Introduction
dials the time pointer back for five hundred years. There is a group of special people on the land of in the Ming Dynasty. The mighty and arrogant people are wearing flying fish suits and are arrogant, while the down-and-outs are mingling in the alleys in a civilized clothes, and those who are hiding under others serve the people next to high-ranking officials. However, no matter what their identity is in the open and what kind of business they are doing, when they hide in the dark, they all have a common name - Jinyiwei .
The reputation of the Jinyiwei is not only passed down from generation to generation in the Ming Dynasty, but also today. Even those who know nothing about the history of the Ming Dynasty can learn about this famous institution through film and television dramas. , however, is the iron-blooded institution of Jinyiwei, known as "the blood of Jinyixians slaughtered 90 million, and he was ordered to be the emperor for this reason", but it is not as simple as the public's cognition.
Its formation has gone through a tortuous process.
movie "Embroidered Spring Sword"
1. From the Gongwei Department to the Personal Military Governor's Office, the predecessor of the Jinyiwei was restructured and the formation of the Jinyiwei was not the emperor's whim and recruiting talents everywhere appeared out of thin air. Its formation comes from the personnel team and organizational framework left by the predecessor organization. In the history of the Ming Dynasty, the Jinyiwei, or the predecessor of the Jinyiwei, had existed for a long time. This time, even earlier than that of Zhu Yuanzhang and the establishment of the Ming Dynasty. Guard Department, is an imperial guard office established by Zhu Yuanzhang himself, used for protection and ceremonial guards. The establishment of the Guard Department of
was not unique to Zhu Yuanzhang. It has existed in all dynasties with emperor guards or relying on troops. Han Yulin Army , and Han , and Tang Qianwu Guards are both special forces that guard the imperial city and the ruling class under such imperial guard system. Zhu Yuanzhang's original intention of setting up the Guarding Department was just to let it assume the function of protection as the main focus. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang did not expect that the unintentional guard department of would become the Jinyiwei, the secret service agency he trusted most after experiencing many twists and turns.
" in the year of Jiachen in December, Yimao, the Gongwei Department was established to command the lieutenant. The Grand Governor's Office was established, and the seventh rank was established."
"Records of the Ming Taizu"
"Records of the Ming Taizu" , the records of the Gongwei Department can make us clearly know that it was established in the "Jiachen year", and the Jiachen year here was 1364, which was earlier than 1368 when Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor. Therefore, if traces the origin, the Jinyiwei, which used Gongwei Department as its predecessor, was released four years earlier than the founding of the Ming Dynasty
in . As an important official office of the Ming Dynasty, the Gongwei Department mainly undertakes the security and ceremonial work of Zhu Yuanzhang during the "King of Wu" period and the emperor's period. and another department at the same time Yiluansi also had a profound impact on the Jinyiwei, who was called "Benyiluansi" in later generations. Although Yiluansi is the same as Gongwei Department, its historical origins are much longer than Gongwei Department. Yiluansi first originated in Song Dynasty , and is responsible for the protection and ceremonial work of the emperor's travel, sacrifices and ceremonial work. sounds like an insignificant department, but it is not.
We all know that as the emperor, his every move must be in line with the way of heaven and Confucian etiquette. The specifications, etiquette systems of the emperor's travel chariot, and the sacrifices as national affairs have very complicated and cumbersome processes and specifications. In layman's terms, this is not an exaggeration to the emperor's face. Therefore, the members of Yiluansi must also be elite people and are deeply trusted by the emperor. Zhu Yuanzhang followed the old system and established the Yiluansi, which was no different from the previous generations. The Jinyiwei developed on this basis, which was able to become a spy agency directly belonging to the emperor, was also influenced by the Yiluansi. Although the Emperor's Travel Ceremony
Gongwei Department played an important role in the history of the Ming Dynasty, it did not exist for a long time. Hongwu In the third year, the Gongwei Department was reorganized into the pro-military military governor's office, no longer affiliated with the Ming Dynasty military system, and became an imperial guard organization directly responsible to the emperor. If we look at it today, it obviously changed from an army to a somewhat similar "bodyguard".After the restructuring of the Guards Department of the , the functions of the Personal Military Governor's Office were more inclined to the imperial guards, and the functions of the ceremonial guards could only be fully responsible for the Yiluan Department, and the Yiluan Department was thus under the jurisdiction of the Personal Military Governor's Office.
From the beginning of the separation of the Gongwei Department and the Yiluan Department to the establishment of the Prefectural Governor's Office, the predecessor organizations of the Jinyiwei belong to the one department of the Prefectural Governor's Office. Later, the personal military governor's office left the Grand Governor's Office and completely became the "shadow" of the emperor. The Jinyiwei also first appeared in its prototype, waiting for the opportunity to promote history to come.
This opportunity is " Hu Weiyong case ". Friends who have watched Ming dramas may all know about the Hu Weiyong case. The impact of this case on the Ming Dynasty was no less than the Tumubao Incident in later generations. It was also because of the outbreak of the Hu Weiyong case that Zhu Yuanzhang took advantage of the situation and directly abolished the prime minister system that had lasted for thousands of years in China. The details of this case will not be described here. let’s take a look at how the Hu Weiyong case promoted the establishment of the Jinyiwei.
Hu Weiyong's film and television image
After the Hu Weiyong case broke out, Zhu Yuanzhang, who had already had a lot of suspicion of civil and military officials, could no longer sit still. He was worried that if there were any civil and military officials and military officials who had colluded, the Ming Dynasty he had captured would be in danger of decline at any time. So in order to supervise all officials and collect information, Zhu Yuanzhang issued an edict in the 15th year of Hongwu (1382):
"Changed Yiluansi to the Jinyiwei, set up a commander, and ranked third rank."
's sentence also represents that the Jinyiwei entered the historical stage of the Ming Dynasty and began to show its bloody style and sharp fangs.
2. Structure of the Jinyiwei - the division of labor of the first five and the last six institutes was clear. When the Jinyiwei was established, it had not completely escaped from the shadow of the former Guard and Yiluan. There were still seven departments including the imperial chair, fan hand, axe and halberd, and halberd, and horse training. is not difficult to see from the name that these seven departments still bear the "old business" of ceremonial guards. However, in addition to these "old abilities", the new changes of the Jinyiwei are the top priority. "The fourteen offices of the North and South Town Fushi Office, which are under the jurisdiction of generals, Lishi, and the lieutenant, who are in charge of guards and inspecting and arresting."
Jinyiwei Commander Waist Card
" Ming Shi " records that the structure of the Jinyiwei mainly includes the highest commander Jinyiwei Commander, who is the commander of the middle, front, back, left, right, upper middle, up front, upper left, upper right, middle back, elephant training office, Nanfang Fushi Office and other four. At its peak, it was subdivided into front, back, left, right, upper right, etc., with a total of 17 offices, commanding all the lieutenants, Lishi, etc.
Therefore, there are many debates between the Fourteenth and Seventeenth Institutes of the Jinyiwei, and it has not been concluded until today. However, it is undeniable that the efficient work efficiency of the Jinyiwei is inseparable from its clear internal division of functions. Among the Jinyiwei
, the first five schools are elites from the predecessors Gongwei and Yiluanshi.
is mainly responsible for the emperor's imperial guards and ceremonial guards. Like Yiluansi, it is the most elite and most trusted department in the entire Jinyiwei. They can undertake all tasks ordered by the emperor, including but not limited to spying, assassination, intelligence, interrogation, torture and other things that are shameful and openly defending their own ceremonial work. The members of the Jinyiwei in the top five institutes of
can be regarded as one of thousands. In addition to their excellent personal abilities, they must also ensure their unparalleled loyalty to the emperor. This is also the most common member of the Jinyiwei we see in film and television dramas. They often move in front of the emperor and are the most core part of the Jinyiwei.
, the front and middle schools are mainly responsible for secondary intelligence and other tasks.
Because the Jinyiwei was everywhere in the Ming Dynasty, people were panicked. The Jinyiwei handled a large number of cases "Jinyi Prisons". In addition to being the top five schools that could become the emperor's confidant, most of these "Jinyi Prisons" were responsible for these six schools.
monitors letter exchanges between ministers, penetrates into the market to spy on intelligence, secretly execute target tasks, undercover hibernation and other tasks, and can find experts from them. This is also the key to the reputation of the Jinyiwei that makes people scared. It is not an exaggeration to say that one can stop a child from crying at night.
Other institutions of the Jinyiwei also have their own functions.
The functions of the Elephant Taming Institute are easy to understand. The Horse Army Institute is mainly responsible for a series of complex tasks of the royal horse, but it sounds a bit like the "Bima Wen" of the Ming Dynasty. It doesn't match the cruel and ruthless Jinyiwei in our impression, but it is indeed part of Jinyiwei.
As for military farms, we need to understand the ward system of in the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty established garrison in all parts of the country, which was stationed by the "army" and served as an army for generations. It reclaimed land and planted on its own, solved the food and food problems of the garrison garrison and reduced the pressure on state expenditure. The Ming Dynasty was able to achieve actual control in Northeast region of , which benefited from the garrison system. What is linked to the military farming station is the military farming system in the military farm. They are responsible for supervising and managing the corresponding troubles and problems under the military farming uniforms, which is considered an unknown part of the Jinyiwei.
3. The etiquette system of the Jinyiwei - Flying fish suit and embroidered spring sword are symbols of identity
In addition to the distinct organizational structure, the Jinyiwei also has a unique etiquette system within the Jinyiwei.
Flying Fish Suit
Feiwei's senior officials will wear high-end clothing such as Flying Fish Suit, Bomb Sleeping , Bulfighting Suit .
The most famous one is definitely the flying fish suit, but it is different from everyone's understanding that everyone in the Jinyiwei has an embroidered spring sword on his waist and wears a flying fish suit. The real Jinyiwei Feiyu suit must be a precious clothing that can only be worn by the third rank of official positions.
The so-called "flying fish" is not a fish, but a dragon with a fish tail, which is generally rewarded by the emperor. The flying fish suit symbolizes not only status, but also the emperor's favor, so not everyone can wear it.
However, the Xiuchun Sword is indeed a Jinyiwei standard weapon. This weapon that combines the Japanese sword elements is solid and sharp, suitable for slashing. Now, it has become a symbol of Jinyiwei in our eyes.
Conclusion
Jinyiwei relied on the strong foundation left by the predecessors Gongwei and Yiluansi, and the organizational structure with clear division of labor. This was why he was deeply loved by Emperor Ming and quickly became an indispensable and important institution in the Ming Dynasty.
Looking at the process of the Jinyiwei from its predecessor to its infancy, to its infancy, and then to its initial formation, it is tortuous and complex. After experiencing a comprehensive transformation from organizational structure to functional power, it has formed the real Jinyiwei.
Perhaps because of its difficult and tortuous birth process, the Jinyiwei showed his bloodthirsty sharpness as soon as he appeared, causing countless bloody storms in the Ming Dynasty, like the sharpest knife. In the hands of the monarch who is in a grand plan, it is a powerful tool to maintain the monarchy's power and autocracy. In the hands of the mediocre and foolish monarch, it is the powerful ministers of the eunuch party and urged to eliminate dissident accomplices until they finally died in history. Perhaps only the red flying fish suit and the cold embroidered spring sword can be engraved with its glory in history.
Reference materials:
"History of Ming Dynasty"
"Records of Taizu of Ming Dynasty"
"Emperor of Jinyiwei Experience Department of the Ministry of Justice for the Meritorious Official Banner to Promote Narrative Handbook"
"Soldier Examination·Imperial Guard" (Ming Dynasty) Wang Qi
"Visiting Window Talks·Embroidered Uniform Guard" (Qing Dynasty) Chen Xi
" in the year of Jiachen in December, Yimao, the Gongwei Department was established to command the lieutenant. The Grand Governor's Office was established, and the seventh rank was established."
"Changed Yiluansi to the Jinyiwei, set up a commander, and ranked third rank."
"The fourteen offices of the North and South Town Fushi Office, which are under the jurisdiction of generals, Lishi, and the lieutenant, who are in charge of guards and inspecting and arresting."
Jinyiwei Commander Waist Card
" Ming Shi " records that the structure of the Jinyiwei mainly includes the highest commander Jinyiwei Commander, who is the commander of the middle, front, back, left, right, upper middle, up front, upper left, upper right, middle back, elephant training office, Nanfang Fushi Office and other four. At its peak, it was subdivided into front, back, left, right, upper right, etc., with a total of 17 offices, commanding all the lieutenants, Lishi, etc.
Therefore, there are many debates between the Fourteenth and Seventeenth Institutes of the Jinyiwei, and it has not been concluded until today. However, it is undeniable that the efficient work efficiency of the Jinyiwei is inseparable from its clear internal division of functions. Among the Jinyiwei
, the first five schools are elites from the predecessors Gongwei and Yiluanshi.
is mainly responsible for the emperor's imperial guards and ceremonial guards. Like Yiluansi, it is the most elite and most trusted department in the entire Jinyiwei. They can undertake all tasks ordered by the emperor, including but not limited to spying, assassination, intelligence, interrogation, torture and other things that are shameful and openly defending their own ceremonial work. The members of the Jinyiwei in the top five institutes of
can be regarded as one of thousands. In addition to their excellent personal abilities, they must also ensure their unparalleled loyalty to the emperor. This is also the most common member of the Jinyiwei we see in film and television dramas. They often move in front of the emperor and are the most core part of the Jinyiwei.
, the front and middle schools are mainly responsible for secondary intelligence and other tasks.
Because the Jinyiwei was everywhere in the Ming Dynasty, people were panicked. The Jinyiwei handled a large number of cases "Jinyi Prisons". In addition to being the top five schools that could become the emperor's confidant, most of these "Jinyi Prisons" were responsible for these six schools.
monitors letter exchanges between ministers, penetrates into the market to spy on intelligence, secretly execute target tasks, undercover hibernation and other tasks, and can find experts from them. This is also the key to the reputation of the Jinyiwei that makes people scared. It is not an exaggeration to say that one can stop a child from crying at night.
Other institutions of the Jinyiwei also have their own functions.
The functions of the Elephant Taming Institute are easy to understand. The Horse Army Institute is mainly responsible for a series of complex tasks of the royal horse, but it sounds a bit like the "Bima Wen" of the Ming Dynasty. It doesn't match the cruel and ruthless Jinyiwei in our impression, but it is indeed part of Jinyiwei.
As for military farms, we need to understand the ward system of in the Ming Dynasty.
The Ming Dynasty established garrison in all parts of the country, which was stationed by the "army" and served as an army for generations. It reclaimed land and planted on its own, solved the food and food problems of the garrison garrison and reduced the pressure on state expenditure. The Ming Dynasty was able to achieve actual control in Northeast region of , which benefited from the garrison system. What is linked to the military farming station is the military farming system in the military farm. They are responsible for supervising and managing the corresponding troubles and problems under the military farming uniforms, which is considered an unknown part of the Jinyiwei.
3. The etiquette system of the Jinyiwei - Flying fish suit and embroidered spring sword are symbols of identity
In addition to the distinct organizational structure, the Jinyiwei also has a unique etiquette system within the Jinyiwei.
Flying Fish Suit
Feiwei's senior officials will wear high-end clothing such as Flying Fish Suit, Bomb Sleeping , Bulfighting Suit .
The most famous one is definitely the flying fish suit, but it is different from everyone's understanding that everyone in the Jinyiwei has an embroidered spring sword on his waist and wears a flying fish suit. The real Jinyiwei Feiyu suit must be a precious clothing that can only be worn by the third rank of official positions.
The so-called "flying fish" is not a fish, but a dragon with a fish tail, which is generally rewarded by the emperor. The flying fish suit symbolizes not only status, but also the emperor's favor, so not everyone can wear it.
However, the Xiuchun Sword is indeed a Jinyiwei standard weapon. This weapon that combines the Japanese sword elements is solid and sharp, suitable for slashing. Now, it has become a symbol of Jinyiwei in our eyes.
Conclusion
Jinyiwei relied on the strong foundation left by the predecessors Gongwei and Yiluansi, and the organizational structure with clear division of labor. This was why he was deeply loved by Emperor Ming and quickly became an indispensable and important institution in the Ming Dynasty.
Looking at the process of the Jinyiwei from its predecessor to its infancy, to its infancy, and then to its initial formation, it is tortuous and complex. After experiencing a comprehensive transformation from organizational structure to functional power, it has formed the real Jinyiwei.
Perhaps because of its difficult and tortuous birth process, the Jinyiwei showed his bloodthirsty sharpness as soon as he appeared, causing countless bloody storms in the Ming Dynasty, like the sharpest knife. In the hands of the monarch who is in a grand plan, it is a powerful tool to maintain the monarchy's power and autocracy. In the hands of the mediocre and foolish monarch, it is the powerful ministers of the eunuch party and urged to eliminate dissident accomplices until they finally died in history. Perhaps only the red flying fish suit and the cold embroidered spring sword can be engraved with its glory in history.
Reference materials:
"History of Ming Dynasty"
"Records of Taizu of Ming Dynasty"
"Emperor of Jinyiwei Experience Department of the Ministry of Justice for the Meritorious Official Banner to Promote Narrative Handbook"
"Soldier Examination·Imperial Guard" (Ming Dynasty) Wang Qi
"Visiting Window Talks·Embroidered Uniform Guard" (Qing Dynasty) Chen Xi
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