At 5:25 a.m. on October 19, 1936, a generation of writer Lu Xun stopped breathing. At this time, he was living in Shanghai Shigaota Continental New Village No. 9.
At 6:00 am, Lu Xun's son Zhou Haiying , who was sleeping on the third floor, woke up from his deep sleep. He found that it was getting late this morning, and when he was wondering why his maid, Xu's mother, didn't wake him up, Xu's mother's eyes came up with red eyes.
"Brother, don't go to school now." Xu's mother said this in a low voice, but Zhou Haiying could hear it clearly. After a pause, she held back her tears and said, "Dad is gone, Nong is gone. Don't go downstairs now."
After hearing this, Zhou Haiying, who was 7 years old, was still staying there, and he hurriedly went downstairs to his father's room despite Xu's mother's advice.
After entering the door, he saw his father lying on the bed as if he was sleeping every morning, so calm and peaceful. The only difference is that today the air in the room is very low, and people can't breathe.
The mother Xu Guangping saw him and rushed over to hold his hand with tears in her eyes. She hugged her son tightly, as if she was afraid of losing something. Zhou Haiying shed tears silently next to her mother.
Xu Guangping and Zhou Haiying
Not long after Zhou Haiying entered Lu Xun's room, the Japanese female nurse who came to hear the news gave Lu Xun first aid again. Of course, there was no miracle. It was also at this moment that Zhou Haiying thought with some fear: Father may never wake up again, he will never call him "little girl" again, and he will no longer be able to stab his cheeks with a beard...
Zhou Haiying's Tears wet the front of his clothes, and Xu Guangping's tears also dripped on his clothes. For the first time, their mother and son felt the sadness of "depending on each other".
After the female nurse left, Lu Xun's room became lively. After just a while, many people came to the room, some of them were recording movies, some were taking photos of their afterlife...
Among these people, what impressed Zhou Haiying the most was the Japanese statue. Home Auburn Xinghua, he is responsible for making plaster mask for Lu Xun.
Auburn Apricot Blossoms smeared Vaseline ointment on Lu Xun's face, and evenly spread the prepared white plaster paste all over his face. During the whole process, Zhou Haiying watched intently. After half an hour, Aubento slowly lifted the edge of the mask and the mask came off.
When the mask was completely taken off, Zhou Haiying saw more than a dozen of his father's eyebrows and beards on the mask. At that moment, he felt a strange colic in his heart, he said in his heart: "He will be in pain, he will be in pain Yes!"
He tried to break free from his mother and rushed forward to question Auburn, but his mother held him tightly to keep him from moving. Zhou Haiying finally didn't say anything, he just stared at the mask mold in Auburn's hand. The face didn't look like the father he saw on weekdays, Zhou Haiying guessed: This is because the father didn't put dentures in his mouth when he made the mask.
From seven or eight o'clock, more and more people came to to express condolences to . Everyone whispered, as if they were afraid of disturbing Lu Xun's "rest".
Only the young literary man that Lu Xun had helped Xiao Jun, he almost burst into Lu Xun's room crying, and after kneeling beside Lu Xun 's body , he burst into tears. Zhou Haiying couldn't stop crying when he heard his cries, and he still remembered this scene until his later years.
After Xiao Jun left, there were still many people who came to offer condolences. Feng Xuefeng, Soong Ching Ling and others also came right away. In grief, Xu Guangping began to discuss arrangements for the funeral with Lu Xun's younger brother Zhou Jianren and others.
Lu Xun's passed away is a major event, so there are too many facts about Xu Guangping's need for careful arrangement. During the discussion, Feng Xuefeng walked to the window with a sad face and said:
"The top priority is to take care of the funeral, but it is not appropriate for us to come forward at the funeral, otherwise we will be killed by the Kuomintang."
Feng Xuefeng has his own considerations for saying this. Lu Xun's identity is too special, and he has repeatedly criticized the Kuomintang. Therefore, there must be many people watching Lu Xun's funeral at this time. After hearing this, Soong Ching Ling thought for a while and said, "It's okay to save the nation, it's public, and it can contact people from all walks of life." Member, if the funeral is entrusted to her, everything will be a lot easier. After consultation with
, they decided to hand over funeral to Wanguo Funeral Home to undertake.
On the same day, they also drew up a list of 9 members of the funeral committee : Cai Yuanpei, Ma Xiangbo , Soong Ching Ling, Mao Zedong, Nei Shan Wanzao, Smedley, Shen Junru, Mao Dun , Xiao San .
(For various reasons, when this list appeared in the newspaper the next day, except for the full text of the Japanese and Chinese editions of Shanghai Daily News, all other newspapers deleted Mao Zedong's name.)
Lu Xun died After the news was announced, his friends and students rushed to the apartment to offer condolences. Among these people, there are Shen Junru, Xia Zun, Ba Jin , Zhao Jiabi , Meng Shihuan, Ke Ling, Tian Yuan, Tian Jun and so on.
For the first time, Lu Xun's apartment was constantly crowded, but these people came in silently.
At this time, Lu Xun's body was covered with a pink cotton quilt, and his face was covered with a white gauze.Zhou Haiying wanted to tear off this scarf countless times. He didn't like that scarf. Its existence reminded him all the time: he has no father.
Zhou Haiying actually expected this day to come. In the past six months, as Lu Xun's condition worsened, doctors often came and went in his house. Therefore, in the later "Lu Xun and My Seventy Years", he even admitted that a few days before his father's death, he often heard a voice saying to him: "Your father is going to die!"
Zhou Haiying can predict When it arrived, Lu Xun himself had already expected it.
Therefore, a few months before his death, Lu Xun wrote an essay article of "Death" while he was sick. In this article, Lu Xun directly wrote his will. His will has a total of 7 articles:
"1. Don't accept a penny from anyone because of a funeral, except for old friends; 2. Quickly collect, bury, and pull down; 3. Don't do anything about commemoration 4. Forget me and take care of your own life. If you don’t, you will be a fool; 5. When your child grows up, if you don’t have talent, you can find some small things to live on, but you can’t be an empty writer or artist; 6. .Do not take things that others promise to you; 7. Those who harm others but oppose revenge and advocate tolerance should never approach him.”
This article even talked about whether Lu Xun “forgave his enemies” before his death. ” question, the answer he gave in the article was “I don’t forgive”, and he said with his usual rigid tone: “Let them be resentful, and I will not forgive any of them.”
Lu Xun’s family
Lu Xun himself and his son Zhou Haiying Xu Guangping naturally had a hunch about the foreseeable "death". However, like Zhou Haiying, she did not expect this day to come so quickly.
On that day, when Ouyang Yuqian, Wang Shizhen (photographer) and others from Shanghai film company came to Lu Xun's bedroom to start shooting, Zhou Haiying had not fully accepted the fact that his father was dead, and he even hoped that his father would suddenly sit up Say something to the camera. These images shot by
film company later became precious historical images. Therefore, Zhou Haiying sighed countless times later: Fortunately, they recorded it with the camera.
is also through their lens, and later generations saw the furnishings of Lu Xun's bedroom at that time.
Portrait of Lu Xun
The bedside of Lu Xun's bedroom is a half-old desk. The day before his death, he even wrote the last note on this desk for his friend Ui Shanwan. an appointment at 1 o'clock," and asked him to call a doctor immediately. Because his body was very bad when he wrote the note, there are many marks of smear on the note. Presumably, that note also had something he wanted to write but didn't write. On the morning of
17, two days before Lu Xun's death, he was lying on the table and continued to write "Two or Three Things Remembered by Mr. Taiyan" to commemorate the recently passed chapter Taiyan . In the
shot, Lu Xun's books and manuscripts are piled cluttered on this desk, and there are also two "golden not exchangeable" brushes stuck in the pen holder on the table, next to the pen holder is a covered porcelain tea gu.
There is a rattan chaise longue next to the desk, which is where Lu Xun often lays and conceives. Just the day before his death, he was lying on this reclining chair and reading the newspapers.
There is a small bookcase at the head of Lu Xun's bed and at the end of the bed. The bookcases are filled with books that he will read on weekdays.
From the camera, there are two paintings in Lu Xun's bedroom that are particularly eye-catching. One of these two paintings is a print by Kasey Kollwitz, and the other is an oil painting portrait of his son Zhou Haiying.These two paintings are also Zhou Haiying's favorite.
Fortunately, in addition to filming Lu Xun's apartment, the staff of the Star Film Company also filmed the condolences at the Wan Guo Funeral Home and the burial at the Wan Guo Cemetery. These are all precious historical materials left for future generations.
At 3:00 p.m. that day, under the arrangement of Neishan Wanzao, the car of Wanguo Funeral Home took away Lu Xun's body. As usual, they will simply organize and make up Lu Xun's body.
That night was the first time since Zhou Haiying could remember that his father did not live with them. When his father was transported away, he felt very uncomfortable. He knew that in the future, he would no longer have to tiptoe when he woke up in the morning, because his family would never have a father who stayed up late.
On the night of Lu Xun's death, with the publication of Lu Xun's obituary in the Shanghai Evening News, the entire Shanghai and even the entire Chinese literary world trembled. His death sparked violent repercussions, with grief across the country.
On the second day, condolence letters and telegrams from people from all walks of life came one after another.
Lu Xun is not an ordinary literati. He is a revolutionary literati with a pen. For decades, he has been insisting on using a pen to awaken the numb Chinese people. He also fought day and night, and he died of illness at the age of 55.
is also because of this, later Lin Yutang and others insisted that Lu Xun "died not from illness" but "died in battle". Lin Yutang once said when talking about Lu Xun's death:
"(he) laughed wildly and resumed holding the sword. , in order to stab the world. The fire was endless, and the sigh was endless, so Lu Xun hurt his intestines, stomach, liver, lungs, blood vessels hurt , but Lu Xun couldn't afford it, woohoo, Lu Xun couldn't afford it."
Lu Xun aroused countless The Chinese people took the revolutionary road, and he helped young people to become revolutionary fighters like him. He believed that only in this way can China be saved.
Lu Xun and the youth together
Unfortunately, the revolution has not yet succeeded, but Lu Xun died in battle. It is precisely because of this that Lu Xun's death has become a hidden pain for countless Chinese people. When Ba Jin wrote about Lu Xun's death, he said, "The conscience of the whole of China has never been so sad as it is now."
That night, Hu Feng, Huang Yuan, Yutian , and Tian Jun were staying at the funeral home to keep watch. In the early morning of
20, the second day after Lu Xun's death, the staff of the funeral home once again made a simple arrangement for Lu Xun, and then his body was moved to the hall downstairs.
At 9:00 am, people from all walks of life came to pay homage to Lu Xun's remains. After the condolences began, the mourning hall was quickly surrounded by wreaths and elegiac couplets . At this time, Lu Xun's body was dressed in a brown silk robe and covered with a dark brocade quilt. His cheeks were thin and his expression was alive. On the spiritual table behind
's body, there is an eight-inch portrait of Lu Xun, surrounded by flowers.
Among the many elegiac couplets, two are particularly striking. One of them is the elegiac of the National Student National Salvation Federation, which reads: "Mr. Lu Xun will not die, the Chinese nation will live forever." Guo Moruo's elegiac: "Fang hangs in April, folds the double stars, East Asia and Western Europe die together in tears; recites two hearts, regrets nothing, and summons souls all over the world." When everyone bowed three times to Lu Xun's body, Xu Guangping finally couldn't help but burst into tears, Zhou Haiying also cried, and everyone else burst into tears. For a time, the scene was crying.
Portrait of Lu Xun
When the funeral home staff changed Lu Xun's clothes, Xu Guangping's cries still did not stop.On that day, when Lu Xun was buried, he was put on a completely different outfit from what he usually wore: he wore a white silk shirt, white socks and black shoes, a thin cotton brown jacket and robe, and a brocade jacket of the same color. .
In contrast, this outfit is very different from his usual plain clothes. Zhou Haiying looked at his father who was put on "Chinese clothes", and he was not used to it. It was not until his father's body was covered with crimson embroidery that he was once again convinced that the person in front of him was his father.
At this time, Lu Xun's body has been carefully made up, he looks much younger than before, his hair is meticulously combed and shiny, and a white pillow is placed under his head, which makes him look much younger. He looked more like he was asleep than dead. After
, Japanese medical personnel hired by Kanzo Uchiyama injected preservatives into the body. When
was officially entombed, Xu Guangping and Zhou Haiying were in charge of supporting Lu Xun's head, while Lu Xun's younger brother Zhou Jian and his niece supported his feet. Together with the funeral home staff, they personally placed Lu Xun in the coffin .
Lu Xun's coffin was purchased by Soong Ching Ling. This coffin is made of dark red nanmu, and its production is Western-style. There are copper rings around the coffin body and an inner cover. Because half of the coffin is made of glass, people can clearly pay their respects to Lu Xun's remains. After
was buried, when Zhou Haiying looked at his father again, he suddenly realized that he was asleep, not dead, he looked too peaceful.
Lu Xun's funeral pictures
According to the opinion of the funeral committee, on the 20th and 21st and on the morning of the 22nd, it is time for people from all walks of life to offer condolences and pay their respects. The official funeral time is the afternoon of the 22nd.
The Funeral Management Committee and the National Salvation Association from all walks of life also held a meeting with Lu Xun's close friends on some details. At the meeting, they also discussed the issue of "who will carry the coffin ". In this regard, Hu Feng's point of view is very clear, he said: "Mr. The coffin should be carried by the literary and art circles, not by anyone else. Mr. has the demeanor of an internationalist, not a nationalist. He opposed narrow nationalism during his lifetime." : "Mr. belongs to the oppressed masses of the world, and more importantly to the Chinese nation. He has lost his national character, and internationalism is vague. In today's national crisis, the spirit of Mr. should be attributed to the survival of the nation." Therefore, his point of view is of course It is not supported to carry the coffin by purely cultural literati.
It was Shen Junru who finally came out to make the rounds. He proposed a compromise method: "The art world will carry the coffin when the spirit rises, and people from all walks of life will carry it when it arrives at the cemetery." Shi, Li Gongpu, Du Chongyuan, Zhang Naiqi, Zou Taofen and Shen Junru from the left in the back row. At that time, to represent the state funeral, the flag of the authorities had to be covered, but Lu Xun was an opponent of the authorities. It is obviously absurd to go against Lu Xun's wishes in the name of "state funeral". But if not, it is not a state funeral.
In the end, everyone discussed the result: give him a national funeral.
Shen Junru heard the three words " national soul " shouted out by the members of the National Salvation Council and said slowly: "Okay. Mr. Zhou can't get any state funeral, but a national funeral can be held, and he will be happy if he has a spirit underground. "
Afterwards, Shen Junru put down the three words "national soul" on paper and put a pen at the desk. Everyone saw that these three words were full of ink and written in one go, which was quite heart-warming.
During the two or three consecutive days of condolences, Hu Feng and other four people were always responsible for taking care of Lu Xun's body. They also took care of trivial matters such as the registration of the masses to pay their respects, wreaths, and elegiac couplets.
Related List of Lu Xun's Funeral
The closer to the official funeral day, the more people came to pay their respects.
Among those who paid their respects were workers, shop assistants, staff, students, teachers, and people in the literary and art circles. According to relevant records, more than 6,000 people spontaneously came to pay their respects to Lu Xun's remains.
Most of these people are young people. Some of them have read his works, but some only know that he is the embodiment of "national spirit". But it doesn't matter whether you have read Lu Xun's works or not.
The most lively day of Lu Xun's funeral was the day of his official funeral.
22 at 1:00 p.m., the fourth day after Lu Xun's death, people from different corners of the city entered the solemn and solemn Wanguo Funeral Home. Among the crowds, Soong Ching Ling, Cai Yuanpei, Shen Junru, Zhang Naiqi, Zou Taofen, Li Gongpu, Wang Zaoshi, Shi Liang and Zheng Zhenduo , Ye Shengtao , Hu Yuzhi , etc.
Soong Ching Ling waited at Lu Xun's funeral
All of this heralds an extraordinary day.
On this day, Lu Xun's coffin will be opened from the Wanguo Funeral Home on Jiaozhou Road, and will arrive at the Wanguo Cemetery a few hours later.
At 1:50 pm on the same day, people held a "spirit-enlightening sacrifice" for Lu Xun at the Wanguo Funeral Home. During the ceremony, more than 30 people, including Lu Xun's relatives and friends and members of the funeral committee, Song Qingling, Cai Yuanpei, Neishan Wanzao, and Shen Junru, stood in front of the coffin. After a moment of silence and three bows, the funeral home staff sealed the lid of the coffin. After that, Zhou Haiying, his mother and others walked around the coffin together.
At two o'clock in the afternoon, sixteen people including writers Huang Yuan, Ba Jin, Li Liewen , and Hu Feng lifted the coffin. Most of the people who carried the coffin that day were Lu Xun's successors.And Fuling are Cai Yuanpei, Soong Ching Ling, Nei Shan Wanzao, Mao Dun, Hu Feng and so on. At the moment when Lu Xun's coffin was slowly vacated from the ground, countless people burst into tears, whimpering and howling.
The people shouted Lu Xun's name one after another, just as Lu Xun used his pen to call out their hearts. The people know that from now on, there will be no more such calls. At the moment of
, everyone felt the ultimate tragedy.
, which was originally completed in a very short time, took half an hour to complete because of the reluctance of the people. The coffin was finally moved into the coffin car, and the coffins followed the coffin to form a group outside the gate. At this time, the people could only stand there one after another, staring at the hearse with tears in their eyes...
Zhou Haiying in the crowd saw so many people cry in unison for the first time. Since then, I really felt the extraordinaryness of my father.
2:30, the funeral team officially set off. In the funeral team, it was his niece who was in charge of taking the photo of Lu Xun. Lu Xun's eyes on the photo were resolute and firm. This portrait was painted by the painter Situ Qiao . Behind the portrait is Lu Xun's hearse , and the four cars behind the hearse are Xu Guangping, Zhou Haiying, Zhou Jianren, Soong Ching Ling, Cai Yuanpei and so on.
Lu Xun's funeral picture
On the hearse, Zhou Haiying blurted out when being questioned: "Dad is sleeping, he is resting." This sentence was later interpreted by a female writer who attended the funeral as his "young, innocent, ignorant of the world." But in fact, how could Zhou Haiying, who was seven years old at the time, not knowing that his father had passed away, the reason why he said this was just to tell the people around him: "He doesn't seem to be dead, he looks like he is asleep."
But no matter what Zhou Haiying's words meant, what he wanted to express at the time was: "My father seems to be 'not dead'! "
I have to say that Zhou Haiying inadvertently revealed a truth: Lu Xun is not dead, he will always live in the hearts of the people, and in the hearts of relatives and friends.
Originally, the funeral team would pass through the downtown area, but Because the authorities did not agree, in the end, Lu Xun's funeral team had to detour to remote places. According to historical records, the adjusted routes were: Jiaozhou Road, Jisifei Road (now Wanhangdu Road), and Difeng Road (now Urumqi). Road), Daxi Road (now Yan'an West Road) to Hongqiao Road.
Even if the downtown area is avoided, there are still a lot of people who come to see off Lu Xun all the way. Most of these people have read Lu Xun's articles before and have experienced Young people and teenagers influenced by Lu Xun.
Wherever the funeral procession went, countless citizens stood on the streets and silently observed silence.
Because the funeral procession was too large, the concession authorities and the Kuomintang Shanghai government sent a large number of patrols and police to monitor.
Lu Xun's funeral map
At three or four o'clock in the afternoon, with the participation of countless workers and students, the team of more than 6,000 people at the time of departure quickly expanded to tens of thousands of people. They chanted to inherit Lu Xun's legacy and overthrow Japanese imperialism.
People were surprised to find that the pieces of paper falling in the sky were not money, but the words that Lu Xun advocated for salvation during his lifetime.
Among this 10,000-strong team, there are still The elegy written for Lu Xun continued uninterruptedly, and the elegy sang:
"The tip of your pen is the tip of a gun, piercing China's face. You pronounce the morning bell, awakening the dream of the slaves.In the national liberation battle, you never backed down..."
It is worth mentioning that as the funeral procession passed the corner of Columbia Road and Hongqiao Road, the sidewalk was full of Japanese students from Tongwen College. They craned their necks curiously. After watching, they all lamented: "China has produced such a great writer, and there are so many people mourning him"!
At 4:30 pm, the funeral procession arrived at the Wan Guo Cemetery in a mighty manner. The final memorial service was held in the auditorium . The host of the memorial service was Cai Yuanpei, the eulogy was delivered by Shen Junru, Soong Ching Ling, Uchiyama Wanzao, etc. also delivered speeches. Wang Zaoshi, Li Gongpu and others covered the coffin with a black-on-white banner of "National Soul" written by Shen Junru. : Lu Xun will be the first and last person to be buried under the banner of "national soul". Then, according to the laws of thousands of years, the fourteen writers held the rope tightly and put the coffin into the tomb slowly and steadily...
After the stone cover was tightly covered, the masons sealed every corner with cement. , Handfuls of dirt fell onto the earthbags piled in the shape of an arch on the stone cover.
The whole process, accompanied by everything in parallel, there are also the cries of Xu Guangping, Zhou Haiying and the people.
Regarding the details of Lu Xun's funeral, Ye Shengtao once wrote in the article "Empowering each other":
"The teams automatically formed, holding up flags or banners with slogans written on them, singing popular anti-enemy songs at that time or making temporary emergencies. The songs from all over Shanghai gathered at the cemetery. Everyone started to shovel the soil and bury the coffin of Mr. Lu Xun, who was covered with the flag of 'national soul'. Such a thing has never happened in Shanghai, nor has it happened in all of China. After the funeral of "never" and "never again", what awaits Lu Xun's body is decay, but his spirit will be "immortal".
After the funeral, Yu Dafu expounded the "national soul" and the spirit of Lu Xun in "Huai Lu Xun", he said:
"A nation without heroes is unfortunate, and a nation with heroes but not respected and cherished is hopeless. Yes, a country that has great figures but does not know how to support, love, and admire is a hopeless slave state. This is the soul of the nation, the backbone of the Chinese people! As the great standard-bearer of the Chinese New Culture Movement, he will always be So dare to face the bleak life, dare to face the dripping blood."
The picture shows Xu Guangping and Zhou Haiying in Lu Xun's cemetery.
Mao Zedong once said when expounding Lu Xun's spirit that Lu Xun's spirit has three aspects: first, "his political vision", second It is "his fighting spirit" and the third is "his sacrificial spirit".
After Lu Xun's death, there were thousands of people with lofty ideals who went forward with his spirit to save the country and the people. As long as his spirit is still there, such a person with lofty ideals will live on forever!
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