Hairui is probably well known to everyone. Those with historical foundation know the historical drama "Hairui dismissed from office"; those without historical foundation learn the famous one because of the peak of domestic drama "Ming Dynasty 1566"! Hai Rui is known as Haiqingtian , which is as famous as Baozheng . Hai Rui held the Ming Dynasty's Law in his hand and fought against corruption all his life. Anyone who violated the Ming Dynasty's Law is the target of his criticism. Sadly, the people in power only regard Hai Rui as a weapon to attack political enemies. What they need is his spirit of going there even if he has tens of millions of people, rather than letting him govern the country and the people. Hai Rui fell into a vicious circle of rising, dismissing, and returning again throughout his life, with ups and downs.
1. Hai Ruiqi
Jiajing During the period, Ming Dynasty had already shown decline, officials were floating in affairs, and corruption was rampant. After the Renyin Palace changed to in 1541, Jiajing Emperor began to dominate the government, and Yan Song and other unclean landlords became the chief assistant and secondary assistant of the cabinet, and the corruption became more and more intense. In addition, the dangers of the southern Japanese and northern Japanese were getting worse and worse, and the Ming Dynasty was in danger.
Jiajing
Hairui, from Qiongshan, Hainan, was born in 1514. In 1549, Hai Rui participated in the provincial examination and was awarded the Juren with an article "The Strategy of the Governance of Li people in Hainan". "Zhi Li Ce" fully demonstrates Hai Rui's belief in the law of the Ming Dynasty throughout his life. He believes that "the things in the world are important in terms of having their own laws, but especially in terms of getting people ". The examples of the rebellion of the Li people in Hainan can prove that " gets the difficulties of others rather than getting the difficulties of others ." The "law" here is the Daming Law. He believes that the Daming Law is perfect, but it is difficult to obtain outstanding talents who implement the laws. This is the reason for the collapse of the current situation in the two capitals and 13 provinces.
Hai Rui failed the Jinshi twice since he passed the imperial examination. In 1554, Hai Rui, who was born in a juren, was elected as the teacher in Nanping County, Fujian. After 1558, Hai Rui served as the magistrate of Chun'an and Xingguo . By 1564, Hai Rui was promoted to the head of the Ministry of Revenue Qingli Department. From here, Hai Rui began his life of criticizing the leaders and scolding corruption.
Hai Rui came out of the mountain
2. Hai Rui's famous work " Public Security Relief "
1565, 52-year-old Hai Rui submitted a famous memorial to the terminally ill Jiajing "Public Security Relief". Generally, research focuses on the first half of the memorial, believing that this is a masterpiece of Hai Rui scolding the emperor and beating the emperor. In the first half, Hai Rui denounced the corruption in the Ming Dynasty's officialdom and scolded Emperor Jiajing for nothing. " highly advised the emperor's Xuan Xiu for his mistakes, and spoke more than a thousand words, and there was a trend of criticizing the scales and breaking the threshold. Hai Rui scolded Jiajing for comparing himself with Emperor Wen of Han . He did not attend court for twenty years, and was called "ruling by inaction", but Emperor Jiajing was named Xuan Xiu, secretly enforced the rule alone. At the same time, the emperor and bureaucrats were determined to plunder the people's wealth in the world, and built a large number of constructions, and the country was exhausted and poor. Therefore, the people imagined it because of the name of Jiajing: " Jiajing said that every family is pure but has no money.
Public security silence
It is said that after Emperor Jiajing saw this repent, his eyes were so angry that he shone. His first reaction was to tell the eunuchs and Jinyiwei around him to hurry up and arrest Hairui, and never let him run away! Judging from the fierce reaction of Emperor Jiajing's dragon-faced face, Hairui will definitely die, but in the end he was safe. Why didn't Emperor Jiajing kill Hairui? Is Tao Jiajing's generous? In fact, as long as we understand the "Community of Public Security", we can know the real reason why Jiajing did not kill Hai Rui.
Hai Rui was imprisoned
Hai Rui was imprisoned
"Community of Public Security" seems to be against the supreme leader, but everyone ignores the second half. In the second paragraph of "Community of Public Security", Hai Rui wrote "Your Majesty knows that the mysterious cultivation is useless. The changes of the ministers' behavior are the best, and the people's effectiveness is the best. The peace and uneasiness of the world, and the inseparable governance and incompetence of the world. He suddenly realized and regretted the court day by day, and paid attention to the interests of the world with the prime minister, the nine ministers, the attendants, and the censors. He washed the mistakes of the king's Tao for decades, and placed him on Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, and Wu, so that his ministers could also wash away the shame of Ajun for decades, and put him on the ranks of Gao Yao, Yi, and Fu...".He once again told the emperor about the beautiful rule of the Three Dynasties and drew a big cake for the emperor, saying that Jiajing's achievements were comparable to those of the Three Dynasties. How could they achieve it? It's all in the emperor's thoughts, "His Majesty is just a hilarious moment." As long as the emperor wakes up, the corrupt officials now can immediately become famous officials such as Yi Yin , and then they can achieve great governance in the world. From the above, it can be seen that Hai Rui is a typical worshipper of monarchy and spiritual determinist, " I am the country ". The emperor is the world alone. The rise and fall of the Ming Dynasty is all in the emperor. As long as the emperor wants to do it well, the Ming Dynasty will be able to get better immediately. In this way, Hai Rui's purpose of "Public Security Memorial" was not to insult the emperor or to sell straightforwardness, but to urge the emperor to awaken. Because of this, Jiajing only detained Hai Rui, and " did not kill Ruiyi ".
3. Hai Rui was dismissed from office
1566, Emperor Jiajing passed away and Hai Rui was released, but the chief assistant Xu Jie at that time was not a minister of integrity, which shows that the political situation of the court has not changed and corruption is as usual. After Emperor Longqing ascended the throne, a new round of party struggles broke out. In 1568, Gaogong defeated Xu Jie, and Xu Jie stepped down and returned to his hometown Songjiang, but this was just a delaying strategy. His political influence remained unabated and he was ready to make a comeback at any time. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the germ of capitalism had already appeared in the southeastern region of the Ming Dynasty. These Southeast merchants were called for the wind and rain in Nanjing, Jiangsu and Zhejiang areas with their strong capital and complex official relations. The general representative of the Southeast merchants and one of the largest landlords in the southeast was Xu Jie. Zhang Juzheng said, " (referring to Xu Jie) the most lawless people in the village", "The officials in this land before and after are called "Ghost Country ". In order to completely defeat Xu Jie, the chief assistant Gao Gong promoted Hai Rui, who was keen on anti-corruption and faithfully implemented the Ming Dynasty laws to governor Yingtian, Nanjing in 1569, with the purpose of targeting the landlord Xu Jie.
Gaogong
When he was in Nanjing, Hairui carried out four new policies. First, rectify the administration of officials. In response to the situation of corrupt officials being idle and having a corpse position, Hai Rui used the "Imperial Ming Ancestors" as the basis and successively promulgated the "Governor's Treaty" and the "Official Registration Orders" and other diligent measures to urge officials. Secondly, warn the people. Zhu Yuanzhang's period, in order to pay attention to the countryside and safeguard the people, he vigorously advocated that the people endure and stop litigation. Zhu Yuanzhang's "Emperoration of the People" said that if small matters come to court, " does not care about the false and the truth, first cut off the sue 60 ". Hai Rui faithfully implemented Zhu Yuanzhang's policy and promulgated "Termination of the Prefectures and Prefectures and County Do not listen to the instructions", "Test the Prefectures and County Strictly Governance of Litigation", and repeatedly warned the people to farm with peace of mind and minimize litigation. Again, build water conservancy. Hai Rui once wrote "The Shu" and "The Shu" of the Baisong River in Kaifa", which overhauled water conservancy. These three are quite effective. The last one is Kata, which is also the key to Hai Rui being regarded as a gun.
Xujie
During the Longqing period, land annexation was very serious. Most of the land was concentrated in the hands of big landlords. Generally, the people had no land to plant, were poor and could only go into exile everywhere, and the society was in turmoil. The literati and officials of the Ming Dynasty had the privilege of tax exemption, so there was also a phenomenon of sending in under the name of the literati and officials (whose land was placed in the name of the literati and officials, and they were exempted from taxes). The entrusting in caused a significant reduction in national tax revenue. Hai Rui keenly captured the illegal annexation or possession of land by the landlords. He verified the ownership of the land by evading the landlords and levyed taxes according to the land owner. According to this method, Xu Jie, the largest landlord in Songjiang, had 120,000 mu of land under his name, and at least 60,000 mu of land had to be repaid. Hai Rui and Xu Jie started a long-term tug-of-war over the number of retreating fields. In the end, Xu Jie gave in to Gao Gong and hoped that Gao Gong would let him go on his condition of no return. Gao Gong expressed satisfaction with the result, implying that Xu Jie could get him away by finding someone to impeach Hai Rui, and he did not object. In the winter of 1569, Hai Rui, who had only been in office for half a year, was impeached by the clerk Dai Fengxiang. Hai Rui was soon transferred to his idle position. Hai Rui was extremely dissatisfied with corruption in the officialdom and resigned in anger.
Wenshijun said:
Hai Rui was an anomaly in the officialdom in the late Ming Dynasty. He had a spirit of "even if there were thousands of people, I would go", which seemed out of place in the officialdom at that time.Hai Rui is a typical Confucian idealist. His absolute belief in the emperor, his excessive worship of imperial power, and his stubbornness to retro are the tragic songs of Hai Rui, the idealist. Hai Rui sacred the Ming Dynasty law, so that anyone who touched Ming law was regarded as illegal, but where did the rule of law come from under the rule of imperial power? Hai Rui was inevitably regarded as a gun to attack political enemies. After Zhang Juzheng's death, he ordered Hai Rui to come out and entrusted him with an official position. At this time, Hai Rui was over 70 years old. With his infinite yearning for retro and admiration for the laws of the Ming Dynasty, he declared war on corruption in Nanjing and began a new round of rectification movement. He was sown, including skinning, officials who solicit prostitution, watching operas, and enjoying the fun, all recovered. For a time, everyone in the Nanjing officialdom was in danger and repeatedly excluded Hai Rui. In 1587, Hai Rui died while in office and was posthumously named Zhongjie.
References
1, Hai Rui: "Public Security Commentary", Zhonghua Book Company, 1962.
2, Li Jinquan: "Biography of Hai Rui", Nanjing University Press, 1994.
3. Zhang Dexin: "Annotation of the Biography of Hairui in Ming Dynasty", Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 1984.
(Author: Haoran Literature and History·Ziju)
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