Southern Song Dynasty survivor Xie Fangde once recorded that Yuan Dynasty society divided people into ten classes: One official, two officials, three monks, four Dao, five doctors, six workers, seven masters, eight prostitutes, nine scholars, ten Beggar . Later, Zhao Yi of the Qing Dynasty changed it in "Gai Yu Cong Kao", and it became like this: 一官,二吏,三寺,四道,Five doctors, Six workers, Seven hunters, Eight people, Nine scholars , Ten beggars .
In ancient China, people’s occupational status is customarily divided into four classes of "skilled, farmer, commerce, and industry". However, as the division of labor in society becomes more and more detailed, gradually began to use " "Three teachings, nine streams, five elements and eight works" to classify different industries and social status.
"Three Religions and Nine Streams" originally referred to different religions and schools, but also generally refers to people from all walks of life in society. Its connotations are all-encompassing and can be described as diverse and unsurprising. Let us see which class you belong to?
1. What are the "three religions"?
"Three Religions" refers to the three religions of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. In the beginning, the three religions and nine streams were merely a collective term for the three religions of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism and nine academic schools, including Confucianism, Taoism, and Yin-Yang.
refers to Confucianism (founded by Confucius and has a profound influence on feudal society), Taoism (founded by Zhang Daoling, a native religion), and Buddhism.
2. What is "Nine Streams and Tens"?
"Nine Streams" originated from "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", using "liu" to describe the social form like water, and "water vein divergence" symbolizes various schools of thought to show their thoughts and will.
"Nine Streams and Ten Schools" is the method of dividing Liu Xiang, Liu Xin and his son. They are Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yangism, Legalism, Masters, Mohism, Political Strategists, Miscellaneous, Farmers, Novelists. The division of nine streams and ten families.
"Niu Liu" refers to: Confucianism, the representative figures are Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Zeng Zi, Zisi, Yan Ying; among them, Xunzi is biased as a Confucian figure, and it should be right to go out of Confucianism and enter Taoism. The basic characteristic of Xunzi's thinking is that it integrates a hundred schools of thought, goes out of Confucianism and enters the law, and has the same characteristics of Huang Lao's theory of "learning the goodness of Confucianism and Mohism, and summarizing the essentials of name and law". It is a collection and exertion of the theories of Confucianism, Law, Taoism and Ming.
is the "ten schools". Because the novelist is only hearsay, there is no systematic theory, so it is not regarded by the world, so it is not included in the "nine streams" and can only be called "home". In addition to the above, there are also military strategists. The representative figures are Lu Shang, Sun Wu, Sun Bin, Wu Qi, Tian Rangju, Huang Shigong, and Wei Liao. The tactics of strategists are very similar to those of Legalists, but there are some differences between them. Medicalists, representative figures It is the legendary Yellow Emperor and Bian Que.
Since the Warring States period, there have been mixed yin and yang, Confucianism and Taoism, foreign Confucianism and internal law, and the alliances and confrontations of each family have been heard from time to time. The interlocking relationship is even more bad.
Three, let’s talk about the three religions and nine streams
(1) First, let’s talk about the upper nine streams: "First-rate Buddha, second-rate immortal, third-rate emperor, fourth-rate official, and fifth-rate burning pot. Six Liudang. Seven merchants, eight visitors, and nine village fields.".
To briefly explain, the first class is the Buddha Shakyamuni, and the second class is the Taoist god like Yuanshi Tianzun. Everyone knows the third and fourth streams. Wuliu Shaoguo refers to the winery. In the traditional society, the winery is the largest factory, so it is inferior to officials and officials, ranking fifth.
Liuliudang refers to pawnshops, Qiliu refers to merchants, people who do business, Baliuke refers to landlords, people with large tracts of land at home, and Jiuliu Zhuangtian refers to farmers engaged in agricultural production.
But no matter how you divide it, the top nine people are either gods and Buddhas, emperors, generals, or craftsmen, farmers, and merchants, all of whom are active in creating social wealth!
(2) Let’s talk about the middle and nine streams again: "First-class scholars and second-rate doctors, third-rate Danqing, fourth-rate skin (shadow play), five-rate play and six-rate divination (divination), seven There are eight monks and nine chess and piano." They are not ancient literature and art workers, orScientific engineering and technical personnel. Scholars must at least understand literature. Doctors are medical experts. Other painters, shadow puppets, singing and chess players are now classified as culture and sports, which are all very legitimate professions.
(3) Inferior: There are many classifications, and they are from the bottom of society, so they are generally unrefined!
There are many sayings about Xia Jiuliu.
The first argument: one actor, two pushes, three kings and eight, four turtles, five shaved heads, six wipes back, seven prostitutes, eight pirates, and nine blow ashes.
The second argument: one witch, two prostitutes, three gods, four bangs, five shaved heads, six blow hands, seven play actors, eight call for street, nine sell sugar.
The third argument: one master, two yacha, three-liter scale, four matchmakers, five pawns, six-time demon, seven thieves, eight thieves, nine prostitutes.
Of course, there are other sayings. However, to sum up all these claims, people who are classified as inferior have the following characteristics.
Some people may ask, "Several thefts", why is the status of "theft" with an open flame higher than that of sneaky "theft"? Petty theft is not "flow". There is no "dao". It is basically a rascal, not telling right and wrong, and annoying; but the thief is different. As the saying goes, "theft is also the way", and thieves have their rules of the game, such as They will not molest their friends' wives, they will repay the money they borrowed, and even rob the rich to help the poor. Chinese culture is particularly intriguing. The difference between theft and theft is a typical example. According to different occupations, the Yuan Dynasty government divided its subjects into “ten streams”, namely ten levels: one official, two officials, three monks, four Dao, five doctors, six workers, seven craftsmen, eight prostitutes, nine scholars, Ten beggars. It is very obvious that the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were conquerors on horseback, especially hostile to intellectuals, so they listed Confucianism after prostitutes as "Smelly Laos". The study of "Three Religions and Nine Streams" can be regarded as "Folk-custom Chinese Studies", reflecting the people's right and wrong ideas.
Another example is tortoise, prostitution, theft, and theft. What they do is indeed a low-ethical job, which is indisputable. However, the entire ancient society allowed tortoises and prostitutes to exist on the one hand, but did not ban them. On the other hand, making a low moral judgment on them is a kind of freak in the ancient imperial power society.
is more interesting, is a sentence in "Zuo Zhuan": "The gentleman works hard, the villain works hard."
"Labor" working people, directly He was convicted of being a villain and a person of low morals. The ruler who "worked" was directly judged as a "gentleman" and a man of high morals. This kind of hegemony of the ruler has reached the point of jaw-dropping.
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