The Eight Banners System and the Green Army System, accompanied by the Qing Dynasty from glory to destruction

The Eight Banners and the Green Camp were the pillars of the Qing Dynasty's feudal state for its rule and the tool for military suppression of the country.

The Eight Banners System is a form of social organization of the Manchu . Jurchen, who was originally in the clan system, used every ten people as a unit when engaged in hunting and military activities, each with one arrow. . With one person as the leader, he is called Niu Lu Ezhen (hereinafter collectively referred to as Zuoling). After the rise of Nurhachi , the Taizu of the Qing dynasty, he quoted the name Niu Lu and reorganized it into a basic administrative unit and a military unit governing 300 people.

In 1601, Nurha Chi changed the recording system to Gushan (Chinese translation for flag), and established four solid mountains, namely yellow, white, red, and blue. In 1615, in order to meet the needs of the Ming battle, Nurhaci formally established the Eight Banners organization. The eight flags have different colors of flags, namely yellow, white, red, blue and yellow, with white , with red , with blue . This organization is commonly known as Manchuria Eight Banners . When Huang Taiji , the attached Mongolian and Han were compiled into Mongolian Eight Banners and Han Army Eight Banners .

At the beginning of the establishment of the Eight Banners system, the three functions of military, administration and production were combined. All major issues were jointly discussed by eight banners . Its emergence is of positive significance to the formation and solidification of the unification of Manchuria, the enhancement of military power, the improvement of social productivity, and the economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups. At the same time, it also created conditions for the Manchu rulers to establish the Qing regime and unify the country.

Beginning with Huang Taiji, it gradually weakened the main power of the banner, changed the practice of the Eight Banners, and strengthened the centralization of power. After the Qing army entered , after Shunzhi and Kangxi period reforms, to Yongzheng era, further attacked the Eight Banners aristocracy, ordered the people of the Eight Banners to respect the emperor as the supreme monarch and break away from the direct control of the banner lord Affiliation. In this way, only part of the feudal privileges remain for the banner owners, and the Eight Banners have completely become part of the centralized state apparatus. Eight Banners Soldiers After garrisoned in urban cities and towns, it still appears to be a unified military and political organization, but its military functions gradually occupied a dominant position and became the military pillar of the feudal regime of the Qing Dynasty.

The Green Camp is a military system established after the Qing Dynasty entered the Pass. Whenever the Qing rulers occupied a place, they transformed the local army into a green camp composed of Han soldiers. The green camp is marked by the green flag and the camp is the organizational unit, so it is called the green camp.

There are four types of green camp soldiers: horse soldiers, war soldiers, guards, navy .The number of troops is often around six hundred thousand. Stationed in the capital and all parts of the country. Most of the officers and soldiers in the green camp are Han, but the important official positions are stipulated as Manchu, which is a manifestation of the ethnic discrimination policy of the Qing rulers. The green camp system consists of three systems: sub-standards, associations, and battalions. The chiefs at all levels mainly include admiral, commander, lieutenant, participating general, guerrilla, dusi, garrison, general, general, foreign committee, etc. . The chief of the green camp stationed in the capital is the infantry commander (also known as the Jiumen admiral). During the period when the Eight Banners soldiers were corrupt and unusable, the Green Camp soldiers became the most important military force of the Qing government.

As a military organization, the Eight Banner Soldiers and the Green Camp soldiers together constitute the tool of the Qing government to rule the country. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty regarded the bannermen, especially the Manchurian soldiers, as the foundation of the country. Therefore, the Eight Bannermen were stationed in and outside the capital. The bannermen served as soldiers for generations and lived exclusively on food and wages. They were separated from the production and labor of . After Yongqian, due to the rapid population growth, the system of restricting the freedom of the bannermen remained unchanged. The bannermen were all supported by the state, and the Qing government was unable to meet the increasing demand of the bannermen, which made the Baqi livelihood increasingly embarrassed. Secondly, due to the generous supply to the bannermen in the early Qing Dynasty, the Eight Banners officers and soldiers gradually developed the habit of arrogance, lust, laziness, alcoholism and gambling. As a result, their combat effectiveness was greatly weakened, and even the green camp soldiers were inferior. In addition, the Qing government imposed various restrictions on the Han army inlaid with red flags in order to protect the rights and interests of the bannermen, which widened the hierarchical gap between the bannermen and intensified the contradictions. The Eight Banners system was thus in a state of turmoil. Although it lasted until the end of Qing Dynasty, it could not save the fate of Qing Dynasty .

After the end of the Qianlong reign, the green camp gradually deteriorated. First of all, the arduous tasks of the green camp not only affected the training due to the responsibilities of the errands, but also caused the army to become slick and slick. Secondly, the green camp is .The family relies on monthly payment for a living. Since Kangxi, the monthly payment has been declining, and the green camp soldiers have had to rely on hawkers and crafts to make a living. This affected the training and the combat effectiveness was gradually reduced. Relying on part of the courage of the country. By the time of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Revolution, the green camp establishment system was already unusable, and Zeng Guofan could only use the brave camp system to organize the Hunan Army to suppress Taiping Army . After the defeat of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, it was impossible for the Qing government to attempt to rebuild the old green camp. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the green camp system was gradually abolished, and some were reorganized into police. Soon after the disappearance of the green camp system, the Qing Dynasty also perished.