Before reading this article, please click "Follow" to facilitate discussion and sharing, but also bring you a different sense of participation. Thank you for your support. In 1938, under the heroic struggle of military and civilians across the country, the War of Resistance Again

Before reading this article, please click "Follow ", which not only facilitates you to discuss and share, but also brings you a different sense of participation. Thank you for your support.

938, under the heroic struggle of the military and civilians across the country, the War of Resistance Against Japan gradually entered a stalemate stage. The Japanese army intensified its attack on the CCP’s anti-Japanese base areas, and the anti-communist sentiment within the Kuomintang is also increasing, and the CCP is facing a critical situation of internal and external difficulties.

The house was leaking and it was raining all night. At such a critical moment, a defection occurred in the top leaders of the Communist Party of China: In April 1938, Zhang Guotao, then vice chairman of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government, took the name of going to the Yellow Emperor Mausoleum to worship Blatantly defected.

Zhang Guotao

In order to save the defected Zhang Guotao, the Communist Party of China sent Zhou Enlai, then vice chairman of the Revolutionary Military Committee of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, to urgently intercept it.

Zhou Enlai persuaded Zhang Guotao whole night and conveyed that the three paths the Central Committee gave Zhang Guotao could not bring him back.

Why does the Central Committee attach so much importance to Zhang Guotao? And what is the reason for his defection? What three choices did Zhou Enlai propose at that time?

Zhang Guotao

defected under the name of sacrifice

After the outbreak of the full-scale anti-Japanese war, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party formed the Anti-Japanese national united front . In order to show their determination to work together and unite in the fight against Japan, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party agreed to send representatives to perform sacrificial activities on the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum every year.

April 1, 1938, on the occasion of the Qingming Festival tomb sweeping, the Communist Party of China selected Cao Liru, Secretary-General of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government, to participate in the sacrifice activities of the Yellow Emperor's Mausoleum.

After Zhang Guotao learned about it, he hurriedly found Chairman Mao and asked him to be the representative of the sacrificial activities.

Chairman Mao was very surprised by this, after all, it was just a sacrificial activity. Zhang Guotao was a senior leader of the Communist Party at that time, so there was no need to go this trip.

Site of the sacrifice of the Yellow Emperor Mausoleum

Hearing Chairman Mao’s rejection, Zhang Guotao was anxious and hurriedly asked repeatedly on the grounds that it was conducive to the current united front work.

In the end, Chairman Mao had to nod and agreed: "You must go, just go and come back quickly!"

Zhang Guotao received Chairman Mao's approval and hurriedly left, and immediately began to prepare for the sacrifice.

Seeing that Zhang Guotao was so abnormal, Chairman Mao quietly found Zhang Guotao’s guard Zhang Hai and told him to accompany Zhang Guotao back immediately after the sacrificial activities.

Zhang Guotao and Chairman Mao

htmlOn April 4, Zhang Guotao led Zhang Hai and a guard squad all the way south to Huangling Town in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. The representative of the Kuomintang participating in the sacrifice was Jiang Dingwen , then director of the Northwest Camp. The two of them presided over the sacrifice and grave sweeping activity together.

During this period, Zhang Guotao and Jiang Dingwen got the same thing at first sight and had a great conversation. After the sacrificial activities, the two of them ate and lived together that day, and they felt that they had met too late.

Early the next morning, Zhang Guotao, who was supposed to return to Yan'an , suddenly changed his mind and asked Zhang Hai and the guards around him to return first.

Zhang Hai said in confusion: "Didn't Chairman Mao explain that we will return to Yan'an immediately after scanning the tomb?"

Chairman Mao in Yan'an

Zhang Guotao's face darkened, and he said that he wanted to go to Xi'an to find a business in Shaanxi on the excuse that he wanted to go to Xi'an to find a business in Shaanxi. Party representative Lin Boqu discussed important matters.

Before anyone else could react, Zhang Guotao turned around and got into Jiang Dingwen's car, and Jiang Dingwen's car then drove away.

Zhang Hai was afraid that something was wrong, so he hurriedly got on another vehicle and followed Zhang Guotao to Xi'an.

After arriving in Xi'an, Zhang Guotao found that Zhang Hai was following him, so he could only bring him with him.

When staying that night, he did not choose our party’s residence, but took Zhang Hai to live in the Kuomintang’s luxurious Xijing Guesthouse.

Jiang Dingwen

Xijing Guesthouse lives many senior Kuomintang generals. Zhang Guotao had close conversations with these senior generals, but he did not mention the matter of going to find Lin Boqu as he said before.

This series of abnormal actions made Zhang Hai suspicious, but he was not familiar with Xi'an and could not contact the Xi'an office to report.

Zhang Guotao stayed in Xijing Guesthouse for two days before telling Zhang Hai the phone number of the Xi'an office and asked Zhang Hai to contact Lin Boqu to go to the railway station to talk to him.

At this time, the news that Zhang Guotao had not returned for many days had already spread to the top leaders of the Communist Party of China. Lin Boqu naturally knew about this, so he hurried to the train station to persuade Zhang Guotao to return.

Linboqu

But when Linboqu arrived at the train station, Zhang Guotao had already entered the train car, He asked Zhang Hai to contact Lin just to send the guard away.

Lin Boqu quickly boarded the train, persuaded Zhang Guotao to return to the wrong path, and quickly returned to Yan'an to continue his revolutionary work.

Unexpectedly, Zhang Guotao showed displeasure and insisted that he wanted to go to Wuhan to find Zhou Enlai, and said many remarks that undermined the unity within the party.

Seeing that Zhang Guotao was determined to go his own way, Lin Boqu had to get off the car in a hurry and quickly informed the Central Committee of Zhang Guotao's situation.

Lin Boqu

After the central government's judgment, Zhang Guotao's various behaviors revealed his intention to defect.

In order to make Zhang Guotao stop his horse, the Central Committee hurriedly sent a telegram to Wuhan, asking Zhou Enlai and others who were working in Wuhan to find Zhang Guotao to urge him to realize.

Zhou Enlai also needs to figure out why Zhang Guotao betrayed the organization? What exactly does he want to do?

urged each other to persuade

The reason why our party values ​​Zhang Guotao so much is because he is one of the founders of the Communist Party. Although had any differences with the mainstream of our party on the previous revolutionary line, Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai's partners who have fought side by side for many years. The party has very old qualifications.

When hearing what Zhang Guotao did, Zhou Enlai and others were also very shocked.

They immediately acted and started to send people to wait for Zhang Guotao at Wuhan Railway Station early on April 9, but they failed to see Zhang Guotao for two days, which was inconsistent with what he said on the train.

Zhou Enlai judged that Zhang Guotao might have deliberately stopped for a few days in the middle, so he ordered his comrades to squat patiently.

htmlOn April 11, no one was seen for many days. In order to boost morale, Zhou Enlai personally went to the railway station to wait.

At that time, there was only one train from Xi'an to Wuhan. Therefore, as soon as the train entered the station, Zhou Enlai and his party stared at every passenger who got off the train.

However, after all the passengers finished, Zhang Guotao was still not found.

Zhou Enlai

Zhou Enlai felt something was wrong, so he asked Li Kenong, Qiu Nanzhang and other comrades to get in the car to check. This time, Zhang Guotao was finally found in the last car.

At this time, Zhang Guotao was chatting and laughing with the two Kuomintang spies beside him. When he looked up and saw Li Kenong and others, he immediately showed a terrified expression.

Two Kuomintang spies saw Li Kenong and others wearing Eighth Route Army uniforms and weapons were pinned around their waists, and hurriedly got out of the car in shame.

KMT spy

Li Kenong and others politely said to Zhang Guotao:

"Vice Chairman Zhang, we are sent by the party organization to pick you up."

Zhang Guotao pretended to be calm and looked up on the floor: "You don't have to worry about my business!"

But after seeing Zhou Enlai standing on the platform outside the window, he still followed Li Kenong and others to get off the train.

Zhou Enlai, who was waiting outside the car, said kindly:

"Old Zhang, we have been waiting for you here for three days."

Li Kenong

Zhang Guotao could only smile bitterly and greet Zhou Enlai, and Explain your transfer in Zhengzhou It was delayed, so it was delayed for several days.

Zhou Enlai asked Zhang Guotao to settle in the Wuhan office. The two of them could have a good chat and explain their work ideas.

However, this thoughtful arrangement was strongly opposed by Zhang Guotao, who insisted on staying in the hotel.

In desperation, Zhou Enlai had to ask Qiu Nanzhang to accompany Zhang Guotao to find a hotel to stay.

That night, Zhou Enlai came to the hotel to find Zhang Guotao.

"Guotao, what do you think?"

Under Zhou Enlai's gentle persuasion, Zhang Guotao also expressed his thoughts. He had a good personal relationship with Zhou Enlai, so he was willing to get off the train before.

Zhang Guotao said that the reason he ran away privately was because he felt that the Central Committee asked him to serve as vice chairman of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region was "a slight use of talents."

After hearing this, Zhou Enlai instantly understood that this comrade felt that he was not valued.

He analyzed to Zhang Guotao the important strategic position of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region in the revolution, and the conversation between the two continued until two o'clock in the evening.

After Zhou Enlai's earnest teachings, Zhang Guotao realized his mistake of leaving his post without permission, but he did not intend to change his mind.

At the morning of the next morning, Zhang Guotao sent an apology telegram to the Central Committee:

"I arrived in Han yesterday and left without complaining. I apologized very much. I hope I can send some work in Han, Guotao."

Mao Zedong and the Central Committee were At this time, Zhang Guotao was still given the opportunity and actively persuaded Zhang Guotao to stop his horse. Zhou Enlai also went to the hotel many times to persuade him.

But Zhang Guotao still insisted on living in the hotel and was unwilling to return to the central government. In desperation, Zhou Enlai and others had to force him to take him to the Wuhan office first.

Zhang Guotao was feeling uncomfortable in the Wuhan office, making excuses to go out, and also visited Chen Lifu , Zhou Fohai and Chen Duxiu who was fired by the central government.

Whenever Zhou Enlai and others enlighten him, Zhang Guotao always pretends to be deaf and never faces the problem.

Zhang Guotao

On April 14, Zhang Guotao asked Zhou Enlai to see Chiang Kai-shek , claiming to report to the work in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia.

Since it was in the second cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party at that time, the Communist Party and the Kuomintang cooperated closely, so Zhou Enlai agreed to Zhang Guotao's request.

Accompanied by Zhou Enlai, Zhang Guotao arrived at the official residence of Chiang Kai-shek in Wuchang. As soon as he saw Chiang Kai-shek, Zhang Guotao said in a very low manner: "Brothers have been confused for many years..."

Zhang Guotao's humble attitude made Zhou Enlai extremely dissatisfied and immediately refuted: "You are confused, I am not confused!"

Zhang Guotao did not prepare in advance. He just wanted to take this opportunity to talk to Chiang Kai-shek, so he reported it very stutteringly.

After leaving Chiang Kai-shek's official residence, Zhou Enlai immediately severely criticized Zhang Guotao's humble attitude.

I thought I could return smoothly this time, but while waiting for the boat at Wuchang Ferry Terminal, Zhang Guotao ran away while Zhou Enlai and others were not paying attention.

Zhou Enlai and Zhang Hai searched the entire dock but couldn't find him.

After returning to the Wuhan office, Zhou Enlai judged that Zhang Guotao would definitely contact the Kuomintang, so he sent Li Kenong, Qiu Nanzhang and others to the luxurious location of Wuchang to search one by one.

Li Kenong was looking for it suddenly thought that Zhang Guotao had another person who used to be named "Zhang Teli", and Zhang Guotao might use this name to check in.

After careful investigation, everyone finally found the name "Zhang Teli" in the registration book of a small hotel. When Li Kenong and others broke into the door, Zhang Guotao was shocked and full of anger.

Qiu Nanzhang

Li Kenong and others took him back to the Wuhan office without waiting for Zhang Guotao to make a fuss.

After Zhou Enlai reported all these situations to the Central Committee again, he also understood that Zhang Guotao was determined to defect.

So, he decided to follow the Central Committee's instructions and issue three choices that the party gave him to Zhang Guotao.

15, after Zhang Guotao fled again, Zhou Enlai held an emergency meeting, and everyone thought that the possibility of Zhang Guotao's recovery was extremely low.

So, after finding Zhang Guotao at the Hankou Pacific Hotel, Zhou Enlai told him:

"For your behavior, the Central Committee has given you three ways:

1. Correct the error and return to the party to work.This is what the organization and Zhou Enlai personally expect;

2. Ask for leave from the party, leave the job temporarily, and rest for a while.

3. Automatically declare your withdrawal from the Party and the Central Committee announces that you will be expelled from the Party. "

" Guotao, please think carefully. "

Facing three choices, Zhang Guotao immediately expressed his determination not to accept the first one, but he could consider it between the second and third ones.

Zhou Enlai was very sad about the old friend's choice, but since the other party He insisted on his own, but could not force himself to stay. There was no banquet that would last forever.

He gave Zhang Guotao two days to consider. When he came to the Pacific Hotel again on April 17, only Zhang Hai was sweating heavily in the lobby.

This day Early in the morning, Zhang Guotao had a call with the head of the Kuomintang Military Control Commission Dai Li , saying that he would publicly surrender to the Military Control Commission .

Dai Li

Kuo Li till the Pacific Hotel and got off the train. The spy quickly subdued Qiu Nanzhang and Zhang Hai until Zhang Guotao got in the car and let them go.

After Zhou Enlai reported the matter, on April 18, the Central Committee announced the punishment of Zhang Guotao's party membership to the whole party.

Zhang Guotao also wrote a letter to Zhang Hai after he defected. Zhang Hai continued to serve as his guard.

Zhang Hai handed the letter to Zhou Enlai and said firmly:

"I am a Communist Party member. Can he not revolution or I do not revolution? "

Picture source network

Since then, Zhou Enlai rarely saw Zhang Guotao until the 1940s. At that time, he and his wife Deng Yingchao watched movies at the Chongqing Cathay Cinema, and the guard Yan Tailong was responsible for the protection work.

Before the movie started, Yan Tailong was everywhere : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Check it out and unexpectedly found that Zhang Guotao was watching the movie in the front row.

Yan Tailong quietly reported the news to Zhou Enlai and suggested that Zhou Enlai and his wife evacuate first, and he would shoot the "traitor".

But Zhou Enlai waved his hand and did not agree to this One thing, no action was taken until the end of the movie.

Zhou Enlai and his wife

Yan Tailong felt very strange, but he had to obey the order. At this time, Zhou Enlai had already had a premonition that Zhang Guotao's "good days" in the Kuomintang were about to end.

After Zhang Guotao defected, the Kuomintang attached great importance to him at first, and Chiang Kai-shek said to Dai Li proudly: "This is a fatal blow to Yan'an. "

Zhang Guotao met Chiang Kai-shek with the help of his hometown Wuhan Police Director Cai Mengjian .

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek said a lot of encouragement to this once "big figure" of the Communist Party of China. This made Zhang Guotao feel overjoyed and felt that his The ability has been valued.

However, Chiang Kai-shek was suspicious by nature. He actually did not trust Zhang Guotao who betrayed the CCP, so he arranged him in the Military Control Commission.

Chiang Kai-shek instructed Dai Li to say that he must: "Protect well and play a role" .

Dai Li has always been obedient to Chiang Kai-shek's words, arranged Zhang Guotao in a small western-style building in Wuchang, sent people to protect him, and "respected Zhang Guotao as a god."

At a moment, various senior officials from the Kuomintang visited Zhang Guotao one after another. Zhang Guotao is very useful.

In the face of questions from senior officials and spies, Zhang Guotao spit out all the secrets he knew about the Communist Party like pouring beans on bamboo tubes.

In December 1938, seeing that everything Zhang Guotao knew was emptied, Dai Li He was transferred to Chongqing, and established a spy agency called the "Special Political Issues Research Office" to squeeze out his last value.

This institution intends to cultivate a group of spies who have invaded the Communist Party of China to invade the internal rebellion. Dai Li serves as the director of the research office, and Zhang Guotao serves as the deputy director.

Because Zhang Guotao worked in the Communist Party, Dai Li attached great importance to Zhang Guotao, and asked for money and asked for people to hand over the best agents to Zhang Guotao for teaching.

Zhang Guotao worked very hard and devoted himself to the training. He trained two periods of spy personnel in half a year.

He told Dai Li with confidence that he would definitely achieve great results by handing over these two batches of personnel to him to be responsible for the infiltration plan.

Dai Li was very happy, but the reality was that the two of them quickly slapped in the face.

The "excellent spies" trained by Zhang Guotao did not achieve any results after sneaking into Yan'an.

Because Yan'an's anti-special ability is very strong, the spies sent by Zhang Guotao were either understood by the CCP or captured by local militias.

Some spies were even successfully "anyway" under the influence and education, and actively participated in the revolution. Only a very small number of spies escaped in shame and replied to their lives.

This made Dai Li extremely angry. He spent so many resources and personnel, but the result was very little.

Dai Li also complained to his subordinates:

"Now it's like this, how can I get in touch with the principal (Cheng Kai-shek)!"

Dai Li immediately stopped the secret service class that Zhang Guotao was running, and was cold to Zhang Guotao for being cold. It faded.

Every time Zhang Guotao wanted to see him, Dai Li asked for reasons to turn him down, and even when he saw him, he looked at him coldly.

Military Control Commission also canceled the preferential treatment for him, and finally even the special purpose car was taken back.

Zhang Guotao's treatment within the Kuomintang suddenly fell to the bottom. Once, he encountered a spy who escaped from Yan'an by chance on the road. Zhang Guotao thought he would be respected by the other party, but unexpectedly, when the other party saw Zhang Guotao, he immediately sarcastically said:

"Zhang Tianshi, Brothers You have been cursed to death in Yan'an. I think you are fake anti-communist, and you are in Cao's camp and in Han. Could it be that the Communist Party sent you to be a spy? "

is still being treated coldly and is sarcastic, which makes Zhang Guotao feel sad and secretly Regret to impulsively defect. He knew that the Military Control Commission had no other place to live, so he had the idea of ​​climbing another mountain.

He was transferred to the Kuomintang Party Affairs Department ( Zhongtong ) through his relationship.

Zhongtong is obvious to Zhang Guotao's performance in the Military Control Commission, so naturally he would not reuse him. Instead, he adopted the same method as Dai Li's "raising but disrespectful, using but guarding" .

Zhang Guotao was idle all day long. Apart from necessary meetings, he could only wait dryly in the office until the eve of the Kuomintang's "tree falls and money scatters".

The evening scene is worrying

1948, at this time the situation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party had turned around, and Zhang Guotao's fate also ushered in an opportunity.

If he could recognize his mistake in time at this time and follow the Kuomintang uprising generals back under the banner of the Communist Party, he would not have been as desolate as in his later years.

Unfortunately, Zhang Guotao was still obsessed at this time. He instigated a group of reactionary literati to establish the weekly magazine "Chuangjin".

The characteristic of "Chuangjin" weekly is that it ignores the fact that the Kuomintang has retreated step by step on the battlefield and maliciously insults and slanders the CCP.

Zhang Guotao thought this move would make Chiang Kai-shek pay attention to him, and he also sent Chiang Kai-shek every issue of the publication.

Little did he know that Chiang Kai-shek was worried about the increasingly devastating political situation at this time, so how could he pay attention to his self-paralytic behavior?

At the end of 1948, Chiang Kai-shek began to arrange personnel to evacuate from Taiwan, and Zhang Guotao naturally began to think about his own way out.

He found his superior Mao Renfeng and asked, and Mao Renfeng said impatiently:

"You might as well stay in the mainland. This is more effective than following us."

Mao Renfeng

As soon as this is said, Zhang Guotao I understand that I was completely abandoned. But he eventually fled to Taiwan Province with shamelessness and took his family to a Taiwanese province, temporarily living in a guesthouse on Nanyang Street, Taipei, waiting for the Kuomintang to arrange work for him.

Zhang Guotao lived in Taiwan for nine months, but no one arranged a job for him, and no one even asked about his life.

Zhang Guotao was very embarrassed and had to move to Hong Kong with his family and make a living by writing articles.

After the outbreak of the Korean War , the gold price in Hong Kong soared, and Zhang Guotao took out all his property to invest in gold under the temptation of people. It made a big profit in less than two weeks.

Zhang Guotao borrowed a lot of money in an impulse and invested again with capital and profit.

However, the market conditions were unpredictable. In just a few days, the gold price suddenly plummeted, and Zhang Guotao eventually lost all his money.

His quality of life plummeted, and there was no political way out, and the whole family was in a very difficult life. At the end of his life, Zhang Guotao had the idea of ​​"returning to the mainland".

He sent a letter to Chairman Mao through his relationship. Central Committee quickly replied to him, saying that he would make a profound review of his past mistakes and give him the opportunity to reform himself.

However, Zhang Guotao still dreamed of holding power in the past. was not satisfied with this result and eventually gave up the idea of ​​returning to the mainland. He just lived in Hong Kong with difficulty in saving money.

In 1961, the United States was very unwilling to accept the defeat of the Korean War. In order to fully examine the New China, a university in the United States found Zhang Guotao and wanted him to write a memoir.

With a generous treatment of HK$2,000 per month, Zhang Guotao spent four years writing the book "My Memories".

In 1968, the elderly Zhang Guotao moved to Toronto, Canada and lived with his eldest son Zhang Haiwei.

0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 So Zhang Guotao and his wife moved into a nursing home to live, and depend on each other for their lives.

Not long after, the elderly Zhang Guotao suffered a stroke and his right half was completely paralyzed. Although the nursing home provides free benefits, the conditions are not good, so Zhang Guotao lived a very hard life.

Zhang Guotao was paralyzed in bed and had no ability to take care of himself. He could only call the nurse by relying on the ringtone at the head of the bed. However, there are too few nurses and often they are too busy to get busy, so a nurse often comes to check his situation after a long time.

According to his wife, on December 2, 1977, it started to snow several times in Toronto , and the temperature was very cold. The blanket on Zhang Guotao accidentally fell off. He was so cold that he fell to the ground, but he had no strength to ring the electric bell that was close to him.

In the end, he was frozen to death on a snowy night in a foreign land. He was 82 years old and buried in the Toronto Cemetery.