricated the "Zhejiang Classmates Association" incident. Later, he took the opportunity to carry out the anti-rightist Qing party movement at Sun Yat-sen University in Moscow, and put the two wrong hats of "Left" and Right deviation on Qu Qiubai's head.
In the spring of 1930, under the influence of Wang Ming, Mifu and others, the unanimousness of Qu Qiubai's Chinese Communist Party delegation to the Communist International was cancelled. Qu Qiubai and his wife returned to Shanghai on August 26 through Berlin, Germany. However, the persecution of Qu Qiubai has not stopped. At the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on January 7, 1931, under the control of Wang Ming, Mi Fu and others, Qu Qiubai was relieved of his central leadership position.
Qu Qiubai returned to a family of three in Shanghai
Turned to culture, led the Left League, was ordered to return, became the principal, transferred Changting was slaughtered
Qu Qiubai joined the left wing who was relieved of his post The League of Writers devoted themselves to left-wing cultural activities, fighting side by side with Contradictions, Lu Xun, Feng Xuefeng and others. Later, they led to the Soviet area to take charge of cultural education work until they were taken prisoner in Changting, Fujian.
At the Fourth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1931, Qu Qiubai was dismissed from the central leadership position. Since then, Qu Qiubai was suffering from tuberculosis, and the couple lived in a contradictory home in Shanghai to recuperate. Live for a few days. During this period of time, Qu Qiubai, Contradictions, Lu Xun and others had in-depth exchanges around the Chinese revolution and forged a profound friendship.
Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun
At the end of 1931, the "Left League" Executive Committee based on Qu Qiubai’s proposal,The " forward " founded by the "Left League" was renamed "Literature Herald", and he also directed the creation of the literary publication "Beidou". Not only that, Qu Qiubai often writes articles for "Literature Guide" and "Beidou". It can be said that under the leadership of Qu Qiubai, the League of Left-wing Writers occupies an important position in the Chinese literary world and has also contributed a positive force to the development of Chinese revolutionary literature.
In 1932, Qu Qiubai also compiled "Reality-Collection of Marxist Literature and Art" according to the "Literature Legacy" published by the Soviet Communist Academy Press with his excellent literary skills and superb foreign language level. a book.
In their contacts with Lu Xun, the two also hit it off. In April 1933, Qu Qiubai wrote a 17,000-character preface for "Selected Works of Lu Xun's Miscellaneous Senses", scientifically and objectively evaluating Lu Xun and his thoughts. And Lu Xun is also "Repay the man with Li", based on the joint sentence of Qing Dynasty scholar He Waqin, "Life is a confidant, and the world should look at the same man", is a gift to Qu Qiubai . It shows that the friendship between the two is deep.
In 1934, Qu Qiubai rushed to Ruijin in the Soviet area in accordance with the arrangements of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. According to statistics, under the leadership of Qu Qiubai, Soviet areas have successively established 3,000 primary schools.There are more than 100,000 students, and there are more than 23,000 literacy classes. In addition, on Qu Qiubai’s suggestion, the Gorky drama school was established in the Soviet area.
After the failure of the fifth anti-encirclement and suppression campaign, in October 1934, the main force of the Central Red Army had to leave the Soviet area to start the Long March. Qu Qiubai was appointed as the head of the Propaganda Department of the Central Sub-bureau and stayed in the Soviet area to carry out work. In the face of the hundreds of thousands of Kuomintang army’s "draw-net-style" clearance of Central Soviet Area , the Central Branch decided to send Qu Qiubai and others via Fujian to Hong Kong or Shanghai in order to preserve the cadres.
On February 24, 1935, Qu Qiubai, He Shuheng and others passed through Changting County, Fujian Province, and crossed the Tingjiang River to the east. On their way to Xiaojing Village, they were spotted by the head of the security regiment Zhong Shaokui. Deng Zihui escaped from danger , He Shuheng sacrificed, Qu Qiubai was arrested.
Qu Qiubai’s identity was exposed due to the traitor’s whistleblowing. On May 9, 1935, Qu Qiubai was transferred to the 36th Division of the Kuomintang in Changting. Chiang Kai-shek was ordered by the commander Song Xilian to persuade him to surrender and Li Song to lure Qu Qiubai. By all means, Qu Qiubai was unmoved by all his best efforts. Not only that, Qu Qiubai still persisted in the struggle, using his pen as a gun to write "Span11span Extraneous Words " in prison, and insisted on engraving seals every day in prison. During the 40 days of imprisonment, he carved a total of 78 stamps.
Qu Qiubai's seal carving
On June 2, 1935, Chiang Kai-shek issued a secret order to kill Qu Qiubai.On June 18, Qu Qiubai sang "Internationale" and "Red Army Anthem" in Russian on the way to the execution ground. When he walked to a lawn in Luohanling, he sat cross-legged and smiled and said to the executioner: This place is very good. , Shoot it. Then Qu Qiubai shouted: Long live the Communist Party of China! Long live communism! Calmly, he was only 36 years old.
gold watch replacement steel watch, text reform, translation of the "Internationale", the best teacher, Mao Zedong called it a teacher
Qu Qiubai's short life, for the Chinese revolution in the early days of the founding of the party, the Great Revolution period Road exploration and theoretical exploration have made significant contributions to the victory of the Chinese revolution and the formation of the theory of the new democratic revolution. His writings have left a rich theoretical heritage. Not only that, but Qu Qiubai also made a lot of achievements in many fields, and left a lot of interesting anecdotes.
The Moscow gold watch changes the steel watch. In 1921, Qu Qiubai, who was working in Moscow, actively responded to the Soviet Russian government's call to donate money and materials, donating a gold-cased pocket watch handed down to the government, and the Soviet Russian government gave Qu Qiubai a steel pocket watch in return. In 1931, Qu Qiubai gave this steel pocket watch to Shen Zemin , then head of the Propaganda Department of the CPC Central Committee. Later, the watch was transferred to Xu Haidong, commander of the Second Red Army. After Qu Qiubai died, Xu Haidong passed the watch to Peng Dehuai. Until 1946, Peng Dehuai solemnly returned the watch to Qu Qiubai's wife, Yang Zhihua.
Pioneer in the reform of Chinese characters. During Qu Qiubai's work in Moscow, inspired by the literacy work of Soviet Russia, he began to study the Latinization of Chinese characters and completed the "Chinese Latinized Alphabet". The first congress of new Chinese characters held in 1926,Formally based on the results of this research, a new Chinese character plan was formulated.
Translator and promoter of the Chinese lyrics of "Internationale". The Chinese version of "Internationale" that we all know now is translated by Qu Qiubai. ...This is our final fight to the death, and the humanity of Indenathonel is revived. Among them, the translation created by Qu Qiubai international is "Indna Shonnar". Since then, various Chinese translations of "Internationale" have adopted Qu Qiubai's translation method. In the third party of the Communist Party of China, Qu Qiubai and his classmate Zhang Tailei also taught the delegates how to sing the "Internationale". also started from the third party of the Communist Party of China, and played and sang the "Internationale" at the closing ceremony of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Tradition.
The best teacher in the eyes of writer Ding Ling. Writer Ding Ling recalled Qu Qiubai's teaching at Shanghai University and said: However, the best faculty member is Qu Qiubai . ... He talked very broadly. He talked about Greece, Rome, the Renaissance, and also the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties. He not only talked about the dead, but also about the living...social life, covering all kinds of social life.
Qu Qiubai was called a teacher by Mao Zedong. In October 1934, the Central Red Army withdrew from Ruijin in the Soviet area. Facing Qu Qiubai who was left behind, Mao Zedong held Qu Qiubai's hand and said: Teacher Qu, your health is not good. After we leave, you must take care! You are my old leader and my teacher. I will never forget your love and love for the "Hunan Peasant Movement Investigation Report". The reason why Mao Zedong called Qu Qiubai his teacher was because the "Investigation Report on the Hunan Peasant Movement" written by Mao Zedong was not favored by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. Qu Qiubai translated it into Russian and English and published it in the "Communist International". After that, Qu Qiubai tried his best to reject public opinion, and regardless of Chen Duxiu's suppression, he personally arranged for the "Hunan Peasant Movement Investigation Report" to be printed as a separate book, and called on all Chinese revolutionaries to read Mao Zedong's book. Mao Zedong sincerely thanked Qu Qiubai and honored him as a teacher.
Final summary
Qu Qiubai was the main leader of the early Communist Party of China, a Marxist theorist of equivalent writing, and the founder of Chinese revolutionary literature. In 1959, Mao Zedong wrote an inscription for Qu Qiubai's Collected Works:
During the difficult years of the revolution, he insisted on the heroic standpoint, preferring to walk to the executioner's butcher's knife instead of giving in. His spirit of working for the people, his undaunted will and his thoughts preserved in the culture will live forever and never die.
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