Tao Qian, whose name is Gongzu, was born in Danyang County, Yangzhou in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and served as a pastoralist in Xuzhou in the chaos of the late Han Dynasty. Speaking of Tao Qian, I am afraid that in the impression of many people, he is a wimpy honest person in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Actually in history, Tao Qian was not an honest man who "eight sticks could not make a sullen fart", he was a warlord with political means in the chaos of the end of Han Dynasty.
said that when he was young, he was also a bad temper, stubborn character, and a ruthless character who spoke without mercy, so that he was not likable in officialdom.
Tao Qian Tao Qian (132-194), whose name is Gongzu, was born in Danyang County, Danyang County (now Bowang District, Ma'anshan City, Anhui Province). One of the heroes in the late Han Dynasty. Tao Qian is young and studious, gentle and honest, upright and ambitious. At first, he served in Zhoujun and was elected as Maocai. He served successively as Shu and Lu two county magistrates, Youzhou governor, and Yilang. In March of the second year of Lingdi Zhongping (185), Tao Qian followed General Zuo Huangfusong. Going to Sansuke to fight against Beigong Boyu, he was appointed as Yangwu Lieutenant, and then followed by Zhang Wenzheng and Han Sui...
The author first tells two stories about his youth.
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Young Qisheng
Keywords: Tao Qian and Zhang Pan, Tao Qian and Zhang Wen
The first story is Tao Qian’s early years Served as Shu Lingshi in Lujiang County, Yangzhou.
At that time, Tao Qian’s superior leader-Lujiang prefect was Zhang Pan, and Zhang Pan and Tao Qian’s father were good friends. From the perspective of human relationships, it was equivalent to Tao Qian being an official in the shadow of his father’s generation. .
Zhang Pan is also a person who understands the world, seeing Tao Qian, the son of a good friend, naturally wants to get close and promote. However, the young and energetic Tao Qian didn't think so.
Once, Tao Qian went to a banquet held by Zhang Pan. At the banquet, Zhang Pan specially called for Tao Qian to dance. It was meant to be entertainment, and the leader’s words were not a matter of principle. Most people would obey.
But Tao Qian refused to show Zhang Pan's face in public, and refused to play. Zhang Pan felt embarrassed, and it was difficult to take back what he said, so he licked his face and sent out invitations again and again.
When everyone saw this, they couldn't keep the leader so embarrassed. They had to help the leader to warm up the field, so everyone followed up with a coax, "Come on!" Tao Qian barely stood up.
Then what? Tao Qian barely made two gestures in the field to indicate that he had finished the jump. This...the scene was once again embarrassing to the freezing point.
Zhang Pan’s face is no longer valid, he asks Tao Qian: "Why did you finish jumping so quickly? Why don't you go around?"
Tao Qian replied in a pun-like manner: "I can't Turn, I will be better than someone.”
Because “turn” means “promotion” in ancient times, the pun in Tao Qian’s passage is: I can’t be promoted, I will surpass you if I am promoted. .
Well, when it comes to this, Zhang Pan's affection for Tao Qian can only end here. "Book of Wu" said Zhang Pan "hate because of love", and then only wanted to punish Tao Qian, and finally Tao Qian himself felt unable to stay, so he resigned and ran away.
The second story is about Tao Qian's expedition to Guanzhong.
At the end of the first year of Zhongping (184), the Qianghu people in Liangzhou, as well as some Han officers and soldiers, took advantage of the imperial court to put down the Yellow Turban rebellion, and also made chaos under the banner of "clear the eunuchs". The following year (185), the imperial court sent a chariot general Huang Fusong to Liangzhou to quell the rebellion.
Huangfusong was the top performer in the battle to put down the Yellow Turban last year. It can be said that the Emperor of Han Ling had high hopes for him. When Huangfusong selected Yilang Taoqian as the captain of Yangwu, he went with the army.
played for a little half a year, Huangfusong did not achieve results in the battle in Chang'an, and because of offending Zhongchang servant Zhang Rang, Zhao Zhong. Zhang Rang and Zhao Zhong slandered in front of the Emperor of Han Ling, so Huangfu Song was relieved of military power and replaced with Sikong Zhang Wen to take over the army in Chang'an.
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Tao Qian and Zhang Wen's bond
ThisZhang Wen was a celebrity who was a pro-eunuch. According to the rules of the Han Ling Emperor, he had to pay when he was an official. Needless to say, Zhang Wen also spent a lot of money and had a good relationship with the eunuchs.
So, seeing Zhang Wen, who is a pro-eunuch, succeeded Huangfu Song, who was unyielding to the eunuch, Tao Qian's arrogance was reflected.
Tao Qian was very disdainful of Zhang Wen. He even insulted Zhang Wen in public at a cocktail party and prevented Zhang Wen from getting off the stage. Zhang Wen couldn't stand the humiliation, and publicly announced that Tao Qian's official was exempted and exiled to the frontier fortress of Bingzhou to do coolies.
After Tao Qian was driven away, some people also helped Tao Qian intercede. When Zhang Wen's anger subsided, he probably thought that he was also a celebrity, and he wanted a large number of adults, so he regretted it and sent someone there. Chase Tao Qian back.
The middleman who helped Tao Qian talk to the end is also a good person. When Tao Qian comes back, he will go to him and say: "I will arrange for you and Zhang Gong to meet at the gate of the palace tomorrow. You tell him I apologize, even if this matter is turned over, what do you think?"
Tao Qian didn't say much after hearing this, but he stubbornly agreed. The middleman quickly reported to Zhang Wen: "Tomorrow Tao Qian will wait for you outside the palace gate, and he will apologize to you then."
Zhang Wen listened: "Okay, my lord has a lot, he apologizes. Of course I accepted it!”
turned out to be the next day, Zhang Wen and Tao Qian "encountered" outside the palace gate, Tao Qian saw Zhang Wen, but did not bow his head to admit his mistake, but raised his head and said:" I want to apologize to the court. How could it be for you?"
Zhang Wen looked at it, this was put on again, but his lord has a lot of them, so he only sneered at each other: "Gongzu, your madness is not cured. Huh?" Then Zhang Wen still set up the banquet, which was a turn of the story.
In this way, Zhang Wen may not want to be familiar with him.
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served as Xuzhou
Keywords: worship for the governor of Xuzhou, put down the Yellow Turban rebellion
In the five years of Zhongping (188), rebellions in various parts of the Eastern Han Empire continued one after another For example, Liu Hong, the Emperor of Han Ling, reformed state politics and selected capable celebrities to take up positions. For example, Liu Yu was appointed as Youzhou Mu, Liu Yan was appointed as Yizhou Mu, Huang Wan was appointed as Yuzhou Mu, and Jia Cong was appointed as Jizhou Provincial Governor. Tao Qianbai is Xuzhou Governor .
At that time, Xuzhou was making trouble with the Yellow Turban. "The Story of Tao Qian in the Later Han Dynasty" wrote that after Tao Qian arrived:
" hit the Yellow Turban and broke away, the territory Yanran ".
As for how Tao Qian defeated the Yellow Turban Army, some clues were recorded in the "Three Kingdoms: Zang Ba Biography", saying that Tao Qian wooed the Taishan rogue Zang Ba, Sun Guan and others against the Yellow Turban.
Zang Ba and Sun Guan are both bandits from Taishan County, Yanzhou.
Zang Ba’s father has offended the prefect. After being arrested in the field, he will be sent to the county government for punishment. Zang Ba learned that he took dozens of escorts and went to intercept the escort team of more than 100 people. Successfully rescued his father and fled to Xuzhou Donghai Country for refuge.
After Tao Qian took office, instead of arresting them, he recruited and appointed Zang Ba as the captain of the cavalry, so that he would lead the cavalry to fight the Yellow Turban army.
In the Chuping period, Yuzhou governor Sun Jian also played Zhu Zhi as a captain of the superintendent, and went to assist Tao Qian in the crusade against the Yellow Turban. It can be seen that Tao Qian and Sun Jian have a good personal relationship. This may be because Tao Qian and Sun Jian worked together under Zhang Wen.
Tao Qian was born in Danyang. Danyang soldiers were quite famous at that time. For example, in the first year of Chuping (190) Cao Cao also recruited Danyang soldiers to Yangzhou with Xiahou Dun and Cao Hong to supplement their strength.
Tao Qian also had such a Danyang soldier when he was in Xuzhou, and his commander was fellow Cao Bao and Xu Dan. To say something later, it is also true that although Danyang soldiers are well-known in history books, there is no record of their achievements.
Tao Qian's recruitment and appointment of Xuzhou scholars is also remarkable.
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陶谦人事发布图
Langya celebrity Zhao Yu was appointed by Tao Qian at the beginningDon't drive, Wang Lang, a celebrity in the East China Sea, was appointed to be engaged in governance, and both of them were reused by Tao Qian.
Pengcheng celebrity Zhang Zhao refused Tao Qian’s invitation to recruit. Tao Qian was very angry and wanted to vent his anger by punishing Zhang Zhao. Later, it was Zhao Yu who pleaded for Zhang Zhao, and Tao Qian stopped. Zhang Zhao later entered Jiangdong and returned to Sun Ce. After the death of Tao Qian, Zhang Zhao also mourned Tao Qian.
Tao Qian also has nepotism.
For example, Ruo Rong from his hometown served as the minister of Pengcheng. This person is of low moral character and believes in Buddhism. Under the name of Buddha, he is madly collecting money and embezzling public funds. Tao Qian is indifferent to him. .
During the turbulent times of the late Han Dynasty, because of the Qingzhou Yellow Scarf, a large number of people flocked to Xuzhou to seek refuge. For example, the Qingzhou celebrity Zheng Xuan, so the plain state minister Chen Ji, so Jiujiang prefect Fuqian and others moved to Xuzhou, seeking Tao Qian’s shelter.
Among these celebrities, Zheng Xuan has the highest reputation. "The Book of the Later Han·The Biography of Zheng Xuan" says that Tao Qian "gives a gift to Zheng Xuan".
Runan celebrity Xu Shao also took refuge in Xuzhou, Tao Qian also treated him politely, but Xu Shao had a bad impression of Tao Qian, he believed that Tao Qian was just trying to gain fame, not sincerely treating scholars. ; Later Xu Shao found an opportunity to leave Xuzhou and went to Yangzhou Governor Liu Yao.
"The Story of Xu Shao in the Later Han Dynasty" stated that Tao Qian did arrest many scholars living in Xuzhou. There is no other historical evidence to confirm this matter, and only God knows the specific details. After
aa Han# 05588 Author: Fan Ye content in this post Biography Guo Fu Xu Biography
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chaos warlords
Keywords: crusade against Dong Zhuo, Xiang Liu Xie expressed loyalty and flexible political means
In the first year of Chuping (190 years), the princes of Guandong rose up against Dong. In an environment of public opinion against Dong Zhuo, Tao Qian was very calm. He remained neutral on this, showing that he did not agree with what the brothers Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu did.
This is different from "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". In Luo Guanzhong's writings, Tao Qian is a loyal and patriotic man, and one of the 18 princes who sought Dong. Looking at Tao Qian in history, the truth is just the opposite.
Later, Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu fought for power, and the banner of Guandong anti-Dong was carried by Henan Yin Zhujun, who was based in Henan.
Zhu Jun was originally controlled by Dong Zhuo. After Sun Jian attacked Luoyang (191), he announced his participation in anti-Dong. Zhu Jun first sought refuge with Yuan Shu, but Yuan Shu and Sun Jian had to concentrate on fighting Yuan Shao, so Zhu Jun turned to others Local officials asked for help.
As the governor of Xuzhou Tao Qian, at this time, he expressed his anti-Dong position and stood up to help Zhu Jun. It is said in the history books that Tao Qian assisted three thousand elite soldiers and also represented Zhu Jun as the general of chariots.
You must know that last year (190), Yuan Shao, the leader of the anti-Dong coalition army, also called himself a general chariot. Tao Qian's operation obviously separated "the alliance between himself and Zhu Jun" and "Yuan Shao's military clique". Open.
It’s a pity that Zhu Jun, who occupies Henan Province, is still weak and is not an opponent of Dong Zhuo’s army. Niufu, who is based in Shanxian County, sent Li Wei, Guo Yan, Jia Xu and others to lead the army. Defeat Zhu Jun and then attack Chen Liu and Yingchuan.
When Dong Zhuo was killed in Chang'an in April of the following year (192), Li Chang and others hurriedly withdrew after hearing the change. Soon, on June 1, Li Chang’s Liangzhou Army successfully invaded the city of Chang’an and took control of the government. . Facing the Liangzhou people's "power restoration", Tao Qian once again formed an "anti-Li Su alliance" with Zhu Jun.
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Tao Qian and Yuan Shao group division
Facing the trouble of Tao Qian and Zhu Jun, Li Yi adopted the strategy of Jia Xu and Zhou Zhong: using the court The edict levied Zhu Jun into the court and made a wish. Zhu Jun weighed repeatedly and chose to enlist in Chang'an.
"What?! The leader of the anti-Li Shou alliance chose to surrender without a fight?"-After Zhu Jun left, Tao Qian was left in an awkward situation.
does not matter! Political means superTao Qian, who was agile and changeable, immediately dispatched Wang Lang and Zhao Yu to the court to pay tribute to the emperor Liu Xie—in fact, it was aimed at Li Su.
Li Su also understands his mind, and through the imperial edict to reward Tao Qian: moved to Xuzhou Mu, added General An Dong, and named Liyanghou.
Look at: The governor has been upgraded to state animal husbandry, added the name of general, and sealed him. This was the highest commendation from the officials under the political system of the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, there was also Liu Biao, the governor of Jingzhou, who also received tribute to the Chang'an court to win the prizes of Jingzhou Mu, Zhennan General, and Fengcheng Wuhou.
The power of role models is endless. Since then, more local officials have also sent people to pay tribute to the Chang'an court in order to obtain rewards.
After being approved by the Chang'an court, Tao Qian made an alliance with Yuan Shu to fight Yuan Shao. At that time, Yuan Shu was still in Nanyang, Jingzhou, and Tao Qian joined forces with Gongsun Zan and fought a great battle with Yuan Shao and Cao Cao.
There is a gap between Yuan Shu and (Yuan) Shao, so Shu turns to Gongsun Zan. Zan makes Liu Bei go to Gaotang and only passes through the plains, and Tao Qian goes out to force Shao. Both Taizu and Shao Hui will break them.
aa Three Kingdoms# 05588 Author:. Shou Wu Ji Wei Cipian content
This time the battle is described in "Emperor Wu Ji" is the beginning of the level four years (193) spring. finally ended with the defeat of the allied forces of Tao Qian and Gongsun Zan.
Yuan Shao+Cao Cao Vs Tao Qian+刘备+单经
On the side of Jingzhou, Jingzhou Mu Liubiao became Yuan Shao’s ally and began to attack Yuan Shu in Nanyang. Yuan Shu was unpopular in Nanyang. , I could only enter Yuzhou east, and contacted the Black Mountain Army, Southern Huns Army, and Yuzhou Yellow Turban Army to attack Jizhou (Yuan Shao) and Yanzhou (Zhang Miao).
Cao Cao Teng shot his hand to help Zhang Miao, defeating Yuan Shu's coalition forces in the first battle of Kuangting. Because Liu Biao had already occupied Nanyang, Yuan Shu had no way to go, so he could only continue to flee east and enter Yangzhou.
Later, Yuan Shu killed the Yangzhou governor Chen Wen and took Shouchun, only to gain a firm foothold in Yangzhou.
At this moment, Yuan Shu and Tao Qian fell out again. Yuan Shu called himself "Xuzhou Bo" and was ready to use Xuzhou with troops. Tao Qian also saw the changes in the situation and took precautions against Yuan Shu.
For example, Lu Fan from Runan accepted Sun Ce's instructions and went to Jiangdu to pick up Sun Ce's mother. After Tao Qian heard about it, he sent someone to round up Lu Fan because Tao Qian stubbornly believed that Lu Fan was a spy sent by Yuan Shu.
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Cao Song’s death
Keywords: Que Xuan rebellion, Cao Song’s family was killed, and Cao Cao’s relationship
Chuping four years (193) June , The Que Xuan rebellion broke out in the Xia Pi State of Xuzhou. Tao Qian also adopted a strategy of pacifying Que Xuan and allowed Que Xuan's rebels to go north, allowing them to invade Rencheng State, Taishan County and other places in Yanzhou.
At this time, the Yanzhou governor is Cao Cao. This move can be said to be Tao Qian's plan to kill people with a knife. His abacus is very good.
In fact, before that, Cao Cao knew that he had offended Tao Qian in the battle last year. He foresaw that the deteriorating relationship between the two sides would be very detrimental to his father, Cao Song, who had taken refuge in Langya, Xuzhou.
Just this year, Langya King Liu Rong also passed away, and Cao Song also lost his backing. Before, Cao Song chose to take refuge in Langya because of a very good personal relationship with Liu Rong.
In the comic book "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", Cao Song reads the letter
Cao Song is also an "old river and lake". Seeing that Langya country should not stay long, he decided to take his family and a lot of belongings. Yanzhou defected to his son Cao Cao. The route was from Langya Kingdom to Taishan County. Cao Cao got the information and arranged for Taishan Prefect Ying Shao to go to meet him on the way.
But things backfired, Cao Song's family died at the hands of Tao Qian's soldiers.
Of course, the story of this story in the "Book of Wu" is: Tao Qian kindly sent Du Wei Zhang Kai to lead two hundred cavalry soldiers to escort Cao Song away., But Zhang Kai coveted Cao Song's property, killed Cao Song on the way, and ran away.
Luo Guanzhong also adopted this record in order to portray the image of Tao Qian as an honest person in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
Actually, it is an indisputable fact that Cao Song died at the hands of Tao Qian's soldiers. Secondly, Tao Qian and Cao Cao had a bad relationship first, and there was no reason to participate in escorting Cao Song. The reason for "Book of Wu" is really unconvincing.
even considered this matter when Sima Guang compiled the "Tong Jian Kao Yi", Tao Qian instructed Que Xuan to go north to Mount Tai, which was probably part of the murder.
"Tong Jian Kao Yi": "Wei Zhi · Wu Ji" said that Qian "together with Xuan, take Taishan Hua and Fei, and then reign in the city", "Qian Biography" also said that "Qian Shi and he followed , Then killed him, and the others".
Press, Qian has the king of Xuzhou, Tuo Yiqin, how can he declare thousands of people and follow him? Gai Qian did not attack Cao Song with Xuan, so Cao Cao used this as the ear of Qian's crime.
Regardless of the mystery behind this conspiracy, Cao Song was dead in a foreign land, and Tao Qian completely offended Cao Cao. Hearing the sad news, Cao Cao attacked Tao Qian in Yanzhou Oath to avenge his father.
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二伐徐州
In the fall of the fourth year (193), Cao Cao led his army to invade Pengchengguo, Xuzhou from Xiaopei, and fought against Tao Qian’s Xuzhou army in Fuyang , Tao Qian's army was defeated and could only retreat to Tan and Wuyuan. (Tan County is Tao Qian’s governing place)
Cao Cao was unable to break through Tao Qian’s second line of defense, so he led his army south to Piguo, and successively conquered the county towns such as Juxian, Suiling and Xiaqiu. The local people were slaughtered. At that time, many people crossed the river for refuge.
As for Tao Qian, Tian Kai, the governor of Qingzhou under Gongsun Zan's command, brought Liu Bei to lead his army to reinforce Xuzhou. Cao Cao saw that it was difficult to have another chance, and his army was running out, so he chose to retreat back to Yanzhou in the winter. The
crisis has passed, Tian Kai also expressed his intention to withdraw troops, because Tian Kai and Zang Hong (Yuan Shao-she's Qingzhou provincial governor) are still competing for the plain country, reinforcements are only a temporary need.
Tao Qian was very aware of the current affairs and took the opportunity to retain Liu Bei. "The First Master's Biography" said that Tao Qian played Liu Bei as the governor of Yuzhou and handed over the Danyang soldiers (Cao Bao, Xu Dan) under his command to Liu Bei. The favorable conditions were given to Liu Bei.
Then, Liu Bei "seeing profit and forgetting justice", left Tian Kai and went to Xiaopei.
In the spring of the second year (194), Cao Cao organized a second military campaign against Xuzhou.
This time Cao Cao didn't take Xiaopei like the first time, but slyly changed the route from Mount Tai to Langya.
Cao Cao's change caught Tao Qian's army off guard. From Langya to the East China Sea, Cao Cao's army was like a broken bamboo, and Tao Qian was once again shrouded in the city of Tanxian.
finally waited until Liu Bei and Cao Bao, who had arrived from Xiaopei for reinforcements, fought a decisive battle with the Cao Cao Army outside Tanxian City, but they were still defeated by the Cao Cao Army. By this time, Tao Qian in the city finally felt desperate, and even wanted to abandon Xuzhou and cross the river back to his hometown.
But this story in history is full of drama. At this point, there is a turning point: Chen Liu, the prefect Zhang Miao, took advantage of Cao Cao’s eastward conquest of Xuzhou, and joined Lv Bu to seize most of the Yanzhou site.
Cao Cao heard of the Yanzhou incident and a fire broke out in his backyard, so he had to withdraw his troops quickly. Let Tao Qian go again.
In the first year of Xingping, (Cao Cao) returned to the East Expedition, and outlined the counties of Langxie and Donghai. (Tao) Modestly, he wants to go back to Danyang. When Zhang Miao rebels against Lu Bu, Taizu retaliates against Bu.
aa Three Kingdoms# 05588 Author:. Wei Chen Shou Cipian content in two four Chuan Tao Kung
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Tuogu
Tao Qian Cao Cao's army to withdraw After leaving, Tao Qian in the city of Tanxian breathed a sigh of relief, but the good times didn't last long, and Tao Qian fell ill and was dying.
Before Tao Qian passed away, he once said to Bie Jia Mi Zhu: "It's not Liu Bei that can't settle in this state." When Tao Qian passed away, MiZhu took state officials with him to welcome Liu Bei to take over Xuzhou.
is often asked, why does Tao Qian not let his son take over Xuzhou?
Don’t say anything, Pei Songzhi’s commentary in "Book of Wu" mentioned that Tao Qian has two sons: 陶商、陶应. He also specifically stated that neither of them came out as officials.
The reason is very simple, because Tao Qian knows that his grievances with Cao Cao led to the massacre of the people in Xuzhou. If he continues to let his son serve as an official in Xuzhou, I am afraid that the people in Xuzhou will continue to be retaliated by Cao Cao. It is difficult for his own son to survive in troubled times.
So Tao Qian’s choice was to give up Xuzhou: the best choice for his descendants and the locals in Xuzhou.
(Material source: https://www.allhistory.com/article/5c349d9a3ae20d0001663d3f; infringement must be deleted.)
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