Today is still a day of struggle for the Jin Dynasty. See you tomorrow. The formation of celadon color is mainly caused by the fact that the body and glaze contains a certain amount of iron oxide, which is roasted in a reducing flame atmosphere.

Today is still a day of fighting for the Jin Dynasty. See you tomorrow.

PS: See more history collection!

1. Celadon has developed rapidly: About the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

celadon is a treasure of Chinese ceramic firing process, as a porcelain with cyan glaze on the surface. The formation of celadon color tones is mainly caused by the fact that the body glaze contains a certain amount of iron oxide , which is roasted in a reducing flame atmosphere. However, some celadons are impure in iron and have insufficient reduction atmosphere, and their tones appear yellow or yellow-brown. Celadon is famous for its delicate porcelain, bright and smooth lines, dignified and simple shape, pure and colorful colors.

Chinese working people have a long history of making porcelain and a wide variety.

primitive celadon appeared as early as the Shang and Zhou dynasties. After the development of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it made a major breakthrough by Eastern Han . After the Three Kingdoms, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the celadon burned in the south and north began to have their own characteristics.

Southern celadon, generally hard and delicate body, light gray, with crystal clear and pure glaze, and is often described as ice-like jade.

Northern celadon body is thick, has strong glass texture, high fluidity, fine glaze surface, and yellowish glaze color.

On May 14, 2020, celadon was selected as the "Zhejiang Cultural Imprint".

2. Xiliang: 400-421

Xiliang is one of the sixteen countries and existed between about 400 AD and 421 AD. Because its ruling area was Liangzhou in ancient times and was also located in the western part of Liangzhou, it was named "Xiliang".

In 400 AD, Li Xin was called "Liang Gong" in Dunhuang and established Xiliang; in 405 AD, Xiliang moved its capital to Jiuquan, approaching Northern Liang, and its territory was in the western part of Gansu and Xinjiang; in 417 AD, Li Xin died, and his son Li Xin succeeded to the throne; in 420 AD, Li Xin was killed in battle with Northern Liang, and his younger brother Li Xun succeeded to the throne in Dunhuang. In 421 AD, the Northern Liang army besieged Dunhuang. Li Xun was defeated and committed suicide after begging for surrender. Xiliang was destroyed.

3. Maijishan Grottoes: About the Later Qin Dynasty

Maijishan Grottoes, is located in Maiji District, Tianshui City, Gansu Province. It is an isolated peak in Xiaolong Mountain, 142 meters high, and is named after the shape of the mountain resembles a wheat pile.

Maijishan Grottoes were built in 384-417. They contain 221 caves, 10,632 clay sculptures and stone sculptures, and more than 1,300 square meters of murals. They are famous all over the world for their exquisite clay sculpture art and are known as the Oriental Sculpture Art Exhibition Hall.

Maijishan Scenic Area consists of more than 180 scenic spots: Maijishan , Xianren Cliff, Shimen, Quxi and Jieting Hot Spring. It has a rich and diverse biological types and species. It is called "Crown of Longshang Linquan". It has profound tourism value and is a dazzling artistic pearl and the most promising tourist destination on the golden tourism line of the Silk Ancient Road.

Maijishan Grottoes retain a large amount of physical materials in religion, art, architecture, etc., reflecting the characteristics of statues in various eras over the past thousand years, reflecting the development and evolution process of Chinese clay sculpture art, enriching the history of ancient Chinese culture, and providing rich information and historical facts for future generations to study my country's Buddhist culture.

On June 22, 2014, at the 38th World Heritage Committee meeting of UNESCO in Doha, Qatar, the Maijishan Grottoes were successfully included in the World Heritage List as a site point in the "Silk Road: Road Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor" jointly applied for by China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Starting from September 16, 2018, the Maijishan Grottoes Scenic Area will pilot real-name ticket purchases, of which the cave area will be limited to 6,400 tickets per day. In addition, in addition to being a world cultural heritage, Maijishan is also one of the four major grottoes in China, a national AAAA tourist attraction, a national key scenic spot, a national forest park, a national geological park, and a national key cultural relic protection unit.

4, Huan Xuan usurped the throne: January 1, 404

Huan Xuan (369-June 19, 404), the word Jingdao html l5, a Lingbao , Qiaoguo Long Kang (now Anhui Huan ), a representative figure of the Huan clan of Qiaoguo, , , Eastern Jin , son of Huan Wen , and the founder of the late Eastern Jin dynasty Huan Chu regime.

He destroyed Yin Zhongkan and Yang Qihu [quán] period , occupied the vast land of Jingjiang, and later eliminated Sima Daozi father and son who controlled the government affairs, and controlled the power of the court.

The next year, Huan Xuan usurped the throne and established Huan Chu, but three months later, Liu Yu urged his righteous troops to resist Huan Xuan. Huan Xuan lost and fled to Jiangling to reorganize his military strength, but was later defeated by the rebel army in the Western attack.

Huan Xuan encountered Fei Tian and others who were escorting Mao Fu's coffin on his way to Sichuan, and was killed by Feng Qian, the supervisor of Yizhou.

5. Xia: 407-431

Xia, 407-431, was a feudal separatist regime in the northern ethnic minority established by Helian Bobo, the Tiefu tribe of the Huns during the 16 Kingdoms period in the inland of Ordos.

In 407 AD, Hao Lianbobo imitated the Central Plains dynasty system, established hundreds of officials, established the Daxia Kingdom, and established the capital at the southern end of Hetao, named "Tongwan" (now Beibaichengzi, Nanjingbian County, Wushen Banner).

was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty from its founding to 431 AD. It was established for 25 years. During its strongest period, its territory "blocked the Qinling Mountains in the south, garrisoned Pujin in the east, captured Qinlong in the west, and was thinner in the north of the river", which roughly included the north of the Wei River in Shaanxi, the Hetao region, the southern part of Shanxi and the eastern part of Gansu. The Hetao region was the center of its rule.

In the first month of 431 AD, Helian Ding conquered the Western Qin and coerced more than 100,000 people in the Western Qin in June of the same year. To this day, when he was about to cross the river, he was attacked by 100,000 cavalry led by Mu Yu, the leader of Tuyuhun. Helian Ding was captured and Daxia was destroyed. Xia was captured from Helian Bobo's proclaim to Helian Ding, and he served two generations of three kings for a total of 25 years.

5.1. Helian Bobo: 407-425

Helian Bobo , from 381-425, his courtesy name was Qu Jie, from the Tiefu tribe of the Xiongnu, his original name was Liu Bobo , the founder of the Xia period of the Sixteen Kingdoms in China.

Bo Bo is a descendant of the Southern Xiongnu Shanyu. After his father Liu Weichen died in the attack of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Bo Bo relied on the Later Qin Gaoping Duke Wu Yigan and was appreciated by the Later Qin monarch Yao Xing . Later, Qin and Wei Tong were in love and rebelled against Qin, killed Wu Yigan and established himself, established the Northern Xia Kingdom, and repeatedly attacked the Later Qin. Then he took advantage of the opportunity of the Eastern Jin Dynasty's defeat of the Later Qin Dynasty to occupy Guanzhong.

Helian boasts handsome appearance and cruel by nature.

When he was ten years old, Helian Bobo survived his death, defected to the cadre, and surrendered to the Later Qin Emperor Yao Xing.

In the second year of Yixi (406), Helian Bobo was appointed as General Anbei and Duke of Wuyuan County, guarding Shuofang, attacked and killed Duke Gaoping Wei Yiyu (father-in-law), annexed military supplies, called himself the Heavenly King and Da Shanyu, the country was named Daxia, changed his surname to Helian, and the year was Longsheng, and established the capital Wancheng, led his troops to fight all directions, attacked Nanliang, defeated Tufa Litan, attacked the Later Qin, annihilated Wang Xi, subdued Wang Maide and others, attacked the Eastern Jin, annihilated famous generals of the Eastern Jin, and occupied the land of Guanzhong.

The founding emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty Liu Yu once sighed at Helian Bobo: "I am not as good as I am!"

In the seventh year of Zhenxing (425), Helian Bobo died at the age of 45. He was posthumously named Wu Lie and the temple name Shizu, and was buried in Jiapingling Mausoleum.

6. Feng Ba Established Northern Yan: 407-436

Northern Yan Emperor Wencheng Feng Ba , the monarch of Northern Yan during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, whose courtesy name was Wenqi, his nickname was Qizhifa , he was a Han nationality in Huhua and from Changle Xindu (now Jizhou District, Hengshui City, Hebei Province).

Feng Ba is the grandson of Feng He, and his father Feng An once served as the general of Xiyan .

Western Yan died, Feng Ba moved eastward to Houyan , and was appointed as the general of the Central Guard when Emperor Houyan Murong Bao was reigned.

In the third year of Zhengshi (409), Gao Yun was killed by his favorite ministers Li Ban and Tao Ren.

After the chaos was settled, everyone recommended Feng Ba as the main point, and Feng Ba ascended the throne and changed the reign to Taiping.

In the 22nd year of Taiping (430), Feng Ba was seriously ill and ordered the prince Feng Yi to take charge of national affairs. Unexpectedly, Mrs. Song wanted to plan for the throne for his son Feng Suo. Feng Ba's younger brother Feng Hong so he led his troops into the palace to change the situation. In a hurry, Feng Ba died in fear. After being posthumously named Emperor Wencheng with the temple name Taizu.

Feng Hong usurped the throne and killed more than 100 Feng Ba's sons, including Feng Yi.

7. Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty: 408-452

Emperor Taiwu of the Northern Wei Dynasty Tuoba Tao , 408-March 11, 452, Xianbei real name Foli Fa , Foli is the official name, the transliteration of the Turkic wolf büri or böri, Fa or bäg is the official name, and it is the most widely used political name of the Xianbei tribes during the Wei and Jin Dynasties.

The third emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (reigned from 423 to March 11, 452), the eldest son of Emperor Tuoba Si of the Ming Yuan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, reigned for 29 years, and was posthumously named Emperor Taiwu and the temple name was Shizu.

Emperor Taiwu of Wei smart and generous, dealing with Yuru.

In the eighth year of Taichang (423), he officially ascended the throne, and his year name was Shi Guang. He was fifteen years old. With the ambition of "setting out four appearances and mixing with one Ronghua", he personally led his army to fight, dealing with danger, using cavalry, light cavalry to attack, attacking Hu Xia, Northern Yan, Northern Liang, conquering Shanhu, subduing Shanshan, Kucha, Sogdian and other Western countries, expel Tuyuhun, and unifying northern China.

He attacked Rouran in the north, drove the enemy thousands of miles, and attacked Liu Song in the south, "Yan Ma Yangtze River ". He fought bravely and strong, and was respected by the enemy. He was called "the ancients and martial arts of the Liu Song Dynasty, and surpassed Maodun and Tan Shihuai .

In terms of governing the country, Tuoba Tao vigorously improved people's livelihood, encouraged farming and sericulture, greatly increased farming, reduced taxes, regularly recuperated, cultivated martial arts and culture, and provided relief to orphans and the elderly, and understood the sufferings of the people.

promotes regular text, laying the foundation for Wei steles, and facilitating the people's literacy.

also summoned Han nationality scholars, valued Han officials Cui Hao, Gao Yun and others, reformed the official system, purified the administration of officials, suppressed and retired treacherous officials, promoted loyal and kindness, and significantly promoted harmonious coexistence between officials and people in the Northern Wei Dynasty.

He promoted etiquette and morality, advocated Confucianism, promoted the development of the sinicization of the Xianbei people, abide by frugality, rewarded generously, did not fear difficulties, predicted things first, knew people and took good responsibility, and clearly defined rewards and punishments.

He also attached importance to the construction of the legal system and established a system of retaliation of the death penalty, and often said: "The law is shared with the world, so how dare I be careless." But at the end of his rule, he enforced the law strictly and killed too many innocent people, so he often regretted it.

in the second year of Zhengping (452), Emperor Taiwu of Wei was killed by the Central Secretariat. He was 45 years old at the time and was posthumously named Emperor Taiwu and his temple name was Shizu.

7.1. The Northern Wei Dynasty’s War to Unify the North: 486-439

The Northern Wei Dynasty’s War to Unify the North was a series of wars fought by the Northern Wei Dynasty to unify the Yellow River Basin from the first year of Dengguo (386) to the fifth year of Taiyan (439).

After the Battle of Feishui, Tuoba Gui rebuilt Dai Kingdom in 386 and changed the name to Wei in 398, which is known in history as Northern Wei.

After the establishment of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty launched a series of wars aimed at unifying the north, and eventually destroyed Northern Liang in 439 and unified the Yellow River Basin.

After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north, it formed Northern Dynasty , which was a long confrontation with the Southern Dynasty in the south.

7.2. Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei destroyed Buddhism : 446-452

Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei destroyed Buddhism , referred to as Taiwu destroy Buddhism, refers to a series of policies to exclude Buddhism implemented by Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei . From the seventh year of Taiping Zhenjun (446) to the death of Tuoba Tao in 452, the Buddha was abolished for six years.

Later generations called it " Three Martial Emperor of Northern Zhou destroyed Buddha , Tang Wuzong destroyed Buddha , and Later Zhou Shizong destroyed Buddha , together with " Three Martial One Sect ".

8. Faxian traveled westward, writing "Records of the Buddha Kingdom": 416

" Faxian Chuan ", which is a travel notation written by the Eastern Jin monk Faxian .

Dharma is revealed in Hongshi second year (400 years), and monks such as Huijing, Daozheng, Huiying, Huiwei, etc. set off from Chang'an , crossed the quicksand in the west, and went to Tianzhu to seek precepts.

Faxian returned to China in the eighth year of Yixi (412), 14 years ago.

Fa Xian wrote the book "Records of the Kingdom of Buddha" after returning to the country, recording his experiences and experiences in the west. "The Book of Faxian" is also known as "The Record of the Kingdom of Buddha", " Travels in the Heavenly Kingdom ", "The Record of Buddha Travels in the Heavenly Kingdom" and "The Record of Interpretation of Faming Travels in the Heavenly Kingdom", which is an important document in the history of Buddhism, and the history of Sino-foreign communication.

9. "Peach Blossom Land": 420 years

China Peach Blossom Land has many place names, including Youyang, Chongqing, Changde, Hunan, Shiyan, Hubei, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, Huangshan, Anhui, Keelung, Taiwan, Nanyang, Henan, Yongchuan, Chongqing and other places. There is still controversy in the academic community where the prototype of the "Peach Blossom Land" described in "The Book of Peach Blossom Land" is. In addition, film and television songs and literary works "Peach Blossom Land".

10, New Words on the World: 420-479

" New Words on the World" " is a representative work of the " notes novel " during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties . The content mostly records the words, deeds and interesting stories of the nobles and celebrities from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was compiled by Southern Song Dynasty Liu Yiqing .

The whole book is divided into three volumes: "virtue", "verbal", "political affairs", "literature", "centeredness", "elegance", "recognition", etc. There are 36 categories (doors), each category contains several rules, and the whole book contains more than one thousand rules, each with different lengths of words, some with several lines, and some with three words. This shows the characteristics of Zhiren's novels "remember at will".

11. Liu Yu usurped the Jin Dynasty and established the Song Dynasty: 420-479

Liu Song (420-479) was the first dynasty of the Southern Dynasties during the Southern Dynasties, and it was also the dynasty with the longest existence and the largest territory in the Southern Dynasties. At that time, the so-called "seven parts of the world, and there are four".

Liu Song has been passed down for four generations, and has been with the nine emperors, and has been in the country for 60 years. Because the king's surname is Liu, it is different from the later established Zhao Kuangyin, so it is also called Liu Song. According to the theory of the five virtues of , it is water virtue, so it is also called water Song.

When Liu Song was strong, the area where it ruled was adjacent to the Northern Wei Dynasty by the Qinling Mountains and the Yellow River in the north, to the Daxue Mountains in Sichuan in the west, to Yunnan in the south, and to the Hengshan and Linyi areas in central Vietnam in the south.

In 420 AD, Emperor Wu of Song Liu Yu replaced the Eastern Jin regime and established the country's name was Song, and his capital was established (now Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province).

In the early Song Dynasty, society was stable, before and after Liu Yu ascended the throne, he vigorously promoted reforms, centralized the central government, curbed the merger of powerful people, implemented the land cut off, and cracked down on the powerful and powerful gentry; rectified the administration of officials, reused poor families, developed production, and lighted taxes and tithes.

After Liu Yu's death, Emperor Wen of Song, Liu Yilong, continued to implement Liu Yu's strategy of governing the country, and a prosperous scene appeared, known in history as the "Governance of Yuanjia". The government was in chaos in the late Liu Song Dynasty and the emperors changed frequently.

479 powerful minister Xiao Daocheng usurped the Song , changed the country's name to Qi, and the Liu Song Dynasty was destroyed.

Politically, Liu Song was the first dynasty established by poor commoners in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. During this period, a political situation of "cold people's hand in hand" appeared.

Culture, Liu Song also emerged with a group of far-reaching great men, such as Xie Lingyun, Liu Yiqing, Bao Zhao, Pei Songzhi, Fan Ye, Yan Yanzhi, Zu Chongzhi, He Chengtian, etc. Jiankang's literary history and theory developed to its peak during this period.

"New Words on the World", "Book of the Later Han", " Three Kingdoms Notes on " and other famous works were born during this period and had a profound impact on later generations.

11.1. The Yuanjia Governance: During the Yuanjia Governance,

Yuanjia Governance, refers to the Liu Song Emperor Wen Liu Yilong period ( year number Yuanjia ). Because of its relatively clear politics, it worked hard to promote various policies to prosper economic and cultural, and thus a political situation in which the economy finally recovered and people's lives were relatively stable in the short term.

11.2. Yuanjia Northern Expedition: During the Yuanjia period,

Yuanjia Northern Expedition, refers to a series of wars in the Southern Dynasty Song in the Yuanjia in the 4th year of Yuanjia , a total of three times, respectively, in the seventh year of Yuanjia (430), the twenty-seventh year of Yuanjia (450), and the twenty-ninth year of Yuanjia (452).

Although Emperor Wen of Song stayed in Jiankang in the third war and sent different generals to the expedition, he would pass on edicts and teach strategies.

The main targets and battlefields of the three Northern Expeditions were all lost in Henan, which was Song. The war consumed a lot of troops and materials, but all failed. In particular, the second Northern Expedition caused great damage to all parts of Jiangbei, and the people in Jiangnan were also afraid of shock and could not be calmed down for a long time. After Emperor Wen of Song died, Song fell into internal turmoil. The Northern Wei gradually gained military advantages and gradually seized the northern territory of Song.

twelve. Zu Chongzhi: 429-500 years

Zu Chongzhi (429-500 years), with the name Wenyuan , Fanyang junqiu [qiú] county (now Lai [lái] Shui County, Hebei Province), an outstanding mathematician and astronomer in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

Zu Chongyisheng studied natural science, and his main contributions were in mathematics, astronomical calendar and mechanical manufacturing.

Based on the precise method of exploring pi pioneered by Liu Hui, he actuated the "pi" to the seventh place in the decimal place for the first time, that is, between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. The "ancestral rate" he proposed has made a significant contribution to the research of mathematics.

It was not until the 16th century that Arab mathematician Al Cassi broke this record.

The "Da Ming Calendar" he wrote was the most scientific and progressive calendar at that time, and provided the correct method for the astronomical research in later generations. His main works include "On the Border", "Article of Enlightenment", "Records of Different Discourses", and "Calendars", etc.

12.1. Pi: 450 years

Pi, (Pi) is the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle, generally represented by the Greek letter π, which is a mathematical constant that is common in mathematics and physics.

π is also equal to the ratio of the area of ​​the circle to the square of the radius, and is the key value for accurately calculating geometric shapes such as the circumference, circle area, and sphere volume.

In analysis, π can be strictly defined as the minimum positive real number x that satisfies sinx=0.

Pi is represented by the Greek letter π (pronounced as pài), which is a constant (about equal to 3.141592653), which represents the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of the circle.

It is an irrational number, that is, infinitely uncirculated decimals. In daily life, 3.14 is usually used to represent pi for approximate calculations, and using ten decimal places 3.141592653 is enough to cope with general calculations.

Even if an engineer or physicist wants to perform more precise calculations, at best, you only need to take the value to a few hundred digits after the decimal point.

12.2. Ming calendar: 462 years

Ming calendar , also known as the "Jiazi Yuan calendar", is one of the calendars used in ancient China.

was created by Zu Chongzhi during the Southern and Northern Dynasties and was completed in the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty in the Song Dynasty (462). It was implemented 10 years after Zu Chongzhi's death, that is, in the ninth year of Tianjian in Liang (510).

to the third year of Zhenming (589), the implementation lasted for a total of 80 years.

The length of synodic moon used in the Ming Calendar is 29.5309 days, which is less than one second from the length of the synodic moon measured using modern astronomical methods.

In "The Ming Calendar", Zu Chongzhi proposed a new leap week that inserted 144 leap month in 391.

According to the new leap week and synodic moon length, we can find that the length of return year in the Ming Calendar is 365.24281481 days, which is only about six ten thousand days apart from the modern measured return year , which means that it is only more than 50 seconds a year. This is very accurate data.

Winter Solstice point is the starting point for formulating a calendar, so it is very important to calculate the calendar.

However, before the Zu Chong, calendarists always believed that the position of winter solstice point was fixed, which caused errors in the formulation of calendar from the beginning.

For this reason, after Zu Chongzhi introduced the concept of years and difference into the calendar, it greatly improved the accuracy of calendar calculation.

12.3. Zu Qing [gèng]

Zu Qing (gèng), also known as Zu Qing zhi, whose courtesy name is Jingshuo, was from Qiu County, Fanyang County (now Laishui, Hebei), a mathematician and astronomer in the Southern and Northern Dynasties of China, and the son of Zu Chongzhi.

Zuo Shao’s family business has been passed down. He has loved science since he was a child and has calculated the sphere volume calculation method.

During the Liang Dynasty, Zu Qing served as the Minister of Taifu, and served as the official Wailang and the regular attendant of the cavalry.

Liang Chu continued to use the "Yuan Jia Li" of the Qi Dynasty. Zu Qing once submitted a memorial to three times, suggesting that the "Da Ming Li" be used instead, and it was not implemented until the ninth year of Tianjian (510).

Zunyi and his son jointly discovered the Zunyi principle, which is what the West calls the Cavalieri principle.

13. Literary and historian Shen Yue: 441-513

Shen Yue (441-513), whose courtesy name was Xiu Wen, was from Wukang County, Wuxing County (now Deqing County, Zhejiang Province), a hero of the founding country of Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty, a politician, writer, and historian, the grandson of General Jianwei of Liu Song, Shen Linzi, and the son of Shen Pu, the prefect of Huainan of Liu Song, was lonely and poor when he was young, and was determined to study.

During the Southern Dynasty and Song Dynasty, Shen Yue started his family and invited the court to the court, and moved to Yingzhou to join the army. After the establishment of the Southern Qi , Shen Yue served as the Records of the Crown Prince's Family Order, the Book of the Imperial College, and the Imperial College.

Emperor Wu of Liang Xiao Yan ascended the throne and appointed him as the Minister of Shangshu Pushe, and was appointed as the Marquis of Chang County, feudal.

Shen Yue served as Zuo Pushe, Zhongshu Ling, Shangshu Ling, Zuo Guanglu Dafu, Shizhong, and Prince Shao Tutor.

Tianjian twelve year (513), Shen Yue died at the age of 73, and his posthumous title was Yin.

As the leader of the literary world of the Southern Dynasty, Shen Yue was knowledgeable and proficient in music. He created the theory of the four tones and eight diseases with Zhou Yong and others. He required the mutual adjustment method of the four tones and four tones to be applied to poetry and prose to avoid eight diseases, which opened up a new realm for the creation of rhyme at that time.

His poems and Wang Rong and others both focus on sound and rhythm and parallelism. The time is called "Yongming Style", which is an important transitional stage from a relatively free ancient style poem to a strict modern style poem .

Shen Yue wrote historical books such as "Book of Jin", "Book of Song", "Jin of Qi", and "Book of Emperor Wu of Liang", among which "Book of Song" is included in the twenty-four histories.

13.1, Song Book: 439-502

"Song Book", is one of the " Twenty-Four Histories ", it is a -century historical book that records the history of the Southern Dynasty Liu Song , written by Shen Yue in the Southern Dynasty, including ten volumes of the original, thirty volumes of the biography, and sixty volumes of the biographies, a total of one hundred volumes.

Some of the biographies of the present version are incomplete, and a few of them were supplemented by later generations using "Small History" and "Southern History" by later generations.

"Song Book" contains a large number of documents such as edicts, letters, and articles at that time, and preserves original historical materials, which is conducive to the research of future generations.

13.2. Yongming style: 483-493

Yongming style , also known as New style poetry , is a kind of Chinese that appeared in the 4 years of Emperor Wu of Qi Yongming .

poetry style requires the implementation of the four tone theory proposed by [yóng] using flat, upper, lower, and entered rhyme, and the eight diseases proposed by Shen Yue (flat head, upper tail, bee waist, crane knee, big rhyme, small rhyme, straight rhyme, side rhyme) proposed by Shen Yue , etc., collectively known as "four tones and eight diseases", emphasizing the rhythm of sound and rhyme.

The emergence of this poetry corrects the illusion of the language of literati poetry since the Jin and Song , making the creation turn to fresh and smooth. It has had an unprecedented impact on the formation of " modern poetry ".

14. Yuan Jia Calendar: 445 years

" Yuan Jia Calendar ", is a calendar used in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China. It was founded by astronomer He Chengtian and belongs to lunar calendar .

"Yuanjia Calendar" corrects the winter solstice moment and the location of winter solstice in the old calendar, changed " Pingshuo " to "Dingshuo", created the day adjustment method , reformed the " Shangyuan Jiyen method", calculated the year-to-year difference value once a hundred years, improved the accuracy of astronomical data, and enriched the " Huntian Say ".

"Yuan Jia Calendar" sets 7 leap months in 2019, 1 solar year is equal to 365.2467 days), and 1 synodic moon is approximately equal to 29.530585 days.

Ancient calendars used the Shangyuan year, which was cumbersome to calculate. He Chengtianchuang took the zodiac at close range, and when calculating the five stars, each setting different epochs, simplifying the calculation.

14. Fan Zhen [zhěn] and "Theory of God's Destruction": 450-510

Fan Zhen (450-510 years), the name Zizhen , native of Wuyin, Nanxiang (now the area of ​​Yangche Town, Biyang, Henan), materialist and atheist during the Qi and Liang dynasties of the Southern Dynasties.

He wrote "Theory of Destruction of God", believing that "the body will be destroyed by the spirit."

Fan Zhen was born in the Fan family of Shunyang. He lost his father when he was young and was filial to his mother. He studied for a famous teacher before he was young. After entering Southern Qi, he served as the chief clerk of Ningman, the chief secretary of the Shangshu Hall, and the chief secretary of the army. He was the prefect of Yidu .

After Xiao Yan established Nanliang, he served as the prefect of Jin'an and the left chief of the Shangshu. Later, he was exiled to Guangzhou for the incident of Wang Liang, and finally served as the Minister of the Central Secretariat and the Doctor of the Imperial College.

15. Liu Song's family coaxing:

Liu Song's family coaxing, was an incident that occurred at Southern Song . A series of struggles caused by suspicion or fighting for power among the royal family of the Liu surnamed royal family caused by suspicion or fighting for power. Because most of the relevant royal families were outside the town and had local military power, wars occurred repeatedly.

After the war, the victorious side also slaughtered, causing the royal family to be killed and the descendants to die.

16. Yungang Grottoes: 453-495

Yungang Grottoes, is located in the western suburbs of Datong City, Shanxi Province. It was mainly built between the first year of Heping (460) of the Northern Wei Dynasty to the 19th year of Taihe (495). It is the first large grotto in China presided over by the royal family.

The entire cave group is divided into three parts: East, Middle and West.

The grottoes in the east are mostly mainly pagodas, also known as pagoda caves. The "Five Caves of Tanyao" in the middle are the earliest and most daring caves in Yungang. The Western Cave Group was a little late, and most of them were works by the Northern Wei Dynasty after it moved its capital to , Luoyang .

Grottoes are excavated along the mountain, stretching 1 kilometer east and west on the north bank of Wuzhou River. There are 51 main caves (of which about 20 are well preserved). There are more than 1,100 Buddha squats in the entire cave group, more than 51,000 Buddha statues of all sizes, the largest Buddha statue is as high as 17 meters, and the smallest Buddha statue is only 2 cm high.

The largest cave is Cave 6 (drafted at the Northern Wei Dynasty Emperor Xiaowen at 5), which is as high as 20 meters from the ground to the top of the cave.

In 1961, Yungang Grottoes were listed as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units.

In 2001, Yungang Grottoes were listed as a World Cultural Heritage Site.

The statues in Yungang Grottoes are magnificent and have rich and colorful content. They can be regarded as the leader of Chinese stone carving art in the 5th century AD and are known as the treasure house of ancient Chinese sculpture art.

can be divided into three phases according to the excavation time: early, middle and late stages. The grotto statue styles of different periods also have their own characteristics.

The early "Tanyao Five Caves" were majestic and had a thick and simple Western Regions mood. The mid-term grottoes were famous for their meticulous carvings and gorgeous decorations, showing the complex, changeable and magnificent artistic style of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Although the cave rooms in the late period were small in size, the characters were thin and handsome, with moderate proportions. They were the role model of the art of northern China's grottoes and the origin of "slim bones and clear images".

In addition, the music, dance and acrobatic carvings left in the cave were also a reflection of the popularity of Buddhist thought at that time and a reflection of the social life of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Yungang Grottoes are known as the four major grottoes in China, including Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan, and Maijishan Grottoes in Tianshui, Gansu, and all have been listed as world cultural heritage sites.

17. Tao Hongjing and "Shennong Bencao Jing": 456-536

Tao Hongjing , April 30, 456 - March 12, 536, Emperor Xiaowu of Song 3rd year of Xiaojian - the second year of Datong of Emperor Wu of Liang, the name is Tongming , self-named , self-named , self-named l5Huayang seclusion , posthumous title Mr. Zhenbai , Danyang Mo [mò] Tomb (now Jiangning District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China), a Taoist priest, medical scientist, writer and calligrapher of the Southern Dynasty, was knowledgeable and talented, good at describing natural scenery, proficient in medicine and astronomy, and practiced both Buddhism and Taoism. He especially respected the Shangqing Sutras that were born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and became a representative figure of the Shangqing School of Taoism.

During the Southern Qi Dynasty, he served as the prince's attendant for many years and had a low level of office. He simply resigned from his post and lived in seclusion without an official position. He led his disciples to stay in Maoshan and concentrate on practicing Taoism. However, because Emperor Wu of Liang often sent people to consult him about state affairs, he was known as the "prime minister in the mountains".

Tao Hongjing has been refining elixirs and casting treasure swords for a long time. He has written important Taoist and medicine works such as "Zhengao", "Chongzhen Yin Jue", and "Bencao Jing Ji", and "Collection of Materia Medica". He was highly respected by Maoshan Sect in the Yuan Dynasty as the ninth generation master. His extensive knowledge is widely praised by modern historians.

18. Reform of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty: 467-499

Emperor Xiaowen reform , commonly known as Xiaowen Chineseization , refers to the political reform implemented during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty during the reign of .

Its main content is the Chinese movement, including the implementation of equal-field system and household modulation, the transformation of official system and law , the migration of capital to Luoyang , and the change of Chinese customs , etc.

Emperor Xiaowen's reform encountered strong opposition from the old Xianbei nobles. Under the resolute suppression of Emperor Xiaowen, the implementation of the Chinese policy was guaranteed and the results of the reform were consolidated. This also shows Emperor Xiaowen's courage and determination to reform and his far-sighted reform vision.

However, Emperor Xiaowen's Chinese reform was not suitable for the national and ethnic situations of the Northern Wei countries. It was the beginning of the political crisis of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The revolutionary nature of the north was completely replaced by the corruption nature of the south, and the lessons were extremely profound.

18.1. Empress Feng’s political affairs: 441-490

Empress Wencheng Civilization , 441-490 October 17, 490, or Empress Wu of Civilization , Feng, native of Xindu, Changle, the empress of Emperor Wencheng of Wei, her aunt was Zuo Zhaoyi of Emperor Taiwu of Wei Tuoba Tao. After the demise of Northern Yan, he was invaded to the palace of Emperor Taiwu and Tuoba Tao as a slave. In the second year of Zhengping (452), he was elected as the noble of Emperor Wencheng.

In the second year of Tai'an (456), he was crowned as the queen.

Sixth year of Peace (465), Emperor Xianwen ascended the throne and respected him as the Empress Dowager.

At that time, when the political situation was turbulent, Empress Dowager Feng was in charge of the court and decided to kill the powerful minister Yihun, and returned to Emperor Xianwen according to the ancestral system.

In the sixth year of Yanxing (476), Emperor Xianwen died suddenly, and people at that time suspected that he had been poisoned by Empress Dowager Feng.

Empress Dowager Feng supported his grandson Tuoba Hong ascended the throne and became the Empress Dowager.

Second time to rule the dynasty, supported Emperor Xiaowen for the 14th year, became the actual host of the comprehensive reform in the mid-term of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and had an important impact on Emperor Xiaowen's reform.

In September of the 14th year of Taihe (October 17, 490), he died of illness in Pingcheng , buried in Yongguling , and was posthumously named "Empress Dowager Wencheng Civilization".

After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved the capital to Luoyang, he built the Guyang Cave in Longmen Grottoes to commemorate Empress Feng.

18.2. Emperor Xiaowen of Wei: 471-499

Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen Tuoba Hong , October 13, 467-April 26, 499, the Chinese name Yuanhong , ancestral home is Pingcheng, Daijun (now Datong City, Shanxi Province), Xianbei people, an outstanding politician and reformer in ancient China, the seventh emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty (reigned from September 20, 471 to April 26, 499), Emperor Xianwen Tuoba Hong's eldest son, and his mother is Mrs. Li.

In the third year of Huangxing (469), Tuoba Hong was enthroned as the crown prince.

In the fifth year of Huangxing, Tuoba Hong ascended the throne by accepting Zen, and his reign was named Yanxing.

Grandmother, the Empress Dowager of Civilization, was in power and began to implement a series of centralized reforms.

In the 14th year of Taihe (490), after Emperor Xiaowen formally took power, he further promoted reforms.

Tuoba Hong rectified the administration of officials, established a three-rank system, and implemented a equal-field system.

In the 18th year of Taihe (494), he moved the capital to Luoyang, comprehensively reform the old customs of Xianbei, carried out political reforms, suppressed the conservative aristocrats who opposed the reforms, and executed the prince Yuan Xun [xún].

Emperor Xiaowen's series of actions promoted the comprehensive development of the Northern Wei Dynasty's economy, culture, society, politics, military, etc., and was known in history as the "Taihe Reform", effectively alleviating ethnic barriers and playing a positive role in the integration and development of the northern ethnic groups.

In the 23rd year of Taihe (April 26, 499), Emperor Xiaowen died in the original palace of Gutang. He was only 33 years old. He still had the ambition to "Seven Temples in Yangon, and he was blessed with the people" at the time of death. He posthumously awarded Emperor Xiaowen, the temple name is Gaozu, and buried in Changling.

18.3. Equal field system: 471-499

equal field system, is an important land system in ancient China , which originated from Northern Wei . The split of the Northern Wei Dynasty Eastern Wei Western Wei and the subsequent Northern Qi , Northern Zhou , and Sui and Tang all inherited this system.

As the landlord economy develops and grows, land annexation is becoming increasingly serious.

The late Wuzhou The same-field system was useless. In the first year of Jianzhong of Emperor Dezong of Tang Dynasty (780), the same-field system forever withdrew from the historical stage of China.

However, this system reappeared on the Korean Peninsula at the time of Zhongzong in , under the suggestion of Zhao Guangzu .

18.4. Three-head system: 479-499

three-head system, was a policy implemented by the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, that is, five families have one neighbor leader, five neighbors have one mile long, and five miles have one party leader.

Northern Wei Emperor Xiaowen accepted the suggestion of the Han landlord Li Chong . In the tenth year of Taihe (486 AD), the sect leader supervision system was abolished and the three-rank system was established to curb the powerful people's concealment of household registration and evade rent and corvee, and to directly control grassroots government organizations. Their responsibilities were to inspect household registration, supervise farming, collect rent and control, collect corvee and military service.

The three-person son enjoys certain preferential treatment and must be exempted from one to three official duties. This system is conducive to strengthening the central government's rule over the local area, increasing the country's tax revenue, and also hitting the power of the landlords of aristocratic families.