Those pioneers a hundred years ago (46) (Chen Gongbo)

Today we will introduce Gongbo Chen from the Guangzhou team.

Chen Gongbo, a native of Nanhai, Guangdong, is a representative of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China. After leaving the Communist Party, joined the Kuomintang. After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, he followed Wang Jingwei to treason and surrendered to the enemy, becoming the second largest traitor of the Wang Puppet regime. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, he fled to Japan and was taken back to China, where he was executed for conspiracy against the enemy's country.

On October 19, 1892, Chen Gongbo was born in a family of officials in Beimen, Guangzhou. His father was an admiral of Guangxi. Chen Gongbo has been well educated since he was a child. At the age of 9, he formally adopted Liang Xuetao as his teacher and was exposed to new ideas and doctrines. His father also hired two boxers all the year round to teach Chen Gongbo to practice fist and dance swords at home, so Chen Gongbo also developed a good skill. Chen Gongbo loves to fight injustice. When he was in his teens, he confronted his Baqizi brother on the street, and deeply planted the idea of ​​opposing Manchu Qing. Chen Gongbo has always been dissatisfied with the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. In his early years, he participated in the triad of secret societies, aiming to counter the Qing and restore the Han. When Chen Gongbo was fourteen or fifteen years old, his father became a property seller, contacted the revolutionary party active in Hong Kong, and gathered a team of nearly 1,000 people to prepare for an armed uprising. However, due to the disclosure of the news, the uprising troops were forced to disband, his father was arrested on charges of rebelling against the party, and his family property was stolen. Chen Gongbo lost his source of livelihood and had to work part-time. Wuchang Uprising After the victory, Guangdong declared its independence. Chen Gongbo's father was released from prison and became a hero of the anti-Qing revolution. He was elected as a member of the Provincial Assembly and also served as a military adviser to the military government. Chen Gongbo naturally became the descendant of the revolutionary pioneer, joined the League, and was elected as the councillor of Ruyuan County. Chen Gongbo was young and ambitious, but his father forced him to wash away his vanity and go to school. In 1914, Chen Gongbo was admitted to the Guangzhou College of Political Science and Law, where he studied law for three years. In the summer of 1917, Chen Gongbo was admitted to the Department of Philosophy at Peking University . At the same time he was admitted to Peking University, his fellow Guangdong Tan Pingshan and Tan Zhitang's uncle and nephew. While Chen Gongbo was studying at Peking University, it coincided with the outbreak of the May Fourth Movement, and Chen Gongbo was not interested in the student movement. He hid in the library all day and read, basically free of political struggle. As the monitor of the philosophy department, although Chen Gongbo attended several meetings,But purely to perform duties. He also adopted an attitude of keeping away from the young people admired Cai Yuanpei and Chen Duxiu. I only met with Cai Yuanpei once, in order to ask for a couplet. Chen Duxiu and Chen Duxiu were only one-on-one friends, in order to ask about the date of the exam. Even when he heard that the military and police suppressed the arrest of students who marched, Chen Gongbo thought it was not a major event.

In the summer of 1920, Chen Gongbo graduated from Peking University and returned to Guangzhou. He taught at his alma mater Guangdong Law and Politics College, while Tan Pingshan and Tan Zhitang taught at Guangdong Normal College. The three of them often get together to discuss setting up a newspaper to promote their political ideas. They decide to imitate the "Weekly Review" and name the newspaper "Guangdong Group News". Once the "Guangdong Group News" is officially published, they will It caused a huge shock in Guangdong's intellectual circles and was generally welcomed by progressive people. In December 1920, Chen Duxiu was hired as the chairman of the Education Administration Committee of the Guangdong Government and came to Guangzhou to help Guangzhou establish a Communist Party organization. In March 1921, Chen Duxiu and Chen Gongbo, Tan Pingshan, Tan Zhitang and others formed the early organization of the Guangzhou Communist Party. Tan Pingshan was the secretary, Tan Zhitang was in charge of propaganda, and Chen Gongbo was in charge of the organization. This year, Chen Gongbo was 29 years old. After the early establishment of the Guangzhou Communist Party, Chen Gongbo continued to serve as the editor-in-chief of the "Guangdong Group Newspaper", and under the guidance of Chen Duxiu, he opened up many columns to promote Marxism. The "Guangdong Group Newspaper" became an important position for spreading Marxism in Guangdong.

In June 1921, the Shanghai Communist Party’s early organization notified all localities to send representatives to Shanghai to participate in the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China, and specially sent Bao Huiseng to Guangzhou to ask Chen Duxiu to return to Shanghai. However, Chen Duxiu was unable to get away to raise a sum of money at this time. The other candidate should be Tan Pingshan, because Tan Pingshan is the head of the party organization in Guangzhou. But because he was assisting Chen Duxiu to raise funds for the founding of Guangdong University, he couldn't get out of it. So nominated by Chen Duxiu, Bao Huiseng and Chen Gongbo went to Shanghai to attend the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China. On July 14, Chen Gongbo took his newlywed wife Li Lizhuang to Shanghai via Hong Kong in the name of his honeymoon and arrived in Shanghai on July 21. For the convenience of entry and exit, they checked into the Dadong Hostel on Nanjing Road , .

At 8:00 pm on July 23, 1921, Li Shucheng , the brother of Li Hanjun, a representative of the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China in the French Concession of Shanghai, was officially held at home, and four more meetings were held on the 24th, 27th, 28th, and 29th.The meeting was fairly quiet at the beginning, but disputes arose at the second meeting. Chairman of the conference Zhang Guotao believed that Communist Party members could not serve in the government, and Chen Gongbo and Li Hanjun raised strong objections. Later, when Chen Gongbo recalled the incident, he said: "Shanghai seems to be divided into two factions rubbing against each other and tumbling each other." He felt that "the enthusiasm for participating in the conference was suddenly freezing, and he couldn't help but retreat from standby." On the evening of July 30, the meeting was harassed by a patrol in the French Concession. Marin immediately proposed to stop the meeting and let everyone leave quickly. Li Hanjun and Chen Gongbo stayed. They went up to the second floor. Just after sitting down in Li Hanjun's study, a group of French patrols swarmed in. After the patrol entered the house, they searched through boxes and cabinets. They looked at everything, except that they did not notice a handwritten draft of the Communist Party organization outline in the drawer. Later, Li Hanjun and Chen Gongbo were interrogated separately by patrol. The search took a long time, and Chen Gongbo kept smoking aside, smoking a whole can of Great Wall cigarettes. After the patrol, Chen Gongbo saw that there was no movement, and then said goodbye to Li Hanjun and prepared to return to the hotel. After going out, I found someone following Chen Gongbo, called a rickshaw, and went straight to the Great World Amusement Park, where he took advantage of the crowds and dim light in the movie theater. Returning to the room in the middle of the night, Chen Gongbo closed the door, asked his wife Li Lizhuang to open the box, and burned all the theoretical books and documents related to socialism. Chen Gongbo, who finally fell asleep, was awakened by a gunshot at around 5 in the morning. After daybreak, the teahouse told that a female guest in the next room had been shot and killed. When Chen Gongbo heard this, he was worried about being implicated, and immediately left the Dadong Hotel with his wife. Chen Gongbo first settled his wife in another hotel, went to his companion to report the past night, learned that the meeting was suspended, so he asked for leave. In the afternoon, he took his wife to Hangzhou to visit the West Lake. When Chen Gongbo returned to Shanghai, the meeting was over. Therefore, Chen Gongbo did not attend the meeting on the Nanhu cruise ship in Jiaxing, but he met with Zhang Guotao, Li Da, and Zhou Fohai. He copied a document of the conference and prepared to take it back to Guangzhou and forward it to the newly elected secretary. Chen Duxiu.

After Chen Gongbo attended the First National Congress of the Communist Party of China and returned to Guangzhou, his political enthusiasm for Marxism dropped sharply, so that within a few months he became suspicious and confused about the correctness of communism.The idea of ​​studying abroad was born. In June 1922, Chen Jiongming launched a rebellion and bombarded Sun Yat-sen's presidential palace. Chen Gongbo was criticized by the Party Central Committee for his support of Chen Jiongming. In this regard, Chen Gongbo broke away from the Communist Party of China.

In November 1922, with Wang Jingwei’s support, Chen Gongbo went to Japan by boat from Hong Kong, and then went to the United States to study for a master’s degree in economics at Columbia University Graduate School, and completed the thesis "Communist Movement in China", in 1924 Obtained a master's degree in economics from Columbia University in 2012. In this thesis, Chen Gongbo criticized the Marxist doctrine. In April 1925, Chen Gongbo ended his study abroad career in the United States, returned to Guangzhou, joined the Chinese Kuomintang, and once again stepped onto the political stage. Due to the trust and support of Wang Jingwei and Liao Zhongkai, Chen Gongbo soon joined the Kuomintang and served as the Party Secretary of the Kuomintang Central Committee. In July 1925, the Guangzhou National Government was established, and Chen Gongbo served as the director of the Political Training Department of the Military Commission and the director of the Guangdong Provincial Department of Agriculture and Industry. He then served as the Central Minister of Farmers and the president of Guangdong University. In January 1926, at the Second National Congress of the Kuomintang in Guangzhou, Chen Gongbo was elected as the executive member of the Kuomintang Central Committee. He was soon promoted to the Central Standing Committee and entered the core circle of the Kuomintang decision-makers. In 1927, Wang Jingwei launched a counter-revolutionary coup, and Chen Gongbo served as the director of the Guangzhou Military Commission. Dissatisfied with Chiang Kai-shek 's monopoly of power, at the end of 1928, he organized the "Comrades Association of the Chinese Kuomintang Reorganization" with Wang Jingwei and Gu Mengyu in Shanghai at the end of 1928, and edited the "Revolutionary Review". After Jiang Wang confluence in 1931, he served as an executive member of the Kuomintang Central Committee, a member of the Central Political Conference and Minister of Industry of the National Government. After the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan, he served as the Minister of the People’s Training Department of the Central Committee of the Kuomintang, the Minister of the Fifth Department of the Military Commission, and the chairman of the Party Departments of 11 provinces.

In 1938, Chen Gongbo followed Wang Jingwei to Nanjing to organize a puppet government. He served successively as President of the Legislative Yuan, Member of the Standing Committee of the Military Commission, Minister of the Political Training Department, Mayor of Shanghai, Commander of Shanghai Security, and Chairman of the Qingxiang Committee. After Wang Jingwei's death in 1944, he served as chairman of the puppet National Government, chairman of the Military Commission, and president of the Executive Yuan. After Japan unconditionally surrendered , Chen Gongbo announced the dissolution of the Nanjing Puppet National Government.Fleeing to Japan, he was escorted back to his country. He was tried in the Jiangsu High Court in April 1946, and was convicted of conspiring with the enemy to death on April 12. The execution was executed on June 3, at the age of 55.