Since Mayi's plot to counterattack the Huns, the Han Dynasty has experienced a series of battles such as Longcheng, Henan, Gaoque, Dingxiang, and Hexi, and finally defeated the Huns in the Battle of Mobei, thus laying the foundation for the Han Dynasty to be strong and weak.

• subdue Xiongnu

Since Mayi's plan (133 BC) counterattack against the Huns, Han Dynasty went through a series of battles such as Longcheng, Henan, Gaoque, Dingxiang , Hexi, and finally defeated the Huns in the Battle of Mobei (119 BC), and since then, the Han Dynasty was strong and the Huns were weak. But the Huns did not surrender. On the contrary, after more than ten years of recovery, their momentum revived, and they lost fewer and more than one victory in the battle with the Han Dynasty. In the later period of Han Wu , there were . Zhao Ponu 420,000 cavalry surrendered to the city, . Li Guangli 430,000 cavalry in Tianshan were surrounded and sacrificed six or seven times, . Li Ling 45,000 infantry . Junjishan was defeated, and even Li Guangli 70,000 iron cavalry in Yanran Mountain was wiped out. However, the Huns still defeated, and there was a disagreement within, and the strength comparison between the two sides was not changed.

The second year of Emperor Xuan ascended the throne (Benshi second year, 72 BC), the Han Dynasty sent more than 160,000 iron cavalry to attack the Huns in five directions. This was the largest expedition of foreign cavalry in the 400 years of the Han Dynasty. At the same time, the lieutenant Chang Hui was sent to Wusun , and controlled more than 50,000 Wusun cavalry, advancing with the Han army east and west, forming a huge clamp-shaped offensive , attacking the Huns. The Huns were afraid of the Han army and fled west in panic. They met the Wusun soldiers and returned after a fierce battle. Chang Hui was therefore named Changluohou .

The situation of the Huns

The winter of the second year (71 BC), the Huns attacked Wusun again. When heavy snow occurred, less than one-tenth of the survivors were killed. The national strength was greatly weakened. Soon, the Han army attacked the Huns and captured thousands of Huns and returned. The Huns did not dare to retaliate, and they yearned for war with Han. In the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), the king of kings, who ruled the Western Regions, had always had conflicts with the new Shanyu, Ruyanqu, and the relationship was not good, and he surrendered to the Han Dynasty with tens of thousands of people. King Rizhu was named Marquis of Guide. In the third year of Ganlu (51 BC), Huhanye Shanyu personally went to the imperial capital Chang'an , and praised the Northern Vanguards. "The Xiongnu's money and the Shanyu came to the dynasty" became a grand event in the Xuan Dynasty.

After the Shanyu rituals were completed, the Han Dynasty sent envoys to guide the Shanyu to go first and live in Changping. Emperor Xuan went from Ganquan Palace to Chiyang Palace, climbed the Changping Hillside, and ordered Shanyu not to come and pay homage. The ministers from the left and right were allowed to line up to visit. There were also tens of thousands of leaders, kings and princes of various barbarian tribes, all arranged in the middle of the Wei Bridge to welcome Emperor Xuan. When Emperor Xuan climbed the Wei Bridge, people shouted long live the mountain.

• includes the Western Regions

Since Zhang Qian , the Han and the Huns fought each other for more than 70 years until the time when the Huns surrendered, the second year of Emperor Xuan's divine title, that is, in 60 BC, Western Regions Protector was established, and the vast areas of the Western Regions were officially under the jurisdiction of the Han Dynasty. After the great victory in the second year of Benshi, Chang Hui was sent to return to Wusun again to reward his meritorious personnel. Because Kucha (a major country in the Western Regions) killed the Han military camp Laidan, on the way back, Chang Hui recruited 50,000 troops from the Western Regions to attack Kucha, forcing the king to apologize and hand over the murderer Guyi, and then killed him.

Western Han Territory

Western Regions have always been the second battlefield between the Han and the Hungarians. The Western Regions were based on the sphere of influence of the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu set up the Dufuwei stationed in the area of ​​, Yanqi, and under the jurisdiction of the countries in the Western Regions. After Emperor Wu of Han connected to the Western Regions, defeated the Xiongnu, and attacked Dayuan, his reputation also shook the place far away. The Han envoys kept coming and going and farmed for farming and plowing. The Han and the Hungarians then formed a tug-of-war in the Western Regions. They went back and forth, and the situation was extremely complicated. In the late period of Emperor Wu, the Han Dynasty weakened due to the defeat of the Hungarian attack and the imperial edict to dismiss the garrison of Luntai. At that time, Emperor Zhao, Huo Guang, sent Fu Jiezi, and planned to kill the Loulan King, and the Han Dynasty's influence on the Western Regions was further strengthened. In the early years of Emperor Xuan, the Han and the Huns still used the Tianshan Mountains as the boundary, the Han Dynasty's sphere of influence in the south, and the Huns in the north.

Cheshi belongs to the North Road and is controlled by the Huns, and is disrespectful to the Han Dynasty. In the first year of Emperor Xuan's rule (the second year of Dijie, 68 BC), he sent more than 10,000 soldiers from the nearby Western Regions and 1,500 Han soldiers from the military farming army to challenge the Cheshi and defeated and surrendered them. The Huns sent troops to fight, and Zheng Ji led their troops to fight. The two armies encountered each other, and the Huns were afraid of retreating. Later, Zheng Ji sent 300 Han troops to garrison the garrison.

Soon after, the brother of Shache of the South Road, Hu Tu Zheng, killed the pro-Han king Wannian and the Han envoy Xi Chong Kingdom, proclaimed himself king, and incited the southern road to rebel from the Han Dynasty, so the southern road was blocked. At that time, Zheng Ji was still in the North Road, and Emperor Feng Xuan sent Feng Fengshizheng to Dayuan on his way. Feng Fengshi acted decisively, recruited more than 15,000 soldiers from the Western Regions, attacked Shache, captured the capital, pacified the southern road, and teleported the head of Hutu Zheng, who was frightened and suicide, all the way to Chang'an. This is the first year of Emperor Xuan's Yuankang (65 BC). After Feng Fengshi arrived at Dayuan . The king was particularly respectful to him, so he also received the famous horse "Elephant Dragon" of the country and brought it back to Chang'an.

Western Region Protectorate

In the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), the Xiongnu Rizhu Xianxian Shan surrendered to the Han Dynasty with tens of thousands of people. Emperor Xuan specially sent Zheng Ji, Faquli and Kucha countries to welcome the surrender 50,000 troops, and escorted to Chang'an, the capital. There were fugitives on the way, and they were killed. Zheng Ji defeated the King of Che, and his reputation shocked the Western Regions. Emperor Xuan then appointed him as the governor of the Western Regions, and was granted the title of Marquis of Anyuan, and also the guardian of the Northwest countries in the Cheshishi. Zheng Ji then set up a shogunate in the center of the Western Regions and built Wulei City. It was more than 2,700 miles away from Yangguan and led the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains. The Han Dynasty's orders were officially issued in the vast Western Regions.

The setting of the Western Regions Protectorate is not only , but also an epoch-making event in Chinese history. From then on, the Han and the Huns fought each other for more than 70 years, and the east was Cheshi, Shanshan, , and the west was Wusun and Dayuan. All the countries in the Western Regions returned to the Han Dynasty. The beginning of Zhang Qian, the end of Zheng Ji, and the wish of Han Wu, and the Han Xuan realized it.

From then on, the vast land and vast land of the Tianshan Mountains finally belonged to the border of China and the territory of China. The Huns were also weaker and dared not compete with the Han in the Western Regions.

• Breaking Western Qiang

The Qiang in the western frontier is entrenched in Qing and Long. The people are brave and fierce, brave and warlike, support the Huns and disturb our borders. Emperor Xuan sent Zhao Chongguo to attack him, and he was completely pacified in two years. He set up Jincheng vassal state to resettle the surrendered Qiang, which was the year when the Western Regions Protectorate was established.

In the late period of Emperor Wu, the Qiang people who lived in the present Qinghai Province often invaded the inland and conquered the city. The Huns also wanted to join forces with the Qiang people and to invade the Han Dynasty. Faced with this situation, Emperor Wu once proposed to cut off the right arm of the Huns, referring to this kind of alliance, but the soldiers sent were also defeated by the Qiang people. At this time, Qiangzu gradually moved north of Huangshui , looking for places where farmers abandoned farming to grazing. At the same time, the Qiang tribes also tended to unite and unanimously, and county officials could not ban them. At this time, the Xiongnu wanted to collude with the Qiang people again to expand the invasion of the western Han Dynasty. The troops sent to Haojiao (now the east bank of the Datong River in Qinghai Province) in the Han Dynasty were defeated by the Qiang people and suffered a lot of losses.

During the reign of Emperor Xuan, the Guanglu Dafu Yiqu Anguo went on a mission to the Qiang tribe. The chief of the Qiang Xianling tribe told him that he wanted to cross the Huangshui River north and go to places where the Han people did not farm. Yiqu Anguo reported this situation to the court. Zhao Chongguo impeached Yiqu Anguo and was sentenced to neglect his duties. From then on, the Qiang people passed through the Huangshui River without authorization according to the previous words, and the local county magistrates of the Han Dynasty could not be banned. In the third year of Yuankang (63 BC), the Xianling tribe and more than 200 chiefs of various Qiang tribes "relieve revenge and conquer" and signed an alliance to jointly invade the Han Dynasty. Emperor Xuan learned about this and asked Zhao Chongguo how to deal with it. Zhao Chongguo pointed out that the Qiang people were troubled. First, the Qiang tribes used to attack each other and were easy to control, but in recent years they "resolved the revenge contract" and jointly opposed the Han Dynasty; second, the Qiang people and the Xiongnu had long planned to unite; third, the Qiang people might also "connect other races", that is, unite with other races. Therefore, he proposed that "it is appropriate to prepare for it before it happens." More than a month later, the Qianghou Lang He Guo of the Xiaoyue tribe sent people to the Xiongnu to borrow troops, intending to attack Shanshan and Dunhuang to cut off the passage between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions. Zhao Chongguo probably did not matter so simple and needed foresight. He made suggestions to the court: First, strengthen military border defense; second, alienate the Qiang tribes and detect their premeditations.

The first year of Shenjue (61 BC), the two central governments of the Han Dynasty (Prime Minister and Censor) recommended Yiqu Anguo to send an envoy to the Qiang Kingdom to understand their trends.Yiqu Anguo did not understand the strategy. As soon as he arrived at the Qiang tribe, he summoned more than 30 leaders of the Xianling tribe. They all beheaded because they all had the crime of rebellion but were unsuccessful. He mobilized troops to suppress the people of the Zero and killed more than a thousand people. Therefore, the Qiang tribes and the Qiang Marquis Yang Yu and others were shocked and left their territory, plundered other small tribes, invaded the Han border, attacked cities and towns, and killed the chief Yiqu Anguo led three thousand cavalry to guard the Qiang people as the cavalry commander , and were attacked by the Qiang people and suffered heavy losses. He led his troops to retreat to the imperial residence and reported to the emperor.

Emperor Xuan intended to appoint Zhao Chongguo to quell the rebellion, but Zhao Chongguo was in his seventies at this time, so Emperor Xuan sent the censor Bingji to ask who could be the general. Zhao Chongguo replied confidently: "There is no one who surpasses the old minister." Emperor Xuan sent someone to ask: "What will the general think the Qiang barbarians will be like, and how many people should be used?" Zhao Chongguo replied: "It is better to see it at once than a hundred news. The military situation is difficult to measure. I hope to rush to Jincheng, formulate a combat plan and submit a memorial. However, the Qiang Rong is just a weak Yi tribe. He betrayed the country in violation of the will of heaven and will soon perish. I hope Your Majesty will hand over this matter to the old minister, and don't worry." Emperor Xuan agreed with a smile.

Therefore, Zhao Chongguo was in his seventies to supervise the western frontier. He led the cavalry to quickly set out due to less than 10,000 people, cleverly crossed the Yellow River, and stood firm and prepared for combat. When he arrived at the shore of Huangshui, the Qiang people challenged many times, but he could not stand it. He only used his prestige to summon Han and open Qiang, and dismantled the plan of the Qiang tribes to jointly fight against the Han Dynasty, hoping to wait until the Qiang people were in trouble before attacking. At this time, the prefect of Jiuquan Xin Wuxian wrote a letter to attack Han and Kai Qiang, and Zhao Chongguo expressed his opposition. After the discussion, all officials agreed with Xin Wuxian, so Emperor Xuan then issued a letter to blame Zhao Chongguo. Zhao Chongguo wrote another letter to explain the pros and cons, suggesting that he should be punished first, but was adopted by Emperor Xuan. First, Zero Qiang escaped, many people died and captured, Han Qiang came to surrender.

In the autumn of the first year of Shenjue (61 BC), Emperor Xuan gave Zhao Chongguo a letter to attack Xianling Qiang in December. Zhao Chongguo insisted on submitting the memorial to the military farming, suggesting that the imperial court's military farming in Huangzhong (now the Huangshui River in Qinghai Province) should be a lasting strategy, and proposed ways to both soldiers and farmers and raise grain on the spot, such as "twelve precautions" such as "land to make grain", "residents can make fields together without losing agriculture", "shoulder soldiers be able to win", "save large expenses and prepare corvee service" and other "twelve precautions". Every time Zhao Chongguo’s memorial was reported, it was handed over to the ministers and ministers for discussion. Three out of ten people agreed with Zhao Chongguo's strategy at the beginning, five out of ten in the middle, and eight out of ten in the end. Emperor Xuan issued an edict to question those who said that Zhao Chong's country had poor strategy, and they all kowtowed and admitted their mistakes. In the end, Emperor Xuan also adopted the suggestion of Zhao Chongguo's military farming and Xin Wuxian and Xu Yanshou's attack.

The winter of the first year of Shenjue (61 BC), Emperor Xuan ordered the powerful crossbow general Xu Yanshou, the defeated Qiang general Xin Wuxian, and the Zhonglang general Zhao Yin to attack the Western Qiang, beheaded and surrendered the enemy in total more than 8,000 people; Zhao Chongguo captured more than 5,000 prisoners. Emperor Xuan ordered the withdrawal of his troops, leaving only Zhao Chongguo to farm.

In May of the summer of the second year of Shenjue (60 BC), Zhao Chongguo was allowed to rectify the army and returned. In the autumn of the same year, the Qiang people Ruoling, Liliu, Qizhong and Tangku killed the leaders of Qiang Youfei and Yang Yu, and together with other leaders, Di Ze, Yang Diao, Lianghuang and Miwang, they led more than 4,000 people from the Jiangong and Huangqi tribes to surrender to the Han Dynasty. The Han Dynasty then set up a vassal state of Jincheng to resettle the surrendered Qiang people. The Western Qiang was settled.