One day at the beginning of the nineteenth century, a well-dressed and elegant old man was responding to the reception of Emperor Napoleon I of France in the Dulles Palace. The uninformed might not have imagined that the modest and gentle elder in front of him was an executioner whose hands were covered with blood. A total of 2,918 heads were beheaded during his career, including two former and old leaders of Napoleon-King Louis XVI and Robespierre, the chief patriot of the Republic. It is almost the same as Liu Taozhi of Beiqi. Facing the legendary executioner, the new owner of France teased with curiosity:
"Can you sleep at night?"
The other party's answer is not only decent, but also enough to be remembered by the latecomers. In the heart:
"Your Majesty, if the big men can sleep, why can the executioner not fall asleep?" The man
is the most famous executioner in France and even the world history, Sang Song IV.
Before leaving in "French Revolution", the king Louis XVI (Sansson in black and gray hair)
Robespierre on the guillotine
Executioner is an ancient profession and a despised profession. Due to the particularity of the profession of executioner, it is often passed on in a hereditary way in countries around the world. For example, the executioners in Beijing were hereditary in the Ming and Qing dynasties by the Jiang family. The tools used to carry out their tasks are said to be three broad swords: dragon head knife, tiger head knife, and rat head knife. The influence of legend. Of course, there are exceptions, and sometimes the executioner will be part-time by the "staff" in the yamen. In some feudal states in Europe, the principle of the death penalty is "whoever verifies the sentence shall be executed", that is to say, the chief will execute the criminal himself; and the Ottoman Empire used to assign the execution of the executioner as a kind of "labor" to the head of the male prostitute. on. As a result, some European curious hunters always talked about the Circassian executioners of Constantinople in their travel notes: "The appearance and the figure are so beautiful-they never make jokes about the death penalty!"
executioners have extremes. High gray income, in the famous work "Miscellaneous Notes in Prison" by Fang Bao, a writer in the Qing Dynasty, wrote in detail:
"Whenever a death sentence is in a prison, the executioner will first go outside the door to make the party claim property, and the name is "Slo" . The rich are related to their relatives, and the poor are to face them. Their capital punishment is: "If you follow me, you will pierce your heart first; otherwise, if you are dismembered, your heart will never die. "It hangs, and says: "Follow me, the first hang is the end of the breath; otherwise, three hangs and other weapons, and then you die. "It's nothing but big things, but it's the quality. With this, the rich bribe tens of gold, and the poor are out of clothes; if there is no one, then the rule is as stated."
means that the executioners of the Qing Dynasty were executing Manipulations can be done during the death penalty, especially Ling Chi and hanging. As for the beheading, the head of the condemned prisoner was seized and the family members paid to redeem it. And these despicable acts are just one of their various sources of income. In "Water Margin", there is also Cai Fu, the famous executioner with iron arm, who accepted Li Gu's bribe of as much as a hundred taels of gold, and planned to use the darkening of his position to kill and imprison Lu Junyi. Of course, the executioners also have a more "glorious" extravaganza, that is, after the prisoners are executed, the suffering masters will give some gifts to show their gratitude. For example, the hero Guan Suo Yang Xiong in "Water Margin" is a part-time executioner, so when the soldier kicked and killed the sheep, Zhang Bao blackmailed him with property, he said:
, "This is a good look for others and me. , How did you defraud the people?"
In the West, the early executioners had no direct compensation. But the palace allowed these people to withdraw a certain amount of tax in the area they were responsible for, that is, "tap fee." For example, the custom in the Middle Ages in France was that the executioner asked the apprentices to use a large spoon to scoop part of the goods from every counter, stall, and even the basket on the back of the donkey. This tyranny can be traced back to 1372A.D., so there is still a proverb in France to this day, to the effect that
is "as arrogant as the apprentice of the executioner". When
arrived at 1518A.D., the unbearable Paris merchants launched an uprising and burned the executioner’s criminal law grounds. The executioner leader Fleurand Bazar was locked in the house and burned alive.
In the seventeenth century, the "tap fee" has been changed from the physical method to the direct payment. The specific details are:
"each basket of fruit receives one su (20 cents)One franc);
each firewood dealer receives one denis (one twelfth franc);
aquatic product dealers are calculated according to the size of the truck, and each cart drawn animal receives 18 sous;
priests also Pay some money to the executioner..."
is different from the Chinese executioner: the French executioner takes bribes from the victims and the victims. The price is clearly marked-give me a sum of money, and I will make the death row more guilty and give You exasperated. The price list is basically as follows:
" hanging for twenty-five francs, the rope is broken and an additional six francs;
beheaded one hundred francs, the sword is cut and blunt, plus 24 francs for repair;
fire and Ling Chidu It's fifty francs..."
In addition, selling the remains of unowned death row prisoners to doctors and selling the relics to second-hand goods shops is also an income.
So for an executioner, this profession is disgusting, but it can make people live. For the sake of inner peace, executioners generally believe in religion, are kind and generous, and are very generous to the poor or anyone in need. Although the society is afraid of this class, it is not uniform. Rejection. After all, people use real money to prove that they are only a "last resort" in doing this.
For the past French governments, such a "fat poor", don't want to do it from me without paying a big price. Arrived. According to records, in 1688 A.D., the executioner Charles Sansson, also known as Sansson II, spent a huge sum of money to buy the position of the executioner of Paris and became the first "Master of Paris". The “lacquer fee” paid to the city hall alone was six thousand and forty-eight francs.
reached 1721A.D., and the French Regent issued an order to cancel the executioner’s “tap fee” and instead pay a fixed salary— -16,000 francs per year, and subsidies ranging from 5,000 to 6,000. But even so, this "high-salary" income is still less than the "tap fee", so executioners like the Sansong family began to work sideline for subsidies ——Practice medicine. The
Sansong family has a certain medical heritage, but the most popular ones sold there are human blood biscuits that can cure all diseases or ward off evil spirits, and hemp rope that has been hanged because of French girls We all believe that human blood biscuits have miraculous effects. If you give them to your boyfriend, you can not only make the other person unconscious, but also have aphrodisiac effects; while the noose and blood-stained handkerchiefs are given to your father, which is said to bless your father and dad A white and rich beauty. Because the executioner is a public figure, many clothing stores invite the handsome executioner to be a model. It is said that Sansong IV wore powdered wigs and worsted Indian linen shirts when he was a boy. , Velvet jacket, brocade waistcoat, thick satin five-quarter pants, white stockings, and pump shoes.
Sakamoto Shinichi's "Innocent Man" features Charles Henry Sanson as the protagonist
The Sanson family was originally born in Longval. A family of knights, but in the late Louis XIV, this Because the eldest son of the family fell in love with the daughter of an executioner, he resolutely gave up his knighthood and joined a family of executioners, becoming "Sang Song I." According to the family literature collection "memories of sansongs" (Sang Song family memoirs) compiled and published by Sang Song VI, since then, the males of this family can only serve as executioners, and the most famous generation of Sansong IV For example: the eldest brother of
: Charles Henry Sanson, the Paris executioner; the second brother of
: Louis Charles Martán Sanson, the executioners of Tours and Osser; the third brother of
: Nicolas Charles • Cabnier Sansson, Proya executioner;
brother: Louis Hill • Sharmaño Sansson, Provence executioner;
eldest daughter: Madeleine Courde Capone Yell Sangson, married to Muran executioner Piero Allison; second daughter of
: Mary Joseph Sangson, who died prematurely.
Only the head of the family is eligible to use the ancestral execution tool-the "sword of law". The sword is made of Damascus steel, which is wider and longer than normal swords, which means it is a standard execution sword; the sword is engraved with the goddess of justice pattern; the blade is flattened and three holes are opened, so that each The long sword whistled when swiped down vertically. The Sangsong family has always cared for this sword and sharpened it every time before using it in order to reduce the suffering of the victim.
z1Sang Song IV in the second dimension of z
, black clothes and gray hair is still affected by the movie.
_Sang Song IV made his debut at the age of fifteen. Because of his lack of experience, he could not behead the prisoner at once. According to the legend of the wild history, the young man who died by the sword happened to be a good friend of the executioner...so San Song IV In 1791A.D., he assisted in the invention of the guillotine in order to avoid the recurrence of this kind of situation that would cause great suffering to the death row. However, history played a big joke on him.
At that time, the speed of guillotine killing was absolutely unprecedented, and to some extent it stimulated the national massacre during the French Revolution. As a humanist, Sansong IV regretted this and applied for resignation many times, but was not approved. So his eldest son Sang Song V recalled:
"During that terrible period, we (father and son) were very numb, like a robot, we dealt with errands unconsciously." Z1z
Sang Song IV executed punishment. Does the reform of the method reflect the progress of the times? A profound and pessimistic analysis was put forward:
"Anyone can become the executor of the death penalty... In other words, I was able to kill a large number of people efficiently, and I was stupid at that time. Realize this. "Z1z
1794A.D., the second son of Sanson IV, Chabriel eventually became unbearable to act as an accomplice of the "revolution" and jumped off the guillotine after beheading the last person. Fell to death on the spot. From then on, San Song IV turned from compassion and confusion to disgust and fear for this society. He secretly wrote in his diary:
"The first person to be cursed is myself! I cursed myself! I cursed the military police with sabers! It was they who brought these poor and innocent people with their hands tied to the guillotine! I curse those stupid people, they will only watch the victims die! I dare not move, dare not make any action to save them! I also curse the sun that shines on everything... I am tortured by the pain of my soul I die and want to cry but there are no tears. "Z1z
Although the executioner makes people resist, in addition to the horror and mystery, the main reason is full of ethical paradoxes. In his later years, Sang Song IV had the courage to refute the ridicule of Napoleon and others, but he was even more compassionate. He wrote his final wish when he died:
"May all lives worth saving be saved."
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