Guo Zuo of the Ming Dynasty enjoyed 276 years. From the establishment of the novice monk of Huangjue Temple to Daming, until the fall of Emperor Yongli of the Southern Ming Dynasty, Daming became history, but it also became the hardest dynasty in the hearts of Chinese people. Fu Song, Gang Ming, not just talking about it, the Ming Dynasty really did not make peace, no tribute, no land, no compensation, the emperor guarded the gate, the king died. Why did
Daming begin to decline rapidly in the mid-term heyday? And why is Nanming still defeated by the Qing army with nearly a million troops? From the beginning of the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Southern Ming Dynasty, how many important turning points did the Ming Dynasty experience?
The Battle of Poyang Lake cleared the obstacles to the founding of the Ming Dynasty
When the founding king of Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang established the empire, his most threatening enemy was not the Yuan soldiers; in fact, when he occupied Nanjing in 1356, Zhu Yuanzhang's strategic vision had already focused on Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng ; The same Chen Youliang also fixed his eyes on Zhu Yuanzhang. At this time, the Yuan army was at the end of the force, and the main force was cut off and exhausted. The rest only needed to clean up the enemy.
However, there are two heroes coexisting in the south. One is Chen Youliang, whose capital is Wuchang, and the other is Zhu Yuanzhang, whose capital is the celebration (Nanjing). On the other hand, Zhang Shichengqi, another separatist force, has not been affected by these two great leaders. Xiao Xiong looked at it, Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youliang were both strategically insightful. At present, the only opponents in the world are both sides. Whether the Yuan army or Zhang Shicheng, they will be finished sooner or later.
So Chen Youliang directly dispatched nearly 600,000 troops to attack Zhu Yuanzhang's territory, and the two sides fought a grand battle in the Poyang Lake area. Chen Youliang's side was hundreds of sturdy and huge warships, and Zhu Yuanzhang's side was some small but flexible. Warship; Zhu Yuanzhang's army at this time was only a few hundred thousand; and the 600,000 army of Chen Youliang in this war failed. Why?
In fact, during the Battle of Hongdu and other large-scale battles, Chen Youliang’s army had been fighting against Zhu Yuanzhang’s defenders. When it came to the main battle, Chen Youliang overestimated the physical strength and morale of his army, and the soldiers were exhausted from the long-term combat. Unbearable, and Zhu Yuanzhang saw this. What he adopted was an ambush tactic, land and water flanking, not allowing Chen Youliang's army to rest for a moment. So hundreds of thousands successfully counterattacked against more than 600,000. After this war, the Ming Empire laid the foundation.
The establishment of the “factory guard system” has been a scourge for centuries.
Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang was a suspicious master who could deal with the heroes cruelly, and of course he was extremely cruel to the courtiers below; in order to monitor the integrity and integrity of the officials in the world, Ming Taizu would A spy organization-Jin Yiwei was established; this Jin Yiwei had the functions of investigation, arrest, and interrogation, and even drifted away from the margins of the Ming Dynasty's laws, but Ming Taizu abolished Jin Yiwei when he woke up in his later years.
Zhu Yuanzhang’s son, Zhu Di, thought that Jin Yiwei was a good organization, so he used it again, and added a rebellious function to the original power. However, Jin Yiwei's dishonesty threatened the emperor's power, so Zhu Di created another eunuch in the East Factory. Secret service agencies compete with Jin Yiwei.
The Dongchang gradually crushed Jinyiwei by virtue of its close relationship with the emperor, and even made Jinyiwei his own little follower; in the period of Zhu Jianshen, because the eastern factory was too powerful, Zhu Jianshen established a western factory. This West Factory is also a special agency of eunuchs, and its purpose is to replace the East Factory. Although it surpassed the East Factory for a period of time, the West Factory was quickly overtaken by the East Factory following the death of Zhu Jianshen.
Jinyiwei, Dongchang, and Xichang are collectively referred to as "factory guards" . The establishment of the factory guarding system has had a great negative impact on Ming officials and politics. Every official is in danger, and the people keep silent. North Korea’s society is very depressing; and even the factory guards control the operation of the country. It can be seen that although the establishment of the factory guard system has a certain centralizing power effect on the imperial power, it has an extremely negative impact on the stability of Daming.
The transformation of the Tumu Fortress was the first disastrous defeat in the Ming Dynasty’s foreign war. Tartar has become a climate, and the strength of the military front has made the Ming Department of war be overwhelmed; but the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty has to rush out, this kind of fueling the fire has caused great headaches for the Ming officials. The Daming Ministry of War was quite strong in this period, MingXuanzong left Zhu Qizhen with a very good team, but Zhu Qizhen didn't listen to the words of this group of excellent teams, and had to listen to the words of the eunuch Wang Zhen.
Who knows, when Zhu Qi town’s troops arrived in the Tumubao area, the Oala Tatar cavalry directly surrounded and attacked. Even if the three major battalions of Daming were more powerful, they were only fighting at long range. They were attacked by cavalry at close range and could fight back. There were only three thousand battalions, but many of the elites of the three thousand battalions were still fighting in other places, and the remaining nearly one thousand people could not withstand the impact of the cavalry. So the three elite battalions of the Ming Dynasty were all killed, and the Ming Emperor Zhu Qizhen Was taken away.
The capture of Zhu Qizhen shocked the Ming dynasty at home and abroad. If it weren’t for Yu Qian’s impending order, perhaps Daming would have been reduced to the Southern Song dynasty; the main force of Ming had been wiped out in the Tumu Fort, while the Oyster Tatar cavalry had been wiped out under Beijing. Daming found the place, but lost the emperor. Later, the two sides talked for a long time before releasing Zhu Qizhen back. After this failure, Daming became Daming's most embarrassing failure. As a result, the Ming Dynasty began to decline from its prosperous age.
Wanli reform, Zhang Juzheng renewed the life of the Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty reached the end of the Longqing and Wanli reigns; of course, this refers to the Ming Dynasty’s economy and the treasury’s annual fiscal deficit, so the emperors still like to spend lavishly. Later, Zhang Juzheng came to power. His appearance allowed Daming, who was on the verge of a crisis, to succeed. In fact, if Zhang Juzheng were not there, Daming might have been destroyed decades earlier, but the appearance of Zhang Juzheng allowed Daming to last for nearly a hundred years.
The reform system during Zhang Juzheng’s first auxiliary period not only saved Daming’s financial bankruptcy, but also turned the national treasury into profit. For foreign Japanese pirates, Zhang Juzheng also bravely used Qi Jiguang and other generals to fight against the Japanese pirates, and also made great achievements. Effectiveness. Regarding domestic disasters, Zhang Juzheng also dispatched water conservancy expert Pan Jixiao to treat the floods, and to a certain extent turned the floods in the Wanli period into a local water conservancy project.
Zhang Juzheng’s series of life continuations saved Daming and the empire that was precarious; however, Daming’s short-lived prosperity was actually a reflection before destruction. After Zhang Juzheng passed away, the opposition party in the Wanli court liquidated Zhang Juzheng, indifferent and ruthless. Emperor Wanli kept silent about Zhang Juzheng's contribution, and also used Zhang Juzheng's liquidation incident to start a political group struggle in the court.
Finally, in the struggle between Wanli and the officials, the results of Zhang Juzheng’s reforms were all denied, so the so-called Wanli reforms were refrigerated, and the system after the Ming reforms was almost abolished. Fortunately, Wanli finally woke up. The reforms were not allowed to stop, but after this incident, no one of Daming officials dared to admonish reforms. After all, Zhang Juzheng was so framed for his country and people all his life. After the Zhang Juzheng incident, the Wenchen Group began to create a gap with the imperial family, which laid a hidden danger for the later Donglin party struggle.
Chongzhen removed Wei Zhongxian, killed Yuan Chonghuan, suppressed military commanders and eunuch forces
Why, Chongzhen removed Wei Zhongxian and beheaded the anti-Qing hero Yuan Chonghuan as a turning point for Ming Dynasty? In fact, during Wei Zhongxian's period, Daming could still continue his life, but he must also ensure the stability of the court while continuing his life. If there is a little disturbance, Daming will be forever.
and Wei Zhongxian is obviously a sharp sword that Ming needs to counterbalance the forces of the Donglin civil servants during this period; unfortunately, Zhu Youjian destroyed this sharp sword and also contained the power of the eunuchs, which directly led to the balance with the civil servants. The power of eunuchs has completely fallen; then the only force that can compete with the power of civil servants is the power of military officials.
However, Daming has always had a tradition of unbelieving military commanders, and Zhu Youjian is no exception. He did not trust the generals who shed blood and sacrificed for Daming. Instead, he felt that they would rebel. Later, at the instigation of civil servants, he eliminated the generals. Yuan Chonghuan, the most prestigious in the group, died, and the Liaodong generals were cold about Daming, and many Liaodong generals would never give their lives to Daming anymore, and many even surrendered to the Qing Dynasty. It can be said that Daming's road to life was completely closed by Chongzhen.
Nanming’s internal friction was the root of the empire’s fall.
After the fall of Daming, some imperial families established a small court of Nanming in the south. At first, Zhu Yousong succeeded to the throne, that is, Emperor Hongguang of Nanming, but soon the Qing army attacked Nanjing. So Emperor Hongguang died; later King Lu and King Tang were in ShaoXing and Fuzhou proclaimed themselves emperors, but the two royal clan members fought each other because of who was orthodox, and the Qing army watched from the side without intervening; however, these two regimes pointed the finger at the peasant army and failed The Qing army threatened seriously. When the two regimes had finished fighting, the Qing army marched directly to destroy them.
Later, Emperor Shaowu and Emperor Yongli proclaimed themselves emperors together in Guangdong in the same year, so the two small courts fought for orthodoxy again, but this time before the war, the Shaowu regime was destroyed by the Qing army. Although the Yongli regime The orthodoxy was temporarily mastered, but the same internal civil forces and the local military forces in the region were fighting each other, so when the Qing army came, the small court of Yongli was quickly annihilated, and finally the Yongli emperor was exiled to Burma, and the Yongli emperor finally could not escape. The doom of being executed, Nan Ming also completely ended.
at the end of
Ming’s decline from prosperity to decline is due to certain reasons. This is not just a problem of the emperor, but the entire court atmosphere has serious problems; these problems are mainly due to the failure to establish a sound political system in the early stage, and the mid-term The court likes to fight again. So why did this happen? In fact, the summary is that the emperor did not trust his subjects, and the subjects were not loyal to the emperor. Although there were restrictions on the emperor and ministers during the Ming Dynasty, the existence of the "factory guard" completely separated the relationship between the monarch and the minister. major factor.
From Zhu Yuanzhang's high-handed policy on officials until the late Ming Dynasty, the empire needed the loyalty of civil servants, but hundreds of years of political experience told the civil servants that the king is not credible, and only his power and money are credible; The fatal thing is that the Ming Dynasty’s system of feudal lords destroyed the Ming Dynasty. This was the root of the Ming Dynasty’s demise.
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