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Xia Wanchun , the original name is Fu, the character is preserved in ancient times, the name is Duan Ge, the other name is Xiaoyin, and the name is Lingshou (a Lingxu), also named Yufantang, Songjiang Fu Huating (now Songjiang, Shanghai) . He was born on September 9th (October 4, 1631) in the 4th year of Ming Chongzhen, and died on September 19th (October 16, 1647) in the 4th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty. He is one of the famous anti-Qing scholars and an outstanding young poet.
At the end of Ming Dynasty, Xia Wanchun was born in a bureaucratic family. His father Yunyi, biological mother Lu family, aunt Sheng family, and sister Shuji are all famous for their poems and integrity. Yunyi, the word Yizhong, the other name is Yuangong. He is very knowledgeable and good at writing. When Donglin Party members gave lectures in Suzhou, many scholars and literati responded. Zhang Pu Yang Tingshu and others were regrouped in Taicang; Xia Yunyi and the same county Chen Zilong and other associations were reconstituted in Taicang.
Chongzhen ten years (1637) after allowing Yi to become a scholar, he was appointed the prefect of Changle, Fujian. He once brought Wanchun to the post. Xia Yunyi was the magistrate of the county for five years and had a great political achievement, especially known for his "good decision on suspected prisons". Just when he was recommended by the official secretary Zheng Sanjun to take up a new position, his mother died, so he had to return to his hometown with his son Wanchun.
Xia Wanchun has been influenced by his good family education and mentors since he was a child. He is smart and early-minded, and he is known as a child prodigy. It is said that he knew the Five Classics when he was five years old, was able to write poetry and prose when he was seven years old, and wrote "The Collection of Milk Substitutes" when he was nine years old.In the sixteenth year of the sixteenth year, Yu Xin wrote " Great Sorrow Fu ". At the end of Ming Dynasty Chen Jiru Chen Jiru once wrote "Xia Tongzi Praise", praised Wanchun: "Bold the body, cross the eyebrows, talk about the essence, five years old." He also said: "Yakuchi sends, writes spirits, small knocks Should, kowtow loudly."
In the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638), Wan Chun went to Beijing with his father when he was eight years old and met many well-known people at that time. Qian Qianyi also wrote poems for him: " Recite the cross-examination with others, and bow to the body book, etc.; instead of perseverance, talk about the day, believe in the wind." He even said: "If you pay the holy lord, you can suppress the public."
Wan Chun is following his father During the five years he served as the county magistrate of Changle, Fujian, in addition to studying, he paid attention to current affairs and changes in the political situation on weekdays, so that he could read the notes. After this hard study, Wan Chun later returned to his hometown with his father Ding You. Although he was only twelve years old, he was already a "extreme book". , The heroic and ambitious young man who is in the "Zhu Zhizhong".
After Xia Wanchun returned to his hometown from Fujian with his father, he continued to study on the one hand, and after studying at Zhijie Jiaoran's tutor, Chen Zilong, he also worshipped Chen Zilong as his teacher and studied classics and history. On the other hand, he saw the peasant uprisings surging and the Ming Dynasty was at stake, so he organized the "Southwest Depenghui" with his friend Du Dengchun and other people from his hometown as the successor of the several communities. They also wrote to forty rural gentry in the name of "Jiang Zuo Juvenile", urging them to lose money and help salaries, and raise troops to serve the king, but this move was "envied by the gentry" and did not respond.
Li Zicheng's rebels invaded Beijing, Emperor Chongzhen After he was hanged, Xia Wanchun heard the news and drafted a message when gathering people to cry for sacrifice.He pledged not to be "born" with the rebels, and condemned the civil and military officials who had returned to the rebels to show their loyalty to Gu Ming.
Although Xia Yunyi did not go to work in his hometown, he was still very distressed by the demise of the Ming Dynasty. He resolutely destroyed his home in an attempt to restore him and walked away. The Hongguang regime used to serve as Xia Yunyi as the head of the Department of Civil Service Examination.
In May of the second year of Shunzhi (1645), when the Hongguang regime fell, many bureaucrats and gentry in Jiangnan succumbed to the Qing army. For a while, the Qing division went south. situation. At this critical moment of "public and private overthrow, heaven and earth collapse", Xia Wanchun, together with his father Xia Yunyi and teacher Chen Zilong, resolutely rose up against the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, he and Qian Wei's daughter Qian Qinzhuan of Jiashan also got married.
At this time, although the Qing army captured Nanjing and other places, there were still more than 10,000 soldiers from the Ming Jiangnan General Wu Zhikui who stayed in the sea near Wusong to fight against the Qing. Wu Zhikui was Xia Yunyi's disciple. Taking advantage of this teacher-student friendship, Wanchun and his son resolutely participated in this armed force against the Qing Dynasty. They are in the Wu Junzhong, doing military staff planning and deployment of battle. Wu Jun planned to advance to Suzhou first, cutting off the Qing army's connection between Suzhou and Hangzhou. After conquering Suzhou, he would expand his team, then take Hangzhou, and then besiege Nanjing City . However, Wu Zhikui's military command was shorter than strategy, and he was cowardly, which made the siege of Suzhou unbreakable for dozens of days. When the Wu army retreated, the Qing army suddenly counterattacked, and the Rebel army was defeated and almost the entire army was wiped out.
After Wu Zhikui led the rest to retreat to the sea, he was quickly captured and killed by the Qing army in Nanjing.Xia Wanchun and his son survived the disaster and temporarily took refuge in Huating Caoxi. Xia Yunyi used this time and, with the help of Wan Chun, managed to complete the book "Survival Records", which summarized the sad historical lessons of political oversight and political corruption in the late Ming Dynasty, which led to the final fall of the Ming Dynasty, and left a desperate speech. , Went to the pond to commit suicide in September, and died in Songtang.
Xia Wanchun is facing this country’s troubled family feud, is filled with grief and indignation, and is determined to continue the armed struggle against the Qing Dynasty, shame for the nation, and avenge his father. But at this time, the armed rebels fighting against the Qing Dynasty in the Jiangnan Zhexi area, some were disintegrated, and some were badly injured. Only Wu Yi was a rebel army in Taihu, with complete strength, plus Qian Wei's response in Jiashan, fighting strength The harmony momentum has grown stronger. Shunzhi In the spring of three years (1646), Xia Wanchun and his teacher Chen Zilong and father-in-law Qian Zhixue were allied, and they were determined to jointly advocate for justice. They also wrote to Lu Jianguo, and Lu Jianguo gave Xia Wanchun a Chinese book. Sheren, and posthumous posthumous title Xia Yunyi Wenzhong. Later, Wan Chun joined his father-in-law Qian Wei and joined Wu Yi's rebel army as a staff member.
In his five-character rhyme poem "You Zuo in the Army", "The Han family doesn't know Cheng, Diao fights Hushuang. Qinghan depends on Fan Bo, Tong Zhen is ashamed. Liangbiao belongs to Xiliu, and the rising sun comes from Fusang. The lake and the sea are so proud and memorable. " describes the situation and mood of joining the army this time. After the uprising of Wu Yi and others, they began to be very sharp. They once recovered Wujiang in the south of the Yangtze River and Haiyan in the west of Zhejiang Province, which greatly shocked the Qing government.
But Wu Yi himself was just a " Changxing literary official, formerly a non-general talent." Fourth, under the complicated situation at that time, he made many mistakes in military command. After the addition, he came to Qingzhemin Governor Zhang Cunren to organize a counterattack. The rebels suffered a great setback and had to retreat to the Xitang area in Jiashan. When the rebels retreated, Wan Chun lost contact with the army and had to hide from the people for a period of time.
This period,He wandered alone, hiding in Tibet, sometimes in the grass, sometimes in the mountains and forests, and his whereabouts were uncertain. His long-term fighting practice and the vivid examples of anti-Qing dynasty he has heard and witnessed among the people have made him realize the power and role of the broad masses of the people in the fight against the Qing dynasty. Therefore, he once had the desire and plan to go to the people to seek new anti-Qing forces, but the result was not realized. In "Eight Quatrain Slogans", Xia Wanchun not only described his sorrowful situation at this time, "bringing through the thorns, full of dust and dust", but also wrote in the poem: "Last year, people sent the short and long pavilion, and a wave of smoke entered the Dongting_ span5span. Jianghai is ruthless, who is the spring grass of Fangzhou?" "Yipao is back with wind and rain, and Xiaoxiang spring is full of late waves. Poor Qu Song Shimenyi, self-evident Diaomiluo. So he may have gone west to Dongting Lake in Huguang. Along the way, described his loss of contact with the rebels more clearly in "The Poem of Great Sorrow", "The country is destroyed, the family is broken, the army is destroyed, the soul is called but the Xiangjiang river has tears, and the army has no strings. Sad and desperate, what has been said. "Obviously, he has a new understanding and yearning for the peasant uprising army active in Sichuan, so he lamented that he "has no strings in the army" when he entered Shu.
April of the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), Songjiang, Qing Dynasty Admiral Wu Shengzhao was anyway. However, due to internal changes in Wu's ministry, the incident was defeated. Wu Shengzhao was escorted to Nanjing and killed. In this incident, Wanchun and Qian Wei were involved in the preparatory drawing, so Wanchun's relatives and friends were involved and many died. In June and July, after the arrest of Xie Yaowen, who was sent by Lu Jianguo to Jiangnan to contact the anti-Qing armed forces, the incident occurred. After the Qing army's rigorous information, Xia Wanchun was found out about Xia Wanchun's report of Lu Jianguo Xie En, so Wanchun was at Huating_ Span5span was arrested at his home.
After Xia Wanchun was arrested, he was sent to Nanjing by the Qing army, and the Qing government recruited the scholar and Hong Chengchou from Jiangnan to interrogate him. Hong Jianwanchun was young and wanted to persuade him to surrender and lure him. Yi Guanlu, but was severely reprimanded and scolded, and as a result, Hong was made "unable to respond to lust." "During the interrogation, Wan Chun also encouraged his father-in-law, Qian Zhu, to express his willingness to die generously, and Qian Zhu was also stronger and more unyielding. In prison,Wan Chun talked and laughed freely, chanted poems and harmony with the righteous friends of the distressed, and wrote "Remains in the Soil Room", "Jin Nei", " Mother's Book in Prison", "Widow Wife", etc. Words to show one’s ambition to see death as home with a smile.
On September 19th, Shunzhi 4th year, Wanchun was killed by the Qing army in Nanjing. He stood upright without kneeling when he was sentenced, and was majestic and unyielding. He was only 17 years old when he died.
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