The Sino-Japanese War is the turning point of Japan from weak to strong
A major turning point for China to become a powerful country.
There is a saying called "War determines order", in fact "War determines destiny".
U.S. experts engaged in international strategic research once said, "Countries create wars, and wars create countries". The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was very typical.
The country made wars. From the planning, launching and full-scale unfolding of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan was active, and the Qing Dynasty was passive. Although the Qing Dynasty officially declared war on Japan on August 1, 1894, it had suffered a lot in the previous battles, and Japan had already provoked war. The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was a typical war made by the state.
Looking at it the other way round-war created a country, and the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 made Japan a modern power for the first time. Japan used to look at China in worship, even lying on the ground, looking up. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan looked down upon China. It felt that China was defeated by it, and the Beiyang Navy was completely destroyed by it.
Japan used more than 200 million taels of silver from the war indemnity of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.Completed a series of transitions to the entire industrialization, completed the foundation laying from politics to military to national psychology, felt that Japan is a powerful country and defeated such a big China.
Whether a country is a powerful country is not only material but also spiritual. Does the citizens have a strong spiritual temperament? Where does this spiritual temperament come from? To win! The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 became a major turning point for modern Japan from a weak country to a strong country after the Meiji Restoration.
three major events promoted Beiyang Navy Chengjun 18 span 60 In the year, the British and French forces burned the Old Summer Palace , Japan invaded Taiwan in 1874, and the Sino-French war in 1884.
The Qing Dynasty felt that the main danger and invasion of China at that time came from the sea. At that time, the minister of the Qing Dynasty described “a small country in the East, only bought 2 iron-clad ships . . In other words, Japan dared to attack the Qing Dynasty with two iron-clad ships. In the Sino-French War in 1884, the Guangxu Emperor at the time said that "France relied on its boats and guns and went wild."
These three major events are all closely related to the presence and strength of maritime power.In this situation, the Qing Dynasty finally made up its mind to build a modern navy. This is not icing on the cake, but a charcoal in the snow. Otherwise, it won't work. Failure to do so is not enough to maintain the safety of the dynasty, and it is not enough to preserve the regime. This country will be eaten piece by piece by others. Therefore, these three events became the biggest impetus for the formal formation of the Beiyang Navy in 1888.
the decaying bureaucracy restricts the construction of the Beiyang Navy
, since it has been used as an important tool for the maintenance of the Beiyang navy, why did the 1span5span
clear its own blood? Since the Beiyang Navy became an army in 1888, the work of "adding ships and buying guns" has stopped? It’s almost done. The ships are all bought and they have all the capabilities. The series of exercises including the Beiyang Navy have created a false impression for the Qing dynasty ministers including Li Hongzhang. It feels that the construction of the Beiyang Navy is basically possible. It may be difficult to rule the sea, but as a defense, it is rich.
Second, there was a very complicated political situation at that time. Cixi was about to retreat. Emperor Guangxu was about to take office. At that time, Cixi wanted to build the Summer Palace and give herself the best place to live.
奕譞 was the biological father of Emperor Guangxu,Presided over the navy yamen, equivalent to today's minister of the navy. His motive at the time was that since Cixi wanted to build the Summer Palace, he would repair it to Cixi and take a rest as soon as possible, so that he could hand over the power to his son Emperor Guangxu.
So, as the Secretary of the Navy, Yi Xiao, who was supposed to support the development of the navy with military expenses, turned out to be a figure who actively embezzled naval funds to help Cixi build the Summer Palace. There are complicated bureaucratic calculations added to the naval construction, and the navy must ultimately suffer.
And Yizhen was originally strongly opposed to Cixi’s construction of the Summer Palace. When Cixi had not established his son as Emperor Guangxu during the Tongzhi period, he believed that the repairing of the garden would drain the country’s finances. , Is not worthwhile, so I firmly oppose it.
Finally, when his son was elected as the emperor, Yi Chi’s attitude changed as a whole, from the past opposition to the garden gardening faction to the last garden gardening faction, as the prime minister of naval affairs and embezzled him Provided naval funds to help Cixi build the Summer Palace.
This is a microcosm of the bureaucracy of the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty reached its later stage, and the incompetence, inefficiency and corruption of this bureaucracy can be seen.
There are a lot of personal calculations. They are calculating how "me", "my family", "my dynasty" are? Rarely consider "we", "our Chinese nation", "Our country", without "us", all calculations are "me".
"insufficient funding failure theory" is difficult to hold
The main reason for the Beiyang Navy’s fiasco was that the Navy’s funds were embezzled to build the Summer Palace. Professor Jin Yinan analyzed that this kind of "insufficient funding and failure theory" is difficult to establish.
Anyway, the Beiyang Navy had built a complete navy in 1888. Of course, there was no "adding ships to buy artillery", which caused the Beiyang Navy to be caught up by Japan. It cannot be said to exceed, it can only be said to be caught up.
However, from 1888 to 1894 only 6 years, and the life of a ship that year was 20 to 30 years. This is not to say that the navy was built in 1888, and there was no supplementary funding later, and then 1894 would not be able to fight a war. In any case, it could be a war.
Not to mention that the lack of supplementary funds caused the Beiyang Navy to lose such a disastrous score in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895.
the Beiyang Navy was annihilated and none of the ships remained. The Japanese combined fleet has not sunk. This outcome cannot be confessed to the Chinese people to the King of Qing Dynasty towards Chinese history.
Such a large investment to build a navy, in the end, in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 the enemy ship did not sink, our entire army was overthrown-either it was sunk, it was sunk, or it was towed by Japan as a prisoner. ——This is inexcusable only from the shortage of funds. We must find the reason from ourselves.
Although the Beiyang Navy has a shortage of maintenance costs after its formation, has it really reached the point where it can not stand a war?
in general,The Qing Dynasty’s investment in the navy was higher than that of Japan. Although the supply of funds ceased after the army was formed in 1888, it was mainly because the purchase of new ships and guns ceased. It does not mean that the Navy's maintenance funds have also ceased, but maintenance funds are still available. Therefore, it is impossible in history to justify the lack of funds.
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