Speaking of famous ministers in Chinese dynasties, Zhang Juzheng was the first minister of Ming Dynasty. He was not only a famous politician in Ming Dynasty, but also a great figure who made a big mark in the entire officialdom. . Zhang Juzheng's life has been ups and downs, leaving behind many anecdotes that will be talked about by future generations, there are also many well-known epigrams that can be verified, and the way of being an official, which is most admired by officialdom. Of course, what people are most concerned about is that on the one hand, he has achieved great political achievements. In that era of the supremacy of imperial power, he used his own power to promote reforms, and to some extent, he was successful; on the other hand, although he was official High position, but did not get the final good end, and even miserable can be used to describe what happened to him. This huge contrast not only makes future generations curious and seeks the truth, but also allows people to constantly correct the so-called human nature and officialdom rules in their exploration.
The life of Zhang Juzheng
Zhang Juzheng was born in 1525 and died in 1582 at the age of 57. The name is Shuda, Taiyue, and his ancestral home is Jingzhou, Hubei. When Zhang Juzheng was a child, he was called a "little prodigy" by his fellow villagers because of his intelligence and eagerness to learn. As he grew older, Zhang Juzheng did not live up to his brilliant mind. He studied and became an official all the way. On the road of becoming an official, he did not have a smooth sailing but there were few major twists and turns. Later he became an emperor and finally became the first assistant of a country. , The real one is below ten thousand people.
▲Zhang Juzheng
Zhang Juzheng's life, he obtained a huge official position and power for him; as a man, he realized his ideals, supported the decline and decadence of the Ming Dynasty in one fell swoop, and brought the Ming Dynasty back to life. It has returned to its short-term glory; for the people, the reforms he advocated and implemented have brought welfare to the people to a certain extent, spurred economic development, and injected strong momentum and vitality into the current affairs at that time. It can be said that Zhang Ju was an outstanding politician and reformer in the middle and late Ming dynasty, and the most important minister and able minister of the Wanli period.
▲Zhang Juzheng
There are several key points: The first time was in 1567, when he was appointed as the Assistant Secretary of the Ministry of Civil Affairs and Dongge University Scholar. This is a sign that Zhang Juzheng has officially stepped into the core circle of national power. The second time was in 1572. At this time, the emperor Wanli had ascended the throne. As the emperor's teacher, Zhang Juzheng was appointed as the chief assistant of a country. It was after that, Zhang Juzheng implemented a series of reform measures, which was called " Wanli New Deal " in history. Because it was led by Zhang Juzheng, it was also called "Zhang Juzheng Reform." Zhang Juzheng was awarded Taifu and Taishi, and he was the only civil official in the Ming Dynasty who was awarded these titles during his lifetime. Until the death of Zhang Juzheng in 1582, he was given the posthumous posthumous title Wenzhong. But after his death, he was ransacked by the Mingshenzong , and his reputation was not restored until 1622. This is the life of Zhang Juzheng's legend.
▲Zhang Juzheng
The period when Zhang Juzheng was the chief assistant of the cabinet was the period when Zhang Juzheng was the most glorious and deed for the officials. According to historical records, as a civil official, Zhang Juzheng also has a large number of poetry articles circulating to this day. There are currently 305 poems recorded. Zhang Juzheng's poems can be used to explore his true thoughts at different stages of life and on the road to becoming an official. Zhang Juzheng's early poetry creation can basically restore the image of a young man with great ambitions and great ambitions. The poems he wrote after he really entered the officialdom slowly showed his yearning for power and career as well as his worries and wandering feelings about fate. In particular, it is worthwhile to observe the poems written after he was in a high position. It can be seen that Zhang Juzheng has been well versed in the way of being an official, his calm and wise confrontation, and his sleek market. Zhang Juzheng's poems are rich in content and extensive in materials; and there are few exceptions in the metric, which fits his consistent and rigorous style of doing things.
For example, he once said: "Fear is to think, but to think through the subtle; to be afraid is to be cautious, and to be cautious to be undefeated." It means that you must learn to think in everything, because thinking will enable people to think clearly about the key details; details To be in position, but also to be in awe of things and people,Don't be frivolous, learn to be cautious, only cautious can achieve success. There is also "a gentleman is in fact, not in its own right. To govern the inside, not to treat the outside", it is said that as a gentleman, you must not only be educated and prestigious, but also have a pragmatic spirit; , Improve one's self-cultivation, and don't care about things outside the body.
▲Zhang Juzheng
There is a passage most circulated by modern people, which is called the representative of Zhang Juzheng's way of being an official and the technique of seeking power: "Take it in vain and give it. It will be used by me. If you want to get your heart, don’t do what you like. If you like it, I like it, and if you hate it, I hate it. If I am in the same mind with you, you will not be different for me." , A model of the calculations that trade small for big and caress. On the surface, it is necessary to grant benefits to the person who asks for it, but the real intention lies in how much return this small profit can bring to oneself. Psychologically, we must use the means of wooing the person I want to bring the other party into our own camp, or use profit temptation or tie up with interest, so we must use it for my own use. And to truly conquer him, you must also like what he loves and hate what he hates, so that you have the same hobbies, the same interests, the same heart and desires, and will treat me as a confidant for convenience.
▲Zhang Juzheng
Those famous ministers who have the same name as Zhang Juzheng in history
As the last Chinese feudal dynasty in the history of China’s feudal dynasty, the last dynasty of the Han surname and scholar-officials was the superior and inferior of the Ming Dynasty. Bad history naturally praises and benefits, but for Zhang Juzheng, the reformer who carried out the reform to the end, people hold a positive attitude towards his talent and contribution, as well as his influence on the time and future generations. Many people even think that it is precisely because Zhang Juzheng has been an official for several years that the Ming Dynasty has continued to prosper for fifty years under a rage. The many measures he has implemented have temporarily stabilized the precarious Ming Dynasty, saying that he Saving the defeat of a dynasty is not an exaggeration.
▲Zhang Juzheng
Of course, the history is multifaceted,It also gave Zhang Juzheng's future generations a lot of disapproval voices. For example, people say that he formed a party for personal gains and used power for personal gain. Especially after working as Zaifu, he became tougher, and gradually became Zhang Juzheng's eloquence. He is arrogant, has a luxurious life, and enjoys all the extravagance.
was also another capable minister of the Ming Dynasty, who also had a high reputation in history, that of the minister Hai Rui . In contrast, Hai Rui is praised by people for his integrity. According to historical records, Hai Rui’s life is extremely simple. It is said that once Hai Rui’s mother had her birthday, Hai Rui only bought two catties of beef as a celebration, which was once passed as a good story. In terms of being an official, Hai Rui is also very strict in investigating corrupt officials. Because of his uprightness and simplicity, he is as famous as Bao Qingtian among the people. Although the highest official position is only four ranks, because of his upright character, he will be outspoken when reaching the emperor and the first assistant. Therefore, although Hai Rui is not high in his official position, he is the only one who has been established by the court to be honest and moral. Benchmarking.
▲Imperial Palace
Another great official who has been named in history because of the reforms, Wang Anshi . The reform presided over by Wang Anshi was in the Song Dynasty, Song Shenzong . At that time, the Northern Song Dynasty continued the poverty and weakness that had existed since the founding of the People’s Republic of China. To preserve the dominance of the Song Dynasty, change was the only way out, so Wang Anshi presided over this time following the Shangyang Reform. Two large-scale social changes. Of course, Wang Anshi's reforms did not proceed smoothly. He has experienced dismissal from office twice. Even if he was reinstated, the interests of too many vested interests were touched, and few people supported him. Under huge resistance, the reform failed. The outcome of Wang Anshi was after the reform was completely deposed, he was depressed and died of illness. However, death is also a great writer and politician who is admired by people. Compared with Zhang Juzheng's reputation, there is no polarization.
▲Zhang Juzheng
Where did Zhang Juzheng's tragedy come from?
1. Zhang Juzheng's reform
The main ideas of the reform were similar to those of Wang Juzheng at that time.It is all because after the establishment of the regime for a period of time, various malpractices and obstacles have increased, until the state's mechanism can no longer function, at this time a thorough reform is needed. Zhang Juzheng's reform mainly involved three aspects: economy and finance; political administration and military appointments. The result is also obvious, stabilizing the economy in the fastest time, improving the efficiency of the Ming Dynasty's administrative system, using famous generals such as and Qi Jiguang to stabilize the border.
However, the reform will touch the interests of many literati, gentry, gentry, landlords and other ruling classes. The resistance is unimaginable, as you can see from the example of Wang Anshi. In history, it is considered a relatively successful reform case. Only Shang Yang's reform has affected the situation at that time. Even now, it still has a deep impact. However, looking at the changes in the past, few reformers have achieved good results. Shang Yang was brutally tortured, Wang Anshi died of depression, and Zhang Juzheng was criticized after his death. Although his reputation was later restored, there are still many criticized places.
Zhang Juzheng's reform is relatively less in conflict with Shang Yang's reform, and of course it has not been carried out so thoroughly; but compared to Wang Anshi's fruitless reform, Zhang Juzheng's reform has achieved a certain degree of success. On the one hand, the economic adjustments implemented in the reform have increased the revenue of the national treasury, but reduced the burden on the people; the interests of officials and the family have filled the national treasury, and even though they have offended officials, they have enriched the people, and to some extent curbed corruption. . However, because too many powerful parties have been offended, even though reforms can be carried out under strong forces, once Zhang is in a positive trend, the counterattack will inevitably be even stronger.
2. Gong Gao covers the master
Zhang Ju is the emperor who is highly trusted by the emperor and the empress dowager. In the early stage, Zhang Juzheng offered plans for the new emperor and resolved the veteran Gaogong who did not respect the emperor very much. He became the first and second minister of power overwhelmingly and grasped the actual decision-making power of the Ming Empire. Afterwards, he made use of his position,Promoted a group of his own cronies. After Zhang Juzheng reformed the cabinet appointment process, in fact, Zhang Juzheng had the power to decide on the appointment and removal of personnel, thus evading the imperial power. In addition, he also had a great friendship with the emperor's close eunuch Feng Bao , and he used a lot of profit to win over people who had an influence on the emperor, thereby increasing his control of the emperor's power. Finally, he used the loopholes in the system to add his own power and contacts to further expand his power.
▲Minister
Reform is never easy
It is undeniable that Zhang Juzheng is talented, ambitious, and ideal, and can even be called a true minister and powerful minister in the history of the Ming Dynasty. The reforms he presided over is one of the three most famous reforms in history. It has a profound impact on future generations. Although this reform was declared over after his death, it still continued for 50 years for the crisis-ridden Ming Dynasty. Life. There is a couplet in Zhang Juzheng’s home: “The sun and the moon are bright, all nations look forward to tomorrow’s son; the hills and mountains are the mountains, and the four directions sing Taiyue Xianggong.” At this time, Zhang Juzheng was at the time when the spring breeze was triumphant with horseshoes. He was in a high position and deeply trusted. No one in the hall can match. So he was a little airy. Not only was he suspected of committing the following crimes, but he also dared to stand shoulder to shoulder with the emperor, even higher than the emperor, which also laid the groundwork for Zhang Juzheng's ending.
▲Summary of Zhang Juzheng's life
During the reform of Zhang Juzheng, the court was full of beauty and approval. Those who use admonishment as the official historian, Zhang Juzheng not only disgusted but once he was arrested. If you live in a misplaced position, you will be treated harshly. You know, the supervisors in the past are known for their integrity. Zhang Juzheng offended . After his death, the supervisor would naturally not have a good return. Throughout Zhang Juzheng's life as an official, he has his own tactics, his own code of conduct, and he uses some methods that are not praised by others in order to satisfy his own desires. In addition, Zhang Juzheng also accepted bribes, and his private life became more extravagant with the rise of his position.Some even said that because Zhang Juzheng was greedy for sensuality, his death was due to excessive indulgence. If it is just because of this, Zhang Juzheng's conclusion is that he is a bad person, a bad official, and a person who is not worthy of learning and research. It would be a big mistake.
▲Court activities
Zhang Juzheng’s reform implementation was officially under the background of the Ming Dynasty’s dilapidated, severely corrupted and economic crisis. He was ordered to use his own talents to learn, exhaustively, and make the Ming Dynasty dying. Gradually restore the initiative of the ruling class, so that the common people can get a chance to breathe, and let the dynasty regain its vitality. Summarizing Zhang Juzheng’s life, he not only attached great importance to the system and advocated change, but also adhered to the ancestral system and obeyed the law. Also greedy for personal gain. Zhang Juzheng's liquidation after his death was not a total denial of the reform. To a large extent, it was due to his actions over the years, which made the Wanli emperor, aristocratic families, officials from various places hate him. Therefore, Zhang Juzheng's life must be viewed in two or even multiple ways in order to truly see his truth.
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