War background
The Shang dynasty was established from Shang Tang to destroy the summer. After more than 600 years, it passed to the thirty-first King Xin ( ). It is perilous. According to the "Records of the Historian·Yin Benji": Di Xin was quick to argue with disease, and was quick to hear; he was excellent in talent and strong in hand; he knew enough to resist advice, and words were enough to disguise wrongs. The voice, I think all is under oneself", but "good wine and lewd pleasure are good for women". The political gods spent huge sums of money to build the Lutai and Juqiao, and make the wine pond and meat forest, which made the national treasury empty. Beloved of my concubine Daji and Fei Lian, Elai and other gangs of servants, arbitrarily killed the important royal minister Bigan , imprisoned Jizi, causing the princes and servants to rebel. The military god Xin devoted himself to the use of troops in the Yi people in the southeast. Although the war won and captured "hundreds of trillions (millions) of Yi people", Di Xin was also known as "100 grams (victorious in a hundred battles)", but the merchant army The main force expedition Dongyi caused the Shangdu Chaoge (now Qixian) to be empty and there was no soldiers to defend.
Zhou was originally an ancient tribe in the Weishui River. It lived in some areas of central Shaanxi and developed gradually by relying on the superior natural environment. When I arrived in Jichang, I reused , Lv Shang, San Yisheng, Taidian, Hongyao, and Nangongshi, etc., and the national power became stronger; Jichang promoted moral education to the outside world, actively mediating disputes between the various countries, so that The princes clung to each other. Ji Chang took the opportunity to engage in a united front, and because countries demanded suppliers to attack Dongyi's large numbers of troops and supplies, they were jealous and restrained by the king of Shang. He was already miserable, and of course he was willing to move closer to "Xibo." According to "Historical Records": "The world is divided into three parts, and the second is returned to the Zhou Dynasty. Most of the Taigong's schemes."
War preparations
Ji Chang and his staff began to grasp ideology again,To lay the ideological foundation for the eradication of the great cause of business, the king of Shang declared that his kingship was derived from the "mandate of heaven." Zhou people said that "the fate of heaven is impermanent, but virtue is auxiliary." , In 1056 BC, Ji Chang became the king within the country, namely and Zhou Wenwang. On the other hand, the King Wen was still cautious about the Shang dynasty, and even worshipped the ancestors of the Shang dynasty in his own ancestral hall (and related oracle bone inscriptions unearthed in Zhouyuan ) in order to paralyze the eyes and ears of Emperor Xin. It is said that King Wen wrote the Book of Changes when he was locked up in the house. He naturally knew the ways of changing with the times and knew how to grasp the best time to send troops.
In 1055 BC, Ji Chang sent troops to fight 犬戎 . In the following year, he attacked the dense beard that invaded neighboring countries, and relieved the worries of the traders. In 1053 BC, Ji Chang sent troops eastward to attack Li (southwest of Changzhi City, Shanxi Province); in 1052 BC, he attacked (now Qinyang City); in 1051 BC, he captured , Chonghou Hu_ Chongguo of span9span. After the victory of these three wars, Zhou severed the ties between the Shang Dynasty and the western vassals. In the same year, Ji Chang moved his capital to Yufeng (now the southwest corner of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province), making the country less susceptible to Rong Di's intrusion and more conducive to marching eastward. So far, Ji Chang’s strategic deployment has been basically completed.
Mengjinzhihui
In 1050 BC, Zhou Wenwang Jichang died of illness, his son Jifa succeeded to the throne, namely Zhou Wuwang, still succeeded to the throne after King Wen The Mandate of Heaven continued to expand eastward by taking advantage of the opportunity of the Shang Dynasty that had no time to go west. In 1048 BC, two years before the Battle of Muye, King Wu of Zhou once watched soldiers in Mengjin (now Mengjin County). The "Historical Records" said that "the eight hundred princes who would meet allies unexpectedly" were not actually "unexpectedly meeting".According to Oracle, there has been contact for this dispatch. Many and parties between Guanzhong and Jianghan have participated, but there are probably not as many as eight hundred princes.
At this time, fierce civil strife broke out in the Shang Dynasty. Di Xin killed his uncle Bigan and imprisoned another uncle Jizi. Other implicated nobles, such as the trinity, judged the situation and went to Zhou. King Wu undoubtedly obtained a lot of confidential information about Chaoge from the Yin and Shang nobles who ran away. When the time was right, King Wu decided to send troops to attack merchants, and at the same time informed the princes in Mengjin to send troops together.
The strategic plan of the cutting down of the merchants was: while the main force of the Shang Dynasty was stranded in the southeast, the elite troops penetrated into Wangji with lightning speed, defeated the Chaoge defenders, captured the business capital in one fell swoop, and occupied the politics of the Shang Dynasty. The center is to disintegrate the business regime, let the remaining merchants and their affiliated countries without a leader, and then defeat them individually. This incident is described in "The Book of Songs Daming", which is called "Xiefang (sneak attack) Dashang", or "Fast attack (rapid attack) Dashang", which is quite similar to the German " blitzkrieg" of World War II. wonderful.
Pastoral Swearer
January 26, 1046 BC ("Shangshu" and 利簋 inscriptions are called "Jiazi Day", but the year is unknown. This entry adopts "Xia, Shang and Zhou Dating Projects" "Viewpoint), Zhou Wu Wang personally led three hundred chariots, three thousand Huben (elite warriors), and tens of thousands of infantrymen, sent troops to the east. On February 21 of the same year, Zhou Jun arrived in Mengjin and joined the tribes of Yong, Lu, Peng, Pu, and Shu. The total number of coalition forces reached 45,000, and the monarchs of many Fang countries came in person. It rained before the coalition troops were deployed on February 26. History says that the coalition has "six divisions." Military historians speculate that it was about three hundred chariots and three thousand tigers as an "armored division" and the first echelon. The remaining 40,000 people are divided into five "divisions",In the back form a square formation, which is the second echelon. Later, the coalition forces continued to advance eastward under the rain from Pandi (now , Bangshui Town, Xingyang City) to cross the river (Yellow River, in other words, crossing the Mengjin River), and head northward to Baiquan (now northwest of Hui County). And eastbound.
In the early morning of the 27th, in the pasture, King Zhou Wu solemnly said: "As the saying goes, the hen Sichen is a misfortune in the family. Now King Zhou only listens to the words of the woman, and even the ancestor's sacrifice has been abandoned. He did not use his royal brothers, but let the escaped slaves hold important positions, let them harm the nobles and disrupt the Shang Dynasty. Today, my Ji Fa is to execute God’s punishment!...Warriors, work hard!" The morale boosted is the " " recorded in "Shangshu".
At dawn on the 28th, the coalition forces marched to . "The Book of Songs" records: "Muye Yangyang, Tan Che Huanghuang, and Peng Peng. Master Wei Shangfu, Shi Wei Yingyang. Liang Bei Wu Wang, wantonly attacking the Great Merchants, will lead to Qingming.".
Makino decisive battle
As for Chaoge, as soon as the first batch of emergency military information arrived, the coalition forces followed their heels, and they were really caught off guard. There are not enough elite soldiers in Chaoge City to break the enemy, and there are no available tanks. Relying on infantry alone, it is difficult to compete with the powerful tank formation, not to mention the morale of the Zhou army. Di Xin was shocked by the Zhou army's attack, so he had to rush to arm a large number of slaves and prisoners of war, together with the army guarding the capital, to go to Muye to fight. According to "Records of the Historian", the total force dispatched by Emperor Xin was 700,000, and other documents recorded it as 170,000. "The Book of Songs·Daming" said: "Yin and Shang Journey, it will be like a forest".
"Yi Zhou Shu · Ke Yin" records: Zhou Jun was first challenged by hundreds of elite soldiers led by Lu Shang.Frightened the business army and rushed into its position, and then King Zhou Wu personally led the main force to follow up and kill, completely disrupting the opponent's formation. The slaves and prisoners of war in the merchant army had no fighting spirit and turned back one after another. Since Di Xin forced these slaves and prisoners of war on the battlefield, they would naturally be escorted by trusted troops in the rear to prevent them from rebelling or fleeing. These few loyal guards were also the last cards in Di Xin's hand. However, the disciples in front ran back in a panic under the powerful impact of the Zhou army, and were blocked by elite soldiers from the rear. Heroes do not have many enemies, and under the impact of the crowd, these samurai are also unstable. In order to escape for their lives, the slaves were pushed by the crowds behind, so they turned to each other and fought wildly. Coupled with the successive attacks of allied chariots, armored soldiers, and infantry behind him, Di Xin's last line could not be defended, and he had to rush to flee the battlefield. The remaining resistance of the merchant army continued for a day, but it was unable to save the situation. When Emperor Xin saw that the situation had gone, he returned to Chaoge and boarded the Lutai , "cloaked with jewels and jade, burned to death by fire", the Shang Dynasty officially perished. When Zhou Wu rushed to Lutai, he stabbed Emperor Xin's body with "Qing Lu", and personally cut his head and hung the flag for public display. In addition, more than one hundred ministers and nobles of the Shang Dynasty were captured. They will be taken back to Zhoujing and killed as a sacrifice to the ancestor of King Wu.
The result of the war
The next day, King Wu, surrounded by several generals, held a grand ceremony of "acquisition" in the Shang Palace, indicating the success of the revolution. But conquering Yindu does not mean the end of the war. The more important task is to eliminate the remnants of the Shang Dynasty in the east. According to the pre-planned strategy, the coalition forces immediately divided into four groups and marched southeast to conquer the remnants of the merchants and the loyal states of the merchants. The remaining commercial army had lost the base area in the rear and was surrounded by hostile barbarians in the front. It was in fact two-sided enemy. After fierce fighting, most of them were also defeated. According to history, the Zhou army expelled the Shang Dynasty general Wei Lian (the legendary Huang Feihu in later generations) and killed him on the seashore. It can be seen that the battle line has stretched to the East China Sea.
The coalition forces from Rongdi carried out long-term massacres and plunders. "Yi Zhou Shu·Prisoner of the World" said: The Battle of Muye Zhou Wu won a complete victory,As many as 180,000 merchants were killed, and 330,000 were taken into slavery. Not all soldiers were such a large number, but there were also a large number of civilians. Zhou people still hunted on the merchant’s land. Tigers, bears, rhinos, deer and other animals were hunted down to more than 10,000 heads and plundered a large amount of jewellery and treasures only under the name of King Wu, and the jade alone reached 180,000 yuan.
In less than two months, the main battle has ended. Mid-April. King Wu established a sacrificial room in the Shangdu to win victory over the ancestors. The place of worship was chosen in Muye. It was this place that laid the great cause of Zhou Dynasty for eight hundred years.
However, the Battle of Muye did not completely wipe out the Shang Dynasty. Part of the original territory of the Shang Dynasty was used as the fief of Wu Geng, the son of Emperor Xin, and the Yin Kingdom was established. As a continuation of the Shang Dynasty, the army of the Shang Dynasty's southern conquest was not completely wiped out. . After the death of Zhou Wu, Wu Geng joined the Zhou family's Guan Shu, Cai Shu, and Huo Shu to launch the "Three Supervisors Rebellion", which was finally quelled by Zhou Gongdan and Zhou Cheng Wang, and the remnants of the Shang dynasty were defeated. Completely wiped out.
War Evaluation
The Battle of Muye is a famous battle case in Chinese history that defeated the more with less, defeated the strong by the weak, and preemptively. It was also a famous battle in the early stage of the ancient Chinese car war. It ended the six hundred-year-old Shang Dynasty , established the Western Zhou dynasty, and paved the way for the full prosperity of ritual and music civilization in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The strategy and combat art embodied in the Battle of Muye are of great significance to the development of ancient Chinese military thought.
As time goes by, the battle of Makino has been covered with layers of mystery. According to the records at the time, Di Xin was still a hero with serious defects. However, in later generations, "King Zhou" became a shameless, cruel and unruly monarch, and he was splashed with more and more sewage.Correspondingly, the Battle of Muye, a "blood-drifting war of conquest", has become a just battle against tyranny to slay the people. In the Confucian legends of later generations, the Zhou army "before singing and dancing" did not kill a single person or shed a drop of blood, and the Shang Dynasty collapsed on its own. With the support of the people, King Wu ascended to the throne of the emperor, and from then on, his swords and guns entered the treasury. , Ma Fang Nanshan, the world is peaceful. Of course, such a myth will continue to be played out one after another in later generations, but it has never been as successful as the Battle of Makino.
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