Song Dynasty: From 960 to 1127, the Yuan Dynasty was established by Zhao Kuangyin, and it was 18 years ago as an emperor, which lasted for 320 years.
Chen Qiao mutiny, Zhao Kuangyin put on the yellow robe, established the Song Dynasty
Later Zhou When Chai Rong was reigned, Zhao Kuangyin became the supreme commander of the Jin army for his outstanding military achievements. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin was ordered to resist the Northern Han and the Khitan coalition. He was promoted to the emperor during the "Chenqiao Mutiny" and the founding of the country was called "Song".
During the reign of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, the Prime Minister Zhao Pu's strategy of "first south and then north, first easy and then difficult", the national unity was basically completed. In order to avoid the heroic officials usurping the country, he also "release the military power with a cup of wine", eliminating the situation of the Jiedushi's separatist rule since the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Although Song Taizu's "releases military power with a glass of wine" solved the problem of meritorious officials better, and did not kill meritorious officials, there was no need to worry that the ministers were very good at shocking the master, it also laid a huge hidden danger for the Song Dynasty.
glass of wine stills release military power
976, Zhao Kuangyin suddenly died, and his brother Zhao Guangyi hurriedly ascended the throne.
Song Taizong unified the Central Plains
During the reign of Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi, he continued his career during Zhao Kuangyin's period and forced Zhangzhou and Quanzhou to accept land. In 978, Zhao Guangyi personally conquered Taiyuan and destroyed the Northern Han Dynasty, ending the split and separatist situation of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
979-986, Zhao Guangyi made many northern expeditions, trying to regain the Yanyun Sixteen Prefectures , which was stolen from the Liao Dynasty by Shi Jingtang. Because the strategic position of the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun was very important, the Song Dynasty wanted to retake the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun in many wars against Liao. In 986, Yongxi failed the Northern Expedition. Yang Ye went on a hunger strike for three days after being captured and died heroically. After the war, Song's strategic relationship with Liao changed from offense to defense.
In order to ensure the inheritance of the throne, Emperor Taizong of Song killed the royal family of the Song Taizu. However, he never expected that the throne would be passed down to the Song Taizu lineage a hundred years later.
During the reign of Emperor Taizu of Song and Emperor Taizong of Song, he suppressed military generals and attached importance to imperial examinations to recruit scholars, laying the foundation for the ruling strategy of the Song Dynasty that valued culture over military affairs.
997, Zhao Guangyi passed away and the crown prince Zhao Heng ascended the throne.
The Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty's Xianping rule and The Alliance of Chanyuan
The Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty Zhao Heng was diligent in his reign, and he was diligent in his work and loved the people, eased the relationship between the royal family. He appointed Lu Duan, , Li Han and others as prime ministers, governing the country with silence, and concise politics and rarely change. During this period, the economy recovered and the world was prosperous, which was known in history as the rule of Xianping.
年地年明月
999-1005, the Liao army attacked Song many times, and the two sides won and lost. In 1004, Emperor Shengzong of Liao and Empress Dowager Chengtian Xiao Chuo personally led an army of 200,000 to the south, intending to annex Northern Song . Most of the Song ministers passively avoided the war, and Prime Minister Kou Zhun dispelled the opposition and insisted that Emperor Zhenzong of Song was in charge of the army. The Song army thus boosted its morale and damaged the Liao army's spirit. The Liao army commander Xiao Talin was killed. In 1005, the Song and Liao sides reached an alliance between the Chanyuan. Because Emperor Zhenzong of Song was determined to seek peace, although the Song army occupied a favorable military situation, he still paid -year-old kuai to the Liao side. After that, the Song Dynasty began to exchange annual tribute for peace.
Chanyuan Alliance ended the 25-year war between Song and Liao. Since then, the border between Song and Liao dynasties has been in a relatively stable state for a long time, and no major war has occurred in a century. The Song-Liao trade between the two countries has also promoted the development of economy and culture.
A country's ruler and ministers are crazy
1006, under the exclusion of Wang Qinruo , Kou Zhun was dismissed from prefecture. From 1008 to 1016, under the persuasion of Wang Qinruo, Song Zhenzong was keen on "Fengshan" to embellish the peace, carried out the Heavenly Book Movement, built palaces, and allowed Wang Qinruo and other "Five Ghosts" to participate in politics. During this period, Empress Liu gradually interfered in the government affairs. The superstition of the Song Dynasty court was prevalent, "A country's monarch and ministers were crazy", the country's finances were huge, and social contradictions deepened.
1022, Zhao Heng passed away, and Crown Prince Zhao Zhen ascended the throne at the age of 13. Empress Dowager Liu E was the governor of the court.
Empress Liu had the virtue of Lu Wu, but not the evil of Lu Wu
During the reign of the reign of the dynasty, the "Heavenly Book" movement ended, the party struggles were ended, the Jiaozi, the development of water conservancy, and the development of education were laid a solid foundation for Renzong's prosperity.
Empress Dowager Liu is greedy for power and often wears emperor clothes. In the face of resistance from the ministers, Liu E suppressed her desires and did not proclaim herself emperor. Therefore, it was later praised as "Lu Wu's talent, but not as evil as Lu Wu."
1033, Liu E passed away, and Song Renzong Zhao Zhen began to rule.
Song Renzong strongly advocated ups and downs, and appointed Fan Zhongyan to reform
Song Renzong was very generous to his ministers. A typical example is that he advised his ministers Bao Zheng repeatedly offends his face. During his reign, the Northern Song Dynasty had a prosperous economy and great development in science, technology and culture.
Song Renzong stills
Song Renzong broke out in the middle of the reign of the reign of the rebellion Song Xia War , and the "Qingli Peace Discussion" was signed after the war. During this period, Liao took the opportunity to overwhelm the enemy and forced Song Ting to increase the annual monies. Because the Song Dynasty pursued a policy of observing internal and external weakness, adopted a system of grace and embracing the system, and raising troops to resist the invasion of the north, the situation of redundant officials, redundant soldiers and redundant expenses became increasingly serious, and the situation of poverty and weakness in the Northern Song Dynasty was formed.
Fan Zhongyan’s reform failed
1043, Zhao Zhen appointed Fan Zhongyan and others to carry out the "Qingli New Policy" in an attempt to curb the increasingly serious land annexation and poverty and weakness. The reform ended in just one year due to the rising opposition of the conservatives.
1063, Zhao Zhen died and the Crown Prince Zhao Shu (adopted son of Emperor Renzong of Song) ascended the throne.
Song Renzong Zhao Zhen's sons died young. Zhao Shu was the great-grandson of Emperor Taizong of Song. He was taken into the palace as his adopted son since childhood. Song Yingzong During Zhao Shu's reign, he appointed his old ministers Han Qi and others. In 1066, Zhao Shu ordered Sima Guang to set up a bureau to specialize in the "Zizhi Tongjian". In 1067, Zhao Shu died of illness and the Crown Prince Zhao Xu ascended the throne.
Song Shenzong is determined to be in the world, but his luck is not good
Song Shenzong Zhao Xu was determined to "salvate the shame of several generations" when he was a child. He knew that his ancestors wanted to recapture the Sixteen Prefectures of Yanyun and Lingwu, which was occupied by Xixia, and were defeated many times. However, when Song Shenzong ascended the throne, he faced the poor and weak Song Dynasty.
Wang Anshi's reform
1068, Song Shenzong summoned Wang Anshi to carry out reforms with the intention of enriching the country and strengthening the army. He formulated the strategy of "first west and then north", that is, to destroy Western Xia first and then regain the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun.
During the reform period, Wang Anshi appointed Wang Shao to send troops to resist the Western Xia and expand the five prefectures, which is known in history as "the Xihe River opens its borders." Wang Anshi's reforms achieved victory in the early stage, increasing government fiscal revenue and promoting military construction. However, less than a year after the law was promulgated, and the support and opposition factions launched a fierce struggle around the reform, which is known in history as the "new and old party struggle." Opposition forces received strong support from the harem, and they strongly criticized the new policy. In order to preserve the throne, Song Shenzong tried to balance the old and the new, and the reform process was slow.
1077, Song Shenzong personally presided over the reform and tried to promote the reform process, but the results were not great. Reform changed to a certain extent the chaotic bureaucratic system since the early Song Dynasty and laid the basic structure of the central government system in the late Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty.
1081, the imperial family of Xixia was in chaos. Song Shenzong intended to take the opportunity to conquer Xixia, but he returned in vain due to poor food and grass. In 1082, Emperor Shenzong of Song built Yongle City, and Xixia launched an army of 300,000 to besiege Yongle City, and the Song army was defeated. The successive defeats of the war were very severely affected by Song Shenzong. In 1085, Song Shenzong died of depression. The prince Zhao Xu ascended the throne at the age of 10. His grandmother Gao was in power.
The old and new party struggles
During the period when Gao's family was in power, Sima Guang and others were appointed to restore the old method. In 1093, Gao passed away and Zhao Xu began to rule. Zhao Xu ordered the implementation of the new law and the abolishment of the new party. After the new party came to power, the new laws were gradually restored. Due to partial division within the new party, the party struggles are becoming increasingly fierce.
During the reign of Song Zhezong, he collected the Qingtang area and launched two battles to Pingxia City to make Xixia surrender. In 1100, Zhao Xu died of illness. Zhao Xu had no son, so Xiang made Zhao Ji (the eleventh son of Emperor Shenzong of Song and the younger brother of Emperor Zhezong of Song) the emperor.
Art Emperor Song Huizong and the Shame of Jingkang
When Song Huizong Zhao Ji ascended the throne, he ruled the country from behind the curtain. Xiang the Empress Dowager supported the conservative school and activated the conservative school ministers. Soon, the Empress Dowager Xiang returned to power.
At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, peasant uprising
Song Huizong launched a new law after taking office, but Cai Jing and others, who were valued by Song Huizong, did everything they wanted to do, and sold official positions and titles under the banner of the new law. The internal rule of the Song Dynasty was rapidly corrupt, and the people lived in dire straits. Peasant uprisings such as the Songjiang Uprising and Fang La Uprising continued to erupt. He made no achievements in politics, resulting in the shame of Jingkang and the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.However, Song Huizong had high attainments in literature and art, and had a profound influence on later generations, and is still praised today.
In order to capture the sixteen states of Yanyun, the Jin Dynasty attacked Liao
1115, Wanyan Aguda unified the Jurchen divisions and established Dajin . The Emperor Taizu of Jin launched a battle to destroy Liao, conquering Huanglong Prefecture, Liaodongjing and Shangjing, and Liao Dynasty lost half of its land. Song Huizong wanted to take the opportunity to take back the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun, and successively sent envoys Ma Zheng and Zhao Liangsi to jointly attack Liao with the Jin Dynasty and set up the " Maritime Alliance ".
1122, the Jin army successively conquered Zhongjing and Xijing. Due to the corruption and lack of combat effectiveness of the Song army, hundreds of thousands of troops attacked Liao Nanjing (Yanjing) twice, both of which were defeated by the Liao defenders. The Northern Song Dynasty finally asked the Jin army to capture Liao Nanjing. In 1125, Emperor Tianzuo was captured and Liao was destroyed.
Song and Jin After negotiations, the Jin army gave some cities in the sixteen prefectures of Liao Yanyun, and Song gave Jin annual monies. However, what the Northern Song Dynasty got was the empty city after being looted by the Jin army.
Jin army was at the city, and Song Huizong and Song Qinzong and humiliatingly seek peace
After the Jin destroyed Liao, they were ready to attack Song. In order to confuse the Song Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty continued to send envoys to Song to express friendship, which made the Song court relax. At the end of 1125, the Jin army suddenly attacked the Northern Song Dynasty. In 1126, the Song army was aiming directly at Bianjing, and Song Huizong hurriedly abdicated to the crown prince Zhao Huan . Because of the strong resistance of Li Gang , Bian Jing was not captured by the Jin army.
Song Qinzong Zhao Huan and Song Huizong believed in the slander of treacherous ministers and dismissed Li Gang, the general who was in charge of war. Song Qinzong granted all the power of the war to Prime Minister He Li . While He Li was superstitious about the Liujia divine weapon of the demon Guo Jing, he sent Privy Councilor Feng Cheng to seek peace among the Jin army. Guo Jing was superstitious, and the electorate only looked at the birth date and horoscope. He was soon defeated and the city of Bianjing was destroyed. After the city was broken, Kaifeng's military and civilians demanded to join the war by 300,000, and the Jin army proposed a peace talk due to the situation. Song Qinzong was forced to go to the Jin army camp to negotiate peace in person and was captured by Jin.
1127, Emperor Taizong of Jin issued an edict to abolish the two emperors of Song Huizong and Song Qinzong. Kaifeng City was tragically looted, and the people were suffering. Due to the lack of military strength and incompatibility with the local conditions, the Jin army did not continue to move south, but instead established Zhang Bangchang as emperor and established the pseudo-Chu regime. After that, the two emperors Hui and Qin and more than 3,000 members of the Song Dynasty royal family retreated north. This is the "Jingkang Incident" in history, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed.
Apart from Zhao Gou, the ninth son of Song Huizong Zhao Ji, the ninth son of Song Huizong Zhao Ji, only Song Zhezong, who was among the people, deposed the Meng family. When Zhao Gou learned that his father and brother were captured and went north, he cried bitterly that the Jin people established another fake Chu. He was at a loss for a moment. He then sent an edict to all the ways to work together to serve the king.
Jianyan Crossing the South
When the Jin army surrounded Bianjing City, Zhao Gou was ordered to go to the Jin camp to seek peace. He was persuaded to return halfway, avoiding the fate of being captured. After the Jingkang Incident, Zhao Gou moved to Yingtian Prefecture . In 1127, Zhao Gou changed the reign of Jianyan and established the Southern Song Dynasty. Under the pressure of the Jin army, he moved south repeatedly and established his capital in Lin'an in 1138.
During the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty, Zhao Gou. While appointing generals such as Yue Fei and Han Shizhong to fight against the Jin army, Qin Hui and others were appointed to negotiate peace. In 1141, the Shaoxing Peace Agreement was reached. The Southern Song Dynasty paid tribute to the Jin Dynasty and was in peace with the south of the Yangtze River. Emperor Gaozong of Song Dynasty regarded Qin Hui as a general for a long time, resulting in the murder of the famous general Yue Fei.
1162, Zhao Gou abdicated to his adopted son Zhao Sheng .
Zhao Gou's son died young, and Song Taizong Zhao Guangyi's lineage was basically captured by the Jin army. Zhao Gou had no choice but to choose Zhao Kuangyin's seventh-generation grandson Zhao Xun as his adopted son from the royal family, and the throne returned to Zhao Kuangyin's lineage.
Song Xiaozong Qianchun's rule
Song Xiaozong Zhao Ling (shèn) was the most accomplished emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty. During his reign, he rehabilitated Yue Fei's unjust case and activated the pro-war faction, intending to recover the Central Plains. After the failure of the Northern Expedition, the Longxing peace agreement was reached with Jin. Since then, the Song and Jin Dynasty maintained peace for more than 40 years. After the war, Emperor Xiaozong of Song was committed to reforming his internal affairs. Under his governance, the people lived and worked in peace and prosperity, and the political and economic situation showed a prosperous situation, and the world was peaceful and peaceful, which was called the Qianchun rule.
1187, Zhao Gou died, and in 1189, Song Xiaozong abdicated with the crown prince Zhao Dun .
Song Guangzong feared internal inaction, the Southern Song Dynasty declined from prosperity
Song Guangzong Zhao Dun was mentally ill, and believed in slander, allowing the cruel and ruthless queen Li Fengniang to interfere in politics. The Southern Song Dynasty began to decline from prosperity till decline. Queen Li Fengniang is not as talented as Empress Liu. She is not only jealous, but also restrains the emperor everywhere and is committed to seeking personal gain for the Li family. Under the instigation of Empress Li , Song Guangzong's mental illness became worse and worse.
1194, Song Xiaozong passed away. Song Guangzong refused to preside over the funeral under the pretext of being sick. With the support of the Empress Dowager Wu's Zhao Ruyu and his relatives Han Tuozhou, they supported Zhao Kuo (the second son of Emperor Guangzong of Song) ascended the throne, and powerful ministers controlled the government.
Powerful ministers fought internally, and the Southern Song Dynasty suffered serious internal friction
During the reign of Emperor Ningzong of Song Dynasty, the re-use of Han Ruyu and Han Tuozhou, and Zhao Han was incompatible. In the end, Zhao Ruyu and Zhu Xi were politically purged, and Neo-Confucianism was designated as pseudo-school, which was known in history as the Qingyuan Party ban.
1 In 206, Song Ningzong ignored the situation and relied on the main war faction and attacked the Jin Dynasty in the north. In 1207, Song was defeated and signed the Jiading Peace Agreement , and was deprived of compensation.
1224, Song Ningzong died, and Song Ningzong's sons died young. Shi Miyuan and others supported Zhao Yun (the tenth generation grandson of Zhao Kuangyin) ascended the throne.
Zhao Yun was in power for ten years before his reign, and Shi Miyuan ruled. Song Lizong does not care about the government affairs and indulges in the mood to paralyze the powerful ministers. In 1233, Shi Miyuan died and Song Lizong took power. During the reign of Emperor Lizong of Song, Mongolian forces rose, and the Song Dynasty was undecided about whether to destroy the Jin or resist the alliance. When the Jin Dynasty was defeated, Song Lizong decided to attack the Jin Dynasty together with Mongolia. In 1233, the last emperor of the Jin Dynasty, was killed by the rioters, and Jin Dynasty, , was destroyed. Song and Meng jointly destroyed the Jin Dynasty, but did not clearly stipulate the ownership of Henan, which laid hidden dangers.
1234, Song Lizong issued an edict to send troops to Henan, but due to problems such as insufficient food and grass, he missed the opportunity for war. The Song army was ambushed by the Mongolian army in Luoyang . After the failure of the to enter Luoyang , the Song and Mongolian War broke out in full swing.
The failure of the war hit Song Lizong a heavy blow. After that, Song Lizong was tired of the government and became addicted to the sensation and spirit, and Ding Daquan, Ma Tianji, Dong Songchen, Jia Sidao and other chaotic policies. In 1258, Mongolia invaded the Song Dynasty in an all-out manner. In 1264, Song Lizong died of illness and the prince Zhao Qian ascended the throne.
The mentally retarded Zhao Hu ascended the throne, and the Southern Song Dynasty had no sons and his nephew Zhao Hu was adopted as adopted son. Zhao Feng's mother is a concubine. She was forced to drink abortion pills when she was pregnant and failed to have an abortion. He gave birth to Zhao Ji as his weak nephew. Song Duzong not only had low IQ, but also had a licentious life. During this period, Jia Sidao was tyrannical and deceived his superiors and concealed his subordinates.
1274, Song Duzong died of illness, and the crown prince Zhao Xian ascended the throne at the age of 4. Empress Dowager Xie was appointed as the governor.
coin was rejected, and the Song Dynasty was destroyed and the Song Dynasty was destroyed. During the reign of Emperor Duzong of Song Dynasty, natural disasters were severe, and the Yuan army went south, and the Southern Song Dynasty was already in turmoil.
1275, the Yuan army launched a general attack on the Southern Song Dynasty. When the troops were approaching Jiankang City, Jia Sidao was forced to supervise the army himself. Jia Sidao still tried to exchange for peace by paying tribute, but was rejected. After defeat, Jia Sidao was dismissed. At this time, the court appointed the arrogant and arrogant Chen Yizhong as prime minister. Chen Yizhong only talks about war on paper, but in fact he is afraid of his head and even escapes at the last minute. The court's attitude towards war led to repeated defeats on the front line. The Mongolian Iron Cavalry was at the city. Empress Dowager Xie appointed Wen Tianxiang to conduct an envoy to Mongolia for peace talks, but was detained by Boyan. Empress Dowager Xie sent Jia Yuqing to serve as an envoy.
1276, the Southern Song Dynasty surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, and the 5-year-old Emperor Gong of Song and Empress Dowager Xie were captured, and the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed.
100,000 subjects of the Song Dynasty died for their country
1276 Wen Tianxiang, Lu Xiufu and others went to Fuzhou to support Emperor Gong of Song and proclaim themselves emperor.
At this time, the Song Dynasty still had 200,000 troops, but the Song army conceded step by step, fled south repeatedly under the oppression of the Yuan army, and spent most of its time at sea.
1278, Song Duanzong Zhao Chuang, who was only 9 years old, died of illness on a deserted island. His younger brother Zhao Bing (bǐng) was supported by Lu Xiufu, Zhang Shijie and others as emperor. In the same year, Wen Tianxiang was captured by the Yuan army.
1279, the Southern Song Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty fought a decisive battle at Yashan, and the Song army was defeated.Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea and died for his country with Zhao Bing on his back. 100,000 soldiers and civilians successively threw themselves into the sea, and the Song Dynasty was completely destroyed.
After nearly 320 years, the Song Dynasty emphasized culture over military politics, avoiding usurping the throne by the royal family and powerful ministers, but also made the Song army unable to confront the powerful soldiers of the Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties. The king of the Song Dynasty passively avoided war and kept using annual monies to exchange for peace, which was criticized by later generations. However, the monarchs and ministers of the Song Dynasty avoided war, which also provided the foundation for the high prosperity of the Song Dynasty's economy and culture, and the people's lives were stable.
Welcome to follow @Xiaoqi Exploring History , the historical content of the Southern Song Dynasty will be more exciting in the next issue!
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