"The bolder the people are, the more productive the real estate will be" was a slogan in the early days of the People's Commune. Over the years, it has been criticized and ridiculed as a target. Some people who do not know the truth even think that this sentence was said by Chairman Mao, then Where did this sentence come from? What is Chairman Mao's attitude towards this sentence?
On May 11, 1963, Chairman Mao convened a meeting with Zhou Enlai, Peng Zhen, the first secretaries of various Central Bureaus, Chen Boda, Jiang Hua, Hu Yaobang, etc. to discuss mainly the issues of production struggle, class struggle and scientific experiments. During the period, he talked about philosophical issues. Said:
"One word to rejuvenate a country means that spirit turns into matter. Philosophy must be talked about in daily work. The central government, central bureau, and provincial levels must talk about it in meetings. Don't take Marxism, especially philosophy, so seriously Difficult, philosophy can be learned. We still need to get rid of superstition, but don't break the science as we did in previous years. "
From this passage, we can see that Chairman Mao disapproved of "how bold a person is, how productive the land is". This was his basic attitude. He believed that this sentence was unscientific and inconsistent with philosophical principles.
The history of poverty and weakness in old China urgently requires that the Chinese nation must make a big "leap forward". It will crawl behind others and never catch up with others. This is not the historical responsibility of one generation of Chinese people, but the historical responsibility of several generations.
1958 was the year of New China’s “Leap Forward”. First, the People's Daily, the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, published an editorial and initiated the "Leap Forward" slogan. Chairman Mao wrote in praise:
"If the title of doctorate is to be awarded, I suggest that Doctor No. 1 should be given to the scientist (or several) who invented this great slogan (ie: Leap Forward)."
Among them are the second-year students of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Based on Chairman Mao's proposal, the meeting adopted the general line of "working hard, striving to reach the top, and building socialism more quickly, better and more cost-effectively." This marked the beginning of the Great Leap Forward of the Chinese nation. The ambitious Chinese people must "work hard." "Three years" to change the face of China. In fifteen years, it will catch up with and surpass the old imperialist countries of Britain and the United States in some important economic indicators such as steel.
In mid-to-early August 1958, Chairman Mao left Beijing to inspect rural areas in Hebei, Henan, and Shandong. In Xushui, Hebei, he visited the Dasi Village Agricultural Production Cooperative in Nanliyuan Township and saw the agricultural cooperatives clubs and grain processing factories, supply and marketing departments, hospitals, pig farms, sewing factories, kindergartens, happiness homes and canteens, and went to farmland to see the growth of cotton, Thai seeds, corn, millet, sweet potatoes and other crops; in Xinxiang, Henan, he visited Wangtun Agricultural Production Cooperative and Qiliying People's Commune. In Qiliying, he saw the sign "Xinxiang County Qiliying People's Commune" hanging up and said, "People's Commune is a good name." He also visited nursing homes, kindergartens, flour processing plants, and ball bearing factories. In the field, he walked into the cotton field, praised the cotton for growing well, and gave the cotton a topping together with the commune members. Facing the scene of a bumper harvest, he said happily: "There is great hope!"
The name "People's Commune" left a deep impression on Chairman Mao. He said in the subsequent conversation:
"It seems that 'People's Commune' ' is a good name, including workers, peasants, soldiers, students, business, management of production, management of life, and management of political power. 'People's Commune' is preceded by a place name, or a name that the masses like. The first is "big" and the second is "public". . The contents of the commune include canteens and nurseries, the tail of private land has been cut off, production has been militarized, and the distribution system has changed. A small one has been merged into a large one, and a private one has been merged into a public one. The people's commune has become a society. Socialist in nature, but one level higher than cooperatives. "
From August 17 to 30, 1958, the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee was held in Beidaihe. The meeting adopted the "Resolution on the Establishment of People's Communes in Rural Areas" and the People's Commune. This method, regarded as an important way to the communist ideal, has appeared widely in China. In a very short period of time, the vast majority of rural areas in China have become communes, and China's socialist construction has entered the period of people's communes.
On August 27, 1958, "People's Daily" published a letter from a comrade sent by the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to Shouzhang County, Shandong Province to understand the situation. People's Daily Plus editor's note was titled "How bold are people? How productive it is." The letter stated that Shouzhang County is engaged in a high-priced grain production campaign with a yield of 10,000 kilograms per mu. One mu of land will produce 50,000 kilograms, 100,000 kilograms or even hundreds of thousands kilograms of sweet potatoes; one mu of land will produce 10,000 to 20,000 kilograms of corn and millet.
With the development of the Great Leap Forward and the people's communes, the trend of satellite release and exaggeration began to appear, which became more and more serious. The slogan "The boldness of the people, the wealth of the land" also spread.
On September 10, 1958, Chairman Mao left Beijing for an inspection trip south. His first stop was Hubei, where he stayed at the East Lake Guesthouse in Wuchang. The next day, his old friend Li Da, a representative of the National Congress of the Communist Party of China and the president of Wuhan University, came to see him. During the conversation, Li Da talked about the slogan he saw at the Echeng County Party Committee: "How bold the people are, how productive the land is." " and asked Chairman Mao what he thought of this. Chairman Mao said: "Everything has a dual nature. This sentence talks about people's subjective initiative."
In this regard, Li Da and Chairman Mao had differences and had a debate. After seeing Li Da off, Chairman Mao fell into deep thought. He said to his secretary: I was wrong to argue with Li Da. He is a close friend, and with him I can be at ease in my sixties.
The slogan "The boldness of people is the wealth of land" disappeared soon after its existence, but the "exaggeration style" of exaggerating facts still exists in various ways. There is a certain rational element in this, that is, the people's enthusiasm for work. Chairman Mao started from the duality of things and conducted a dialectical treatment of the "exaggeration style".
On December 1, 1958, Chairman Mao wrote an article "On the question of whether imperialism and all reactionaries are real tigers" in Wuchang , pointing out that everything has duality. In it, he wrote:
"Possibility and reality are two different things. The possibility of falsehood and the possibility of reality are two things, two opposites of unity. The mind is cold and hot, two opposites of unity. Soaring energy is hot. Scientific analysis is cold. In our country, some people are too hot for a while and are unwilling to do analysis. Comrades, this kind of thing. Attitude is not conducive to leadership work. They may stumble. These people should pay attention to remind their minds. "
On December 9, 1958, Chairman Mao chaired the plenary session of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and delivered a speech on the protection of labor. Regarding the issue of enthusiasm, he said:
"How to deal with cadres who make mistakes? The so-called mistakes during this period mainly include forced orders, telling lies, and not caring about people's lives. They pay attention to production and forget about life. More than 90% of the cadres should be patiently persuaded and not punished. Cadres who seriously violate laws and disciplines should be punished. If they are not punished, the cadres' morale will be dampened. Enthusiasm will dampen workers' enthusiasm for work."
Regarding the issue of universal ownership, he said:
"Recently, there have been various discussions around the issue of people's communes, and they have announced that they are universal ownership . They entered communism in three or four years. They have soaring motivation and high revolutionary enthusiasm, which is very valuable. The shortcoming of our decision this time is that it is too hasty. Don't deceive yourself because foreigners will tell you that when you open your own newspaper, you will be so excited.”
On February 25, 1959, Chairman Mao went to Shandong for a work inspection and held a symposium of six-level secretaries (participating in the symposium included secretaries of the central, provincial, county, commune, management district, and production brigade six-level party secretaries) , when Zheng Song, the first secretary of Dongjiao Commune in Licheng County, reported that Dongjiao Commune produced 740 kilograms of grain per mu in 1958, he said:
"Is it so much?" How do you know you received so much? Have you weighed it? How did you calculate it? How is your wheat this year? Is 400 pounds twice as much as last year? "
On April 29, 1959, Chairman Mao wrote an "Intra-Party Correspondence" on six issues in agriculture to cadres at the six levels of province, prefecture, county, commune, production team, and production team. The letter said "
"Don't worry about the set of indicators set by superiors at all. Regardless of these, just focus on the realistic possibilities. For example, last year the actual yield per mu was only 300 jins. If it can increase the yield by 100 jins or 200 jins this year, that would be great. Blowing up Eight hundred catties, one thousand catties, one thousand two hundred catties, or even more are just bragging. If it is really impossible, what is the benefit? For example, if the yield per mu last year was 500 catties, this year it will increase by 200 catties or 300 catties. If it is more than 500 pounds, it will be considered a great achievement. Generally speaking, it is impossible to increase the number."
Regarding the issue of secrets, he said: "It should not be too sparse, and it should not be too dense. , keep on keeping it tight. Some people actually say that the tighter the better. That’s not true. Old farmers and middle-aged people also have doubts. If these three types of people have a meeting, it will be good. , the issue of dense planting must be discussed and decided by the production team. The above-mentioned rigid planting order is not only useless, but also harmful. Therefore, there should be no such rigid order. "
Regarding the issue of saving grain, he said: "In ten years, all big words and high-profile words must not be spoken, because it is very dangerous. It should be noted that our country is a big country with a population of 650 million, and eating is the first important thing."
Regarding the issue of telling the truth, he Said: "Speak as much as you can guarantee the production capacity, and don't tell lies that you can't do after hard work but barely say you can do it. Just tell as much as you can harvest, and don't tell lies that are not in line with the actual situation. Be honest. In the final analysis, those who dare to tell the truth will benefit the people's cause and will not suffer any harm to themselves. Those who love to tell lies will harm the people and themselves, and it should be said that there are many lies. It is pressured by the top. The top makes it difficult for the bottom to do it. Therefore, there must be enthusiasm and lies must not be told.
Chairman Mao finally said:
"Compare it with some of the high-profile things that are popular now. Come on, what I am singing here is low-key, with the intention of truly mobilizing enthusiasm and achieving the goal of increasing production. If it turns out that it is not as low as I said, but achieves a higher goal, and I become a conservative , then thank God. , What a great honor.”
On July 23, 1959, Chairman Mao chaired an enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee at the Lushan People’s Theater and made a speech, pointing out the need to correctly understand the enthusiasm of the people. He said:
“To pursue communism, this is What do you think of the enthusiasm? Is it petty bourgeois fanaticism? I can’t say that. It’s just that in three months, three hundred thousand people and nine hundred thousand people went to the mountain to pay tribute. In mass movements, we cannot throw cold water on them, we can only persuade them, we must not be impatient, we must take steps. These cadres lead hundreds of millions of people. They want to open communes, canteens, and engage in large-scale cooperation. They are very active. Do you think this is petty bourgeois fanaticism? This is not the petty bourgeoisie, but the poor peasants, lower-middle peasants, proletariat and semi-proletariat, 350 million people. Around the Spring Festival, they were unhappy and changed. When cadres go to the countryside, they stop talking and are treated to sweet potatoes and rice porridge without smiling because of the "communist wind". We must also analyze the "communist style", which contains petty bourgeois fanaticism. Who is this? The "communist style" is mainly caused by the county and commune levels, especially by some cadres in the communes, production teams and production squads. This is not good and will not be welcomed by the masses."
Judging from the context of "how bold a person is, how productive the land is", it was not invented by Chairman Mao, nor was it advocated by Chairman Mao. It was an episode in the process of China's exploration of the road to socialism. From it we can see The subjective initiative of the Chinese people in changing the kingdom of necessity, but also showing a certain blindness, is a necessary stage for the Chinese people to get rid of superstition and transform nature and society. The Chinese people have already passed that stage through practice and setbacks. Towards a broader kingdom of freedom.
Chairman Mao's attitude towards "how bold a person is, how productive the land is" reflects his consistent dialectic. He saw the duality and adopted the strategy of "protecting and fighting". The strategy not only protects its positive aspects, but also attacks its negative aspects, and finally guides the people's enthusiasm for building socialism to the aspect of realistic possibilities
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