After the fall of Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing regime in Taiwan in 1683, some Han Chinese who insisted on anti-Qing and restoration of the Ming Dynasty fled China. They were scattered in Thailand, Nanyang Islands, the Malay Peninsula, North Borneo and other places, and associated

The Qing army entered the customs and established the Great Qing dynasty in China; and after the fall of Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing regime in Taiwan in 1683, some Han people ht insisted on the anti-Qing and restoration of the Ming stance. ml2 fled China. They were scattered in Thailand, Nanyang Islands , Malay Peninsula , North Borneo and other places. They maintained contact with the China Tiandi Hui or its branches, planned to attack the coastal areas of South China, and conspired with Tiandi Hui to rebel. Qing Dynasty and Ming Dynasty. This kind of overseas conspiracy aroused the concern of the Qing government, prompting Emperor Kangxi to issue an edict to deal with overseas anti-Qinghua people and strictly prohibit them from returning to the country. This group of early political exiles sowed the seeds for the development of secret societies in Southeast Asia and became branches of the Tiandihui or its branch organizations.

Tiandihui was an influential folk secret society in the early Qing Dynasty in China. It was named "Tiandihui" after "worshiping heaven as father, earth as mother, sun as brother and moon as sister". The franchisees are all brothers, and their surnames are "Hong", which is taken from the reign name of Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, Hongwu. The alliance was called "Hongmen ", and the word "Hong" was changed to "3821" as the secret acquaintance code in the meeting. The rules of the alliance are that the one who comes first is the brother, and the one who comes later is the younger brother. As the number of people continues to increase, there will be continuous "brother additions", also known as the "Additional Brothers Association".

The Chinese immigrated to the Malay Peninsula, some to escape the rule of the Qing court, and some to seek economic development. Malacca contains the oldest Chinese relics Sanbaoshan (Bukit China). Some ancient tombs on the mountain can be traced back to the era before the 16th century. The rulers at that time (the Portuguese and Dutch governments) adopted the Kapitan system (Kapitan, in Dutch, Captain in English, and "Captain" in China). Chinese leaders were appointed as Kapitan, whose duty was to properly govern the local natives. Li Jia (Jia is the abbreviation of the title of Kapitan), one of the founders of Qing Yunting in Malacca, whose full name is Li Junchang, also known as Li Weijing , is from Lujiang (Xiamen), Fujian. The Sanbaoshan Chinese Cemetery was purchased and donated by Li Jia back then. Li Jia's son Zhenghao succeeded Jiabidan. Later, Zheng Hao's brother-in-law Zeng Qilu, also known as Zeng Liuguan, served as Jiabidan. Zeng Liuguan was a desperado who fled China. He built and expanded the Qingyun Pavilion and built the Guanyin Hall inside the pavilion. The four words "Qingyun Ancient Monuments" on the wooden plaque in the hall were written by Zeng Jia. In the Qingyun Pavilion, there is a tablet enshrining his god, with a letter "Refuge a Righteous Person", indicating that Zeng Liuguan would rather live in exile than be ruled by the Qing Dynasty. Since the descendants of political exiles formed the core of Malacca's Chinese society and made the place prosperous under an autonomous environment, they realized that they could not compete with the power of the Qing Dynasty overseas, and the chance of any uprising overseas was impossible. , the past anti-Qing stance was gradually forgotten with the passage of time and changes in personnel. But the activities and organizational networks of this group of secret societies were taken into another process, making them an integral part of controlling society.

In 1786, the British established the first colony on the Malay Peninsula in Penang, marking an important beginning for Chinese immigration to Southeast Asia. Penang's free trade policy has attracted many enterprising Chinese. The opening of Singapore in 1819 and the British acquisition of Malacca in 1824 further stimulated the growth of Chinese immigrants. With the establishment of the British Straits Settlements in 1826, China's free merchants were even more convinced that business in this region would continue to prosper.

In 1825, the Straits Settlements government discovered four secret societies: "Yi Hing", "Hai Shan", "Heng Hep" and "Watson". The early secret societies were headquartered in Penang, and had their branches all over the Malay Peninsula, including Sungai Seremban in Negeri Sembilan, Nazin in Perak, Lukut in Selangor, and later developed , Kuala Lumpur, , Kanzheng Other places are most important. Because these areas were the producing areas of tin in the 19th century, many Chinese miners were backbone members of the "Yi Hing" and "Hai Shan" groups. Due to the conflict of power and interests, one after another big party fights took place. .

Singapore Yixing Company has five major dialect groups: Cantonese Macaos, Hakka Kehs, Fujianese Hokiens, TeochewTay Chews and Hainanese Hylams. They belong to Yixing Corporation in name, but in fact they work independently, resulting in In the future, armed fights continued to occur among the Singaporean Congress parties, which eventually led the British colonial government to impose various regulations to curb the activities of the Congress parties. The British colonial government finally officially banned Yee Hing Company in 1890.

When the British colonial government banned the activities of secret societies, it asked the Sultan of Johor to also ban the Yee Heng Company. Not only did the Sultan fail to do so, he also wrote to the colonial governor explaining that the Yee Heng Company was a He sanctioned officially recognized organizations that were useful and beneficial to the Chinese living in Johor. He did not agree with the repressive policies of the British government. He pointed out: The existence of secret societies cannot be eliminated by law, but it is best to gradually change its nature over time. The control proposed by the Sultan is: Although Yixing Company is a Teochew organization, it must be open to all Chinese, and all Chinese Kapitan and Chinese Hong Kong owners must become its members.

This is a current situation. The industrial revolution in Europe in the 19th century, and the development of the textile and leather industries, stimulated the development of Ganmi (Ganmi is a small climbing tree. Its branches and leaves are boiled in the furnace to make a paste, which will turn into red. Its value (brown color, which can be used as a dye for tanning leather and dyeing cloth) aroused the interest of Chinese growers in Ganmi. Due to the strict control of secret societies by the British government, in 1846 Chen Dehai, the leader of the Yee Hing Company, led more than 4,000 members from Singapore to Johor to plant gambier and pepper. The development of the port owner system in Johor at that time had a certain relationship with the Yee Hing Company. For example, several famous port owners in Johor, such as Chen Kaishun, Chen Xunian, Chen Dehai and Lin Yaxiang, were all leaders of the Yee Hing Company. Therefore, the Johor Ghee Heng Company is the only party organization with legal status in Johor. Although it is mainly composed of Teochew people, its exclusive status means that other ethnic groups from other places of origin have gradually joined in, making it a local group that spans dialect groups. The modernized non-governmental organizations have also enabled Johor’s economy to develop steadily and develop.

Although the secret societies in Singapore and Malaya are part of local society, there are certainly similarities and differences with the Tiandi Society in China. However, the influence of China's Tiandihui on secret societies in Southeast Asia is still extremely huge. From the organizational structure and management model to gang etiquette, code words, waist credentials and methods of keeping tokens, everything is influenced by Tiandihui. From the early Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, Hongmen was no longer a secret organization, but it still implemented a voucher system, and sending tokens was still a means for the organization to maintain its survival. Secret societies in Singapore and Malaysia have minted six "Hongmen coins". These so-called coins are because they are shaped like Chinese coins with a round outer circle and a square hole in the middle. They are not coins. In fact, it is a "Hongmen token", which represents the function of professional title or identity certificate within the organization. These six tokens are based on the Hongmen copper layout, sourced from local materials, and cast in reverse molds of tin alloy . The following are the metaphors and identities of the six coins:

1. Honghong Honghong / Win:

Hongmen, also known as Hongbang, the characters "Hong" and "Hong" are interchangeable, so it is called "Hongbang". It is believed to be related to Zhu Yuanzhang . "Red is Zhu Ye", which also represents Zhu Yuanzhang. To commemorate him, he called himself the Red Gang. Heaven and Earth will have an article: "A red scarf is in the hand and wrapped around the head to visit the hero", which is the identity of the incense owner, also known as "dragon head" or "black stick".

Code name: 489 (because four plus eight plus nine is twenty-one, which is the spelling of the word Hong.)

2. Hongmen Gang/The Return of the World:

"Deputy Xiangzhu" is also known as "Second Road Marshal"

Code name : 438 (because four plus three plus eight is fifteen), which means commemorating the first five ancestors, the middle fifth ancestor and the last five ancestors of Hongmen, a total of fifteen people. On the left side of the character Hong is three points of water, and below the character Gong is the character eight, which means three or eight). There is a She Gong Temple at the headquarters of Yixing Company in Singapore. The ancestral altar worships the Five Ancestors, also known as the Five Tigers (Go Foo), and is also known as the "Five Tiger Temple" for members to worship.

3. Hongmen brothers / mutual support

is a law enforcement officer (also known as: red stick)

code: 426 (because four times twenty-six plus four equals one hundred and eight, which means one hundred and eight generals in Liangshan.When executing the punishment, the thirty-six gods and seventy-two earth demons () are alluded to, and the total number is also one hundred and eight).

4. Yixing Company/Gelu Ping An

manages internal affairs and is called "White Fan" or "Military Advisor" or "Master". Known as "Mr." When encountering foreign negotiations or planning armed battles, he is responsible for mobilizing troops and generals.

code name: 415 (because four times fifteen plus four equals sixty-four, which represents eight letters and is the mastermind).

5. Hongshun Hall Order / 3821

Hongshun Hall is a Hongmen association and is responsible for communication and communication. Because it requires walking to communicate, it is called "straw sandals".

6. Used by Jinlan Society / Yi Bo Yuntian

Jinlan Society is also a Hongmen society.

Hongmen token money appears at the Qingshui Temple in Jaken Lorong Kullia, Malacca. The small portion that was still around at that time could make up 6 different sets, and there were other loose coins. This small temple is located in a quiet side street. It looks like an ancient Chinese wooden boat moored. It is connected to two-story townhouses on the right and an alley on the other side. The two-story building is actually a room. The double-storey townhouse has three side-by-side windows on the alleyside exterior wall, and a three-section iron folding door at the front entrance. The interior of the house is a wooden ship-style structure, with three main elements. For example, there are three longitudinal beams on the upper floor, and the floor slabs are nailed horizontally, like the deck of a ship. There is an altar and incense table in the front of the front hall, and an order flag is hung on the right wall. It can be seen from the left door. Entering the middle room, there is a glass frame hanging on the lintel with the three characters "Hongshun Hall" written on it. On the left wall hangs the registration certificate of the society from the 1950s (copied and enlarged), with the names of the directors at that time. Upon entering the middle room, there is a 2-foot-high wall platform on the right, which is covered with wooden boards. The wooden boards can be uncovered piece by piece, and it looks like a hidden lattice mechanism inside. There is a small dark ditch on the ground in front of the stage, covered with wooden boards. The ditch is deep and dark (it is said that cold weapons such as Baleng knives or short spears are hidden). The back section is the patio, which has a scaffolding with pillars on the third floor. There is an open-air well in the middle with clear water and small fish swimming in it. A narrow wooden staircase leads directly to the upper floor. It is said that there is a secret passage upstairs for escape.

Malacca is the earliest port of settlement for the Chinese. As early as 1511, before the Portuguese occupation, the Chinese had established a small settlement here. During the Dutch period, the Fujianese were the mainstay and the scale expanded. When the British established the "three states" on the peninsula, the coolie labor trade market emerged due to the European development of Southeast Asia. The market used this market as a base to export coolies to the Western world or colonies in Southeast Asia. There was a large demand for coolies, and many coolies were either lured or kidnapped from the countryside. Once they realized that they were being cheated or abused, they would violently resist and escape. Most of them are illiterate and superstitious, and the secret society happens to be a controlling organization. The Qingshui Temple and Hongshun Hall in Coolie Lane are the relics of the area managed by Coolie Head.

From the three-dimensional building structure in the temple, it can be seen that Hongshun Hall is a branch of the Triad Association . Sanhe was founded by Su Hongguang, and Sanhe means the right time, right place, and harmony. Su Hongguang founded the Triad Society and changed its name to "Hong Tianyou" to express God's will to support and protect Hongmen. He recruited virtuous people, and righteous men from all over the world came to seek refuge with him. It grew to 300,000 people, including more than 4,000 women. It was so powerful that the Qing army suffered the biggest blow in history. The Qing army devised a plan and sent two spies, Fu Da and Tian Jian, with strong men and horses to pretend to surrender. The men led by these two men were very brave in fighting the Qing army and gained Hong Tianyou's trust. At that time, the Sanhe Army was organized in "platoon" units. Hong Tianyou appointed Fu Da as the fourth platoon and Tian Jian as the seventh platoon, and entrusted him with the important task of deputy military division. In the end, the two turned against each other during the emergency war, causing serious damage to the three combined forces. The two traitors were captured by the Sanhe female general during the confrontation. That night, a loyalty hall was opened and their hearts and livers were cut open to pay homage to the fallen soldiers. Because of his negligence and credulity, Hong Tianyou suffered a heavy setback to the generals. He felt guilty and became seriously ill and died in Baihu Mountain. The remnants of the Sanhe Army suffered repeated defeats and were finally completely defeated. The Hongmen brothers fled and scattered overseas. After experiencing this bloody lesson, Hongmen took Fu Da and Tian Jian as warnings and refrained from using the fourth and seventh rows from now on. The Triads and the Peace Society were equally famous overseas and had vigorously supported Sun Yat-sen's revolutionary cause.

Chinese immigrants went from sojourning to settling down in the Malay Peninsula. In order to make achievements in the new land, they overcame their emotional attachment to China and used clan halls, dialect organizations and secret societies to change their spiritual world. , retaining traditional Chinese customs and habits, and integrating into the local multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society with distinctive cultural characteristics.