text丨Mr. Penka
edit丨Mr. Penka
After World War II Yugoslavia foreign policy orientation: international recognition, maintenance of integrity, positioning in international relations
At the end of World War II, the newly established socialist Yugoslavia found itself facing many challenges in the construction of countries on domestic political issues and the international stage. The problems left over from the past have become apparent in the first few years of operation.
is characterized by the need to replace unsafe areas of war with solutions from peacetime, and under the wings of war and revolutionary victory, the Communists created the basis for testing the effectiveness of new state machines.
Socialist Yugoslavia's foreign political activities and international legal subjects began at the second session of AVNOJ, when a national government was established, whose basic task was to represent the interests of Yugoslavia, in addition to denying the effectiveness of the government in exile, and to examine all international legal obligations undertaken during this period with the aim of abolishing or re-signing international agreements.
At the same session, Josip Smodlaka, the first foreign affairs official in Yugoslavia, said, "The goal of our foreign policy is to ensure the political freedom, social justice and universal well-being of our people."
should not be ignored that CPY has a component of foreign policy even in cases of illegal operation. In addition to explicitly supporting the Soviet government in Russia, it also supports the Hungarian and Bavarian governments, participated in the Spanish Civil War, highlighted the protest against the merger of Austria and strongly supported the independence of Czechoslovakia in 1938.
Therefore, the clear foreign policy orientation of this new country is not surprising, which can be expressed through Duyan Prinya's view: "The contemporary international policy of socialist Yugoslavia is based on..." The natural continuation of the Communist Party's internationalist politics and revolutionary democratic movement between the two world wars of .
On March 7, 1945, the task of establishing the Provisional Government of the Democratic Federation of Yugoslavia was handed over to Marshal Tito. Britain formally recognized the new government in March, and the Soviet Union and the United States also recognized it a week later.
Allied powers officially recognized the existence of the new country, as well as the revolutionary goals set by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union on July 4, 1941: national liberation and social change.
According to Leo Mates, a famous Yugoslavia professor, all disputes, misunderstandings and differences between the People's Liberation Movement and the Supreme Staff and the Soviet Union have been overcome by a wave of enthusiasm. Relations with the United States lag behind relations with Britain, especially anti-communism claimed by Truman , and Yugoslavia shot down two American aircraft that invaded the Slovenian airspace.
According to Professor Mats, the summer of 1946 to the summer of 1948 was the most difficult period of Yugoslavia's relations with the United States.
We must point out that these bad relationships are not the result of direct conflict between the two countries, but the result of a series of situations, such as the rejection of the Marshall Plan, thus demonstrating solidarity with the Oriental Group countries.
On the other hand, the United States has played a significant role in resolving the London Tripartite Declaration on the Trieste issue of , which has been quite sensitive to Yugoslavia since the end of the war.
Yugoslavia has found its position in the socialist state group on the international stage. The result of this foreign policy orientation was that Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union concluded a 20-year agreement on friendship, mutual assistance and post-war economic cooperation on 11 April 1945. People noticed the cynical words of Stevenson, a British representative to Belgrade .
On April 14, 1945, he visited Ivan Shubashich and said: "Western allies want to know if Yugoslavia wants to establish friendship with Britain and the United States."
Nevertheless, during this period, Yugoslavia mainly deepened its cooperation with communist countries and provided assistance to Albania in this regard, and provided food aid to Romania , Poland , and Czechoslovakia. Of course, Bulgaria also exempted war compensation, which is Bulgaria's obligation.
With the signing of a series of contracts similar to those in April 1945, good development was established. The beginning of a good relationship was soon completed. In 1946, Yugoslavia concluded a treaty of friendship and mutual assistance with Poland, Czechoslovakia and Albania, and in 1947, it concluded a treaty of friendship and mutual assistance with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania.
A, as published on April 2, 1946, in determining the basic tasks of Yugoslavia's foreign policy, the established foreign policy practice also has its strategic performance:
A) Work together with all forces to consolidate world peace;
B) Work with forces of all parties to enable Yugoslavia to realize its rights...
C) Committed to strengthening cultural, political and economic relations, mainly with the brother Slovenian people led by the Soviet Union;
D) Work together with all forces to ensure the security and peaceful development of our country.
Yugoslavia's clear foreign policy direction towards the East and the socialist political camp has several footholds. First, this is of course the internal political development of the new socialist state, which, according to its own claimed responsibility, is the backbone of the socialist organization. This is natural because "socialism, as a social system, originated in Yugoslavia and Albania in addition to the Soviet Union and Mongolia."
The situation is also clear in economic terms. In 1947, Yugoslavia's exports to socialist groups accounted for about 49% of Yugoslavia's total exports and about 52% of Yugoslavia's total exports, which undoubtedly proves.
Finally, ideologically, the Soviet Union was a natural ally, and it was expected to promote close sectoral ties rather than political ties. Professors Gafranov and Professor Stoykovic explained this foreign policy orientation of Yugoslavia as follows:
A) The Soviet Union was the first socialist country and a great power, and a natural ally to build a common goal of socialism...
B) As a war ally and a great power, it provided assistance and support to Yugoslavia at the last stage of the war...
C) As a great power, a factor that has an influence in the management of European affairs.
The unsustainability of this dogmatic-oriented foreign policy quickly became clear. That is, the attempt to conquer Yugoslavia economically occurred after Tito access to Moscow in 1946.
The implementation of previous agreements reached in the economic field (such as establishing a hybrid society in the main economic sectors) only went towards ensuring the monopoly of the Soviet side. Coupled with the agreed exchange of goods at world prices, such developments would prevent further industrialization of Yugoslavia, when industrialization in Yugoslavia was not yet at an enviable level.
Stalin summarized this in a frequently cited sentence: "Why do you need heavy industry? There is everything you need on the Ural. "
Therefore, the initial momentum of friendly political relations was eroded, and from an economic perspective, "from the beginning, it showed a trend of the Soviet Union creating a land-raw material supplement for them."
Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union: From the main advocate of socialism to the main dissident
In the context of Cold War , the Soviet Union as socialism and communism The carrier of ideas and the carrier of the post-war economic recovery model were shrouded in the glorious halo of the victory of the Red Army. After the end of the Second World War, the Soviet Union effortlessly realized... an informal empire was established in Eastern Europe.
socialist camp other countries were mainly for the sake of security, but they also needed post-war foreign policy positioning and efforts to connect with other countries.As David Lake points out in his study of hierarchy in international relations, this desire will inevitably place the state on the axis from anarchic alliance to hierarchical empires.
When countries face common threats or have common foreign policy goals, they will naturally combine their respective capabilities and resources to achieve their established goals faster and easier. In this regard, "the security relationship varies along a continuum defined by a certain level between the two parties".
Brief introduction to the theory of international relations seems to be suitable for explaining the bilateral and multilateral relations established by the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia with other actors. Whether this is a voluntary alliance or a force-based relationship, its basis is a contractual nature, which is a key reason why the author of this article analyzes the main documents of Yugoslavia's foreign policy.
At that time, the relationship between Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union could not avoid "the overall situation of international relations reflected by ideological prejudice and the Cold War." In David Lake's words, Yugoslavia soon became part of the "Soviet Empire".
The most important moment was the "Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance and Cooperation for the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Yugoslavia" signed in Moscow on April 11, 1945. The treaty was signed by Tito, Chairman of the Yugoslav Council of Ministers, and the Soviet Union's People's Commissar Molotov . It is hard to say that anyone could have thought at the time that this agreement, which had only six clauses, concluded during the uncertainty of World War II, would leave such historical traces.
However, although the contract term is 20 years and may automatically extend another 5 years, the contract will not last as long as the signing party does not announce the termination of the contract one year in advance. Here the author points out the comprehensiveness of the contract and emphasizes the security aspects of the relationship. That is, the provisions of the agreement prevent the parties from forming alliances against the other, while working to strengthen economic and cultural ties between their countries.
Although diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union were established in June 1940, and economic relations were established a month before that, April 1945 was the cornerstone of bilateral relations between the two countries in the future. The authorities' response was quite positive. Minister Molotov stated in his statement when signing the treaty that this was "a solid foundation for further strengthening the economic and cultural ties between the Soviet Union and completing the great work of Lenin-Stalin and the democratic Yugoslavia people."
On the other hand, in the report to the AVNOJ Chairman, Tito emphasized that "it (the treaty) is a powerful factor in the security of the two countries during peacetime."
However, the issues imposed by the need for post-war recovery cannot be resolved by the conclusion of a contract containing general terms for strengthening friendly relations, and the toasts and attitudes toward the issue did not produce any specific results.
It is estimated that Yugoslavia lost about 40,000 highly qualified experts during the war, forcing its government to work hard to make up for the loss in the shortest possible time. The truth is that initially the Russian government could not accept our students…he was worried after checking all the possibilities and hopes to help us.
However, just in November 1945, "the agreement was signed between the Union Government of the Soviet Socialist Republic and the Democratic Federal Government of Yugoslavia on the working conditions of Soviet experts sent to Yugoslavia", which simultaneously resolved the current needs of Yugoslavia's industry and the causes of future conflict between the two countries.
In the initial proposal, the terms of the agreement (Article 6) stipulated that only 20 Soviet experts were sent to Yugoslavia to prejudice their monopoly position. It was obvious that their position was to work in " central organization and large enterprises".
's position was also supported by the later "Economic Cooperation Agreement between the Soviet Union and the Northern Russian Federation". In other words, Article 1 stipulates the establishment of mixed enterprises, which was quickly realized in the fields of inland shipping and civil aviation. In practice, the management function was undertaken by Soviet experts, which only confirms the argument that the contracting party has a dominant position in this economic relationship.
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