On October 4, 2022, at the Nobel Prize Ceremony held in Stockholm, Sweden, this year's Physics Prize was awarded to three scientists who have contributed to the research on quantum information science .
This is the first time that the research on "quantum entanglement" won the Nobel Prize in Physics , and it is another major breakthrough in the field of quantum science.
As we all know, the Nobel Prize is generally regarded as the highest honor that human academic researchers can obtain worldwide. It has played a crucial role in promoting the development of six fields: chemistry, physics, physiology, or medicine, peace, economics and literature .
Moreover, it has been 120 years since the Nobel Prize was awarded since 1901. The winners of each year are not only praised as "the person who has made the greatest contribution to mankind", but also receive a high prize. The prize money for each award in this year has reached 10 million Swedish kroner (6.5 million RMB).
These prizes are all from the legacy left by the founder of the award, Alfred Bernhard Nobel .
Nobel 's legacy has been issued for 120 years, hasn't the bonus been paid yet? How much money did he leave for future generations? Why did you create this award?
(Nobel Prize Medal)
This has to start with the process of Nobel founding the award.
1. The birth of the Nobel Prize
There is such a scientist in the history of the world. During his lifetime, he not only devoted all his time and energy to scientific research, but also left all his legacy to those who are striving for the cause of science.
His name has become the highest honor in the field of human science, and he is the Alfred Bernhard Nobel mentioned earlier.
Nobel's father, Emmanuel Nobel, was also an inventor. He had a factory in , Russia, and he had created a boiler system for heating households, designed a machine for making wooden wheels and transformed factory equipment.
Because of this, Nobel, who has been with his father since childhood, also has a strong interest in technological inventions.
(Youth Nobel)
He is very talented and is already a very capable chemist at the age of 16. In the following years, he traveled to Russia, France and the United States to further his studies.
After returning to the home country Sweden , Nobel began to make liquid explosives - nitroglycerin .
nitroglycerin was quickly developed and put into production in the factory. Unfortunately, its instability caused the factory to explode. Nobel's youngest brother Emil and four employees unfortunately died in the accident.
The local government banned this research and development due to security considerations.
But Nobel, known as the "scientific madman", did not give up because of this. He found a boat on Lake Mara outside Stockholm and moved the laboratory to the ship to continue research and development.
This will not only avoid government attention, but also reduce the danger caused by moving nitrified glycerol.
The emperor pays off. After , Nobel successfully developed a detonator for nitroglycerin explosives. At the same time, he obtained the patent for nitroglycerin explosives and established an explosives company.
In the following years, Nobel successively obtained patents from Britain, the United States, Germany and other countries, built factories and opened companies in the local area.
(nitroglycerin explosives)
nitroglycerin explosives are also constantly improving in his research and development. A smokeless gunpowder ballistic explosives have also been manufactured and used in military use in grenades , shells, bullets and other weapons.
Nobel is the well-deserved "father of modern explosives".
In addition, Nobel has also made great achievements in biology, physiology, optics and literature. The glass press nozzle he invented has played a role in promoting the development of the textile industry.
It has as many as 355 invention patents in the UK alone, and nearly 100 companies have been disclosed in Europe, the United States and other countries.
Nobel's patent also allows him to own shares in explosives manufacturing companies all over the world, and he has also joined the oil industry. has become a rich man with "gold and silver mountains".
However, Nobel, who had devoted his life to invention and research, did not get married and have children. In his later years, he not only became an elderly person, but also suffered from angina pectoris and heart disease.
Maybe he knew that his life was not long, and he was afraid that he would not leave anything for the world suddenly, so he made three wills from 1889 to 1895.
In the first will, Nobel distributed his inheritance to his relatives, and the second will chose to take out part of the inheritance to contribute to science. It was not until the last will that he completely left most of his inheritance to the world.
(Nobel)
Before his death, he deposited the 9.2 million he earned over the years to a bank in Stockholm as a reward fund, and used the annual interest of $200,000 as a bonus to those who have made outstanding contributions.
This will was only published in the world the second year after Nobel's death, and the will clearly state that the bonus is divided into five copies, and will be given to people who made major discoveries or inventions in the three fields of physics, chemistry and physiology, and those who have excellent literary works, as well as those who promote friendship and peace among countries.
This is what we later became familiar with the Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace Prize.
and the will emphasize that candidates do not distinguish between nationality and ethnicity.
After the will was announced, it immediately caused a big turmoil in society, and criticism and insults actually occupied the mainstream.
Nobel originally wanted to continue to contribute to mankind after his death, but he was labeled as "unpatriotic".
Some media encourage Nobel's relatives to appeal and take back the inheritance. reason is that a Swedes do not put Sweden's interests first, but also asks Sweden to take on such troublesome work and give money to foreigners, and cannot bring any benefits.
(Nobel's will)
The will also handed over the distribution task of peace prize bonus to an institution in Norway. Norway and Sweden were in a tense relationship at that time, which undoubtedly seriously damaged Sweden's interests and was a typical unpatriotic behavior.
At the same time, Swedes do not think that giving bonuses to very few people can play a role in social progress.
Some wise lawyers began to look for legal loopholes in wills to invalidate the will. Their first entry point was that Nobel had no nationality.
Although Nobel was born in Sweden, he grew up in Russia. Later, he traveled across Europe but had no nationality. This makes it difficult to determine which country to enforce the will.
Secondly, will also not state who will form this foundation, so executor has no right to inherit property, so this foundation naturally does not exist.
What is more ironic is that the president of the Swedish Academy of Sciences, which should have accepted the Nobel commission to evaluate the Prize in Physics and Chemistry, stood opposite Nobel and strongly agreed to donate the inheritance to Sweden.
Fortunately, after two years of "legacy battle", the Swedish king finally announced that the will came into effect, and the Nobel Foundation was established.
(Nobel Foundation logo)
and Nobel Prize in Economics was added by Swedish Bank in 1968.
2. How to make money from the foundation
The first time it was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1901. It has been held every year since , except for the fact that it was not awarded in some years.
Prizes are based on the number of people issued by the award. Each prize is fixed, whether it is a person or a team, with a Nobel avatar engraved with a Nobel Prize.The first year of the awards for
stipulates that the prize of each award is 150,000 Swedish kroner, which was worth 20 years of salary for a Swedish scientist at that time.
As time goes by, the amount of bonuses has also increased year by year. has now reached 10 million Swedish kroner per item.
But isn’t Nobel’s legacy only $9.2 million? How could it be possible for five to six awards to be awarded for 120 years?
(Nobel Prize Ceremony)
If converted according to the current exchange rate and the US dollar at the end of the 19th century, the 9.2 million US dollars of are equivalent to more than 1 billion yuan now.
In fact, the increase in bonuses over the years is also due to inflation rate. is calculated based on the current bonus of 10 million Swedish kroner, which is 50 million to 60 million Swedish kroner each year, which is about 5 million US dollars, which is 600 million US dollars in 120 years.
It seems that Nobel’s legacy is not enough!
During World War I and World War II , a series of problems continued, such as currency depreciation, inflation, and . We also had to pay high national defense taxes to the Swedish country, and the tax money was already higher than the bonus money.
1953, the Nobel Foundation's assets were only one-third of the original fund's assets, and it was about to go bankrupt.
However, the foundation miraculously survived, not only survived the Nordic financial crisis in 1990 and the global financial crisis in 2008, but also continued to this day.
(Stockholm City)
Don’t forget that banks and foundations are the places that make money the most. Of course, they will not be able to sit in the middle of the road and wait for themselves to advance the bonus.
First of all, The huge inheritance left by Nobel in the bank will generate high interest every year in the bank. In addition to using this bonus, 10% of these interest will be collected and deposited into the fund.
However, this cannot be maintained for 120 years of bonus award.
The most important thing is to rely on the Nobel Foundation's own operating model and investment strategy.
That is, in the year when the foundation was facing bankruptcy, the Swedish government finally took action. allows the foundation to invest in real estate, other funds, and even stock trading and private equity.
At the same time, United States also exempts all taxes from the foundation from investing in any project in the United States.
This broadens the profit channels for the foundation and reduces investment costs and risks. bets its future destiny on the global real estate and stock markets.
Fortunately, after the end of World War II , the world is committed to economic recovery, the stock market and real estate industries are becoming increasingly prosperous, which has also made the Nobel Foundation's investments have achieved high returns.
Especially in the 1980s, the United States entered a "bull market" era, and the investment income of the Nobel Foundation achieved a significant increase. In the past few years alone, the total value of assets invested in the US stock market exceeded 1.2 billion Swedish kroner, which has exceeded the original value of Nobel Legacy.
This also shows how much profit the foundation earns by stock trading can be seen.
The Nobel Foundation, which is of great luck, also cleverly escaped the Nordic financial crisis in 1990.
Before this, because the Swedish government raised real estate tax, the Nobel Foundation transferred all its real estate in its name to exchange for stock shares from a listed company called "Recruiter".
happened to double the Swedish real estate price at this time, which also led to a double increase in the value of the stock. The Foundation also closed as soon as it was better and transferred all the shares of the "recruiter" stock.
In this way, not only escaped the financial crisis that year and was not affected, but also made a big profit when many financial companies went bankrupt.
, which has already tasted the "sweetness" in the US stock market, has focused its attention on the United States again and invested 70% of the foundation's assets in US stock .
may be really the favor of God. Since 1990, the United States has entered a ten-year super "bull market", and has become the most brilliant page in the history of the US economic.
(spoke the "bull market" in the United States)
As expected, high risk and high returns. 70% of 's assets grew exponentially within these 113 months. By 1999, the total assets of the Nobel Foundation reached 3.938 billion SEK.
Even if you no longer invest at this time, you can still pay bonuses for decades.
However, people are always greedy, and it is difficult for anyone to stop with high returns. As the saying goes, "Where are you not wet your shoes when you walk by the river often." After entering the new century, the Nobel Foundation encountered a crisis.
The United States broke out in Internet bubble . Under the chain reaction, the Nobel Foundation's asset market value shrank significantly, losing nearly 1 billion Swedish kronor.
Foundation is too dependent on the US stock market, and its assets are always affected by the US stock market, with constant ups and downs.
Fortunately, they already have the experience of dealing with the financial crisis last time. made correct judgments on the market in a timely manner, increased the investment in hedge fund , and continuously adjusted their asset allocation. This once again survived the 2008 global financial crisis .
At this time, the foundation also clearly realized that it cannot push all the "treasure" on the stock market and must find a stable way to make money.
(Nobel)
They began to invest in some energy companies for coal exploration or coal power generation, as well as some arms industry within the scope of International Convention .
considers human rights, labor and other issues according to the investment environment at that time. He does not seek to get rich but only seeks stability. He constantly adjusts his investment strategy and actively seeks various new products.
It is with such constant attempts and exploration that the Nobel Foundation's assets have never encountered bankruptcy again no matter how they are ups and downs, and have always conveyed the spirit that Nobel wants to convey.
can persist for 120 years to encourage the continuous progress of human science. Nobel is undoubtedly the highest award in the field of science.
3. The different "Nobel Prize"
Nobel Prize has been awarded for 120 years. The six major awards have been awarded more than 600 times, with nearly a thousand winners. Among them, there are many world-renowned celebrities such as Madame Curie and Einstein , which we are familiar with.
The country with the largest number of winners is more than 300 in the United States, followed by hundreds in the United Kingdom, and our old neighbor is more than 20 in Japan, but so far there are only two winners with Chinese nationality.
One is the winner of Nobel Prize in Literature , and the other is Tu Youyou of the Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology.
(Tu Youyou Award site)
We also established our own "Nobel Prize" - Future Science Award .
This award was officially established in 2016. was initiated by the Hong Kong Future Science Award Foundation Co., Ltd. and co-organized by a science and technology development center in Beijing. The purpose is to reward scientists who have worked for China on both sides of the Taiwan Strait and the Three Places. Although
is a contribution to China, it still has no restrictions on nationality.
(Future Science Prize logo)
Future Science Prize is divided into three major awards: life science, material science, mathematics and computer science. The first two correspond to the Nobel Prize for Medicine and physicists, and the third one makes up for the Nobel's missing math prize . The
selection mechanism draws on the Nobel Prize and is evaluated by peer professionals through the nomination and invitation of the selection agency.
This is the first science award awarded by the public in mainland China.
This year's Future Science Award was announced in August, and the award ceremony was scheduled for November this year, with three winners.
The life science award was Li Wenhui, PhD, , Chinese Union Medical University, and the sodium-tauric acid cotransporter he discovered was more effective in the development of drugs for the treatment of hepatitis B and D.
Material Science Award was awarded to Researcher at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Professor Yang Xueming . He developed a more accurate new generation of cross-molecular beam scientific instruments, which successfully revealed the quantum resonance phenomenon and geometric phase effects in chemical reactions.
(three winners in 2022)
Hong Kong University Edmund and Peggy Tse lecture professor Mo Yiming , he won the Mathematics and Computer Science Award for his own small rational tangent cluster theory and proof of the Ax-Schanuel conjecture on Shimura cluster.
In addition to the three of them, there have been 24 winners in previous years.
To be fair, the scientific and technological achievements they have made and their contributions to the world are really no worse than the Nobel Prize winners, and their names should not be buried.
Our country’s Future Science Award commends them in our own way and justifies them to the world.
is committed to the research of " hybrid rice ". Grandpa Yuan Longping, who has given China and the people of the world, has not won the Nobel Prize, so we rewarded him ourselves.
Grandpa Yuan Longping won the Life Science Award in 2018.
, like the Nobel Prize, we will also give the winner a bonus of RMB 6.75 million, equivalent to US$1 million.
(Yuan Longping)
The source of funds for this award is different from Nobel. They are all donated by Hong Kong government through the foundation, so there is no need to worry about the use of funds.
Many people may think that $1 million is too small, including Nobel's 10 million Swedish kroner, which does not match the contributions made by scientists.
In fact, this bonus level is equivalent to the total salary of a scientist in the past decade, both in China and in Europe and the United States.
Most scientists have the standard of living of ordinary people. After all, like Nobel, they have hundreds of invention patents, and there are very few businessmen who can make profits through patents and opening factories.
bonus is not to make them rich, but to improve their lives, so as to inspire them and more outstanding people to promote the progress of human science through commendation.
In addition to China having its own "Nobel Prize", Americans also spoofed a " alternative Nobel Prize ".
(online award presentation of the "Alternative Nobel Prize")
This "Alternative Nobel Prize" was founded in 1991 by the scientific humor magazine "Incredible Research Annual Report" to commend 10 scientific achievements that look funny but are worth pondering.
Because the award is humorous and satirical in terms of positioning, it is also called the "funny Nobel Prize", , but its purpose is to attract thought.
For example, there is a medical award on the list of shortlisted awards this year, which is "Eating ice cream can help cancer patients prevent oral mucositis."
This looks a bit ridiculous at first glance. How can ice cream prevent diseases?
In fact, many cancer patients will destroy the gastrointestinal tract after receiving chemotherapy and treatment and suffer from oral mucositis. The best way is to let them suck ice cubes for cryotherapy .
But it will be uncomfortable to eat ice cubes, and only patients who eat ice cream will cooperate better.
There is also a physics award to "Why do the little ducks line up in a straight line?" It turns out that the little duck keeps an appropriate distance behind her mother, so that she can reduce resistance and save physical strength while swimming.
There is something behind these seemingly unreasonable things that really make us learn.
(Nobel Prize)
Also the winner of the "Alternative Nobel Prize" can also receive a "prize", which is a Zimbabwe fake currency with astronomical figures printed with 10 trillion yuan.
really does the ultimate funny and satire.
Whether it is the genuine Nobel Prize or other different "Nobel Prize", the purpose of inspiring more academic researchers to boldly innovate and promote the common progress of human civilization will never change.
Only by working together to make progress together can the future of all mankind be filled with brightness!
Edited by: Thomas
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