编者压
During the Republic of China, there were three warlords who ruled Xinjiang, the former Yang Zengxin ruled for 17 years (1912-1928), the middle Jin Shuren ruled for 5 years (1928-1933), the latter 盛世才 ruled for 11 years (1933—1943). Among them, Jin Shuren is the one with the weakest sense of existence. On the one hand, it is because of his short rule, and on the other hand, because he did not make much contribution during his reign. After he was forced to step down, he was also tried by the National Government and almost went to jail! So, how did he rule Xinjiang? What did his rule bring to Xinjiang?
Mr. Bauerhan used to work under Yang Zeng for many years, so he was squeezed out during the Jin Shuren period and was sent abroad for study and study. Today, let us understand Jin Shuren through his memories. This may not be comprehensive, but it also provides us with a wonderful information.
How did Jin Shuren become the chairman of the province
As far as Yang Zengxin and Jin Shuren are the two figures who rule Xinjiang, my contact with the latter is far less frequent than the former, but the latter is superficial and greedy. A student, his face is easier to recognize than the former.
Jin Shuren (1879—1941)
Jin Shuren, with the word De'an, was born in Linxia, Gansu, and was born in Qing Xuantong Jiyou (1909) Kebagong, graduated from Gansu Higher School, with Yang Zengxin has a teacher-student friendship . At the beginning, he went to Xinjiang, just to find a more comfortable place to eat, and then wanted to make a fortune from his officialdom; before Fan Yaonan's coup, he had no intention to govern Xinjiang. He was favored by Yang because he was good at writing (referring to articles) and he was very submissive in front of Yang. He served as county governor in Aksu, Shufu (now Kashgar), Dihua and other counties, and was promoted to the post in 1926. Director of Government Affairs.
On July 7, 1928, during Fan Yaonan’s coup, Jin Shuren was serving as the head of the Civil Affairs Department (just renamed by the Government Affairs Department). His qualifications and popularity were not as good as those of Liu Wenlong, Yan Yushan, Xu Qian and other ministers. The reason why was able to achieve military and political power in Xinjiang was mainly due to the support of several military leaders.
On the day of the coup, Jin Shuren also participated in the graduation ceremony of the Russian School of Law and Politics (based on the predecessor of Xinjiang University). It is said that because of official business, he retired midway. Someone believed that he had participated in Fan Yaonan's conspiracy to assassinate Yang Zengxin in advance based on his resignation, but this is untrue. After Fan broke into the third hall of the Supervisory Office, he wrote a note and invited him to the Supervisory Office for discussion. Only then did he learn about Fan's plot (according to the rebellious plot). At that time, Du Zhiguo, Zhang Peiyuan, etc. stopped him and refused to let him go, and led a team to surround the Supervisory Office, eliminating Fan's little force. So Jin Shuren became a person who avenged Yang, and under the push of the head of the garrison, he became a temporary chairman and commander-in-chief.
The left is Yang Zengxin ((1864—1928)
Because Yang Zengxin has suppressed the development of the gang forces that the Han officials use the local soil as the bond for many years, after Jin came to power, the Lianghu Gang and other gangs The middle and senior officials, although not reconciled, did not have the power to compete with Jin, at best they complained behind their backs. As for the towns and roads in northern and southern Xinjiang (according to local officials), such as the cattle and towers in Ili Li Zhonglin of the city, Zhu Ruichi of Aksu, Ma Shaowu of Kashgar, Wei Zhenguo of Ashan, etc., After Yang was assassinated, they were worried that the place would fall into war, so as long as someone came out to maintain the situation, they would feel at ease. Because Yang Zengxin has been for many years He came to smelt his main cadres into ordinary officials who are "safe and stable", and most of them have the "conservation" that they can accept; even if Fan Yaonan's coup succeeds, they will not encounter resistance from Han officials everywhere.
金树仁 Surface He is very talkative and imitates Yang Zengxin's approachable style, but his heart is narrow and his vision is short-sighted, especially his addiction to opiates and lack of energy, so it is impossible to concentrate everything in his own hands like Yang Zengxin.
On the second day after Yang Zengxin was assassinated, Jin Shuren became the Minister of Civil Affairs and temporary chairmanThe title of commander-in-chief issued a notice saying that a rebellious party had killed the governor of the province and occupied the provincial government. After the army encircled and suppressed the rebellious party, the rebellious party had been captured; he called the Nanjing government on the same day to report the incident, emphasizing that the border situation was urgent and he was leading the army and the people. Efforts to maintain it is intended to urge the Kuomintang government to order him as soon as possible (an order announced in plain text) to take charge of the provincial government. He also energized the towns and roads to explain the coup, and said that he had taken control of the whole situation, prompting civil and military officials everywhere to recognize his government.
Within ten days after the incident, he and the soldiers who pushed him ordered the arrest of some public and religious personnel, some were executed and some were put in prison. By July 24th, on the day when Yang Zengxin was opened at God Temple (receiving relatives and friends to express condolences before going to the funeral), Jin Shuren's regime basically had a firm foothold.
At this time, he used the names of provincial government members, high-ranking officials and generals in northern and southern Xinjiang, as well as princes and upper-level figures of the Mongol, Kazakh, Uighur, and Hui tribes to send a telegram to the Nanjing government to support him in governing the provincial government. Although the Nanjing government intended to include Xinjiang at that time, it was beyond reach, and finally announced him as the chairman and commander-in-chief of the Xinjiang provincial government, and soon changed the title of the commander-in-chief to the frontier defense supervision office.
How did Jin Shuren rule Xinjiang
After Jinshuren took the stage, first thing that affected people’s lives was grabbing soldiers . This is a major difference between him and Yang Zengxin in the policy of ruling Xinjiang .
There are several reasons why he wants to expand the army. The first is that the Gansu soldiers who support him want to strengthen their power by expanding the army, and Jin Shuren himself believes that the expansion is the most important thing to consolidate his regime (the first thing). Secondly, the provincial government received information from Hami and Ruoqiang (now Ruoqiang) that the Gansu army was moving to Jiuyangguan Road. At the same time, there was a legend that the KMT government ordered the Gansu authorities to investigate the coup in Xinjiang. Jin Shuren wanted to prevent foreign forces from moving east. Coming offenders, so recruit more troops to strengthen the defensive force.
Again, the provincial army officers and soldiers in the Yang Zengxin period were not all Gansu and locals. Jin Shuren and his left and right were wary of other provincial officers and soldiers and wanted to recruit new soldiers to increase Gansu and locals. The proportion of people in the army gradually eliminated officers and soldiers from other provinces who they considered unreliable. I would like to mention here by the way that the Gansu people, who came from the ruling class, had a stubborn prejudice against the Hui people and thought they were difficult to rule. Jin Shuren is a native of Gansu with this prejudice. After he took the stage, Yang Zengxin relied on Hui officers and gradually eliminated a large number of Hui officers and soldiers in the process of army expansion.
At that time, Xinjiang lacked labor. Whether people were farmers or workers, their income was better than enlisted in the army, and they were relatively free to move. Especially the Han Chinese with a small family, and they are more reluctant to leave their wives and children to work for the officials. In this case, the so-called recruitment of by the Jin government must be to grab soldiers. This has made Lu Yan (referring to ordinary people) uneasy, especially the people of Shaanxi and Gansu province. Because the Jin government does not trust all the Han people, for example, the two Lakers and Tianjin people do not trust them and refuse to let them serve as soldiers, so it is rarely the turn of the people in these provinces to capture the soldiers.
Republic of China Xinjiang banknotes 1919
The direct consequence of grabbing troops and forming the army is the depreciation of banknotes.
During the Yang Zengxin period, the currency circulating on the market in Xinjiang was mainly bills and silvers. I don't want to talk more about the ticket and silver here, but just briefly introduce it. By 1927, Xinjiang's bills and silvers had a face value of one coin, and the front side stated: The full red coin was issued forty texts (red money is the money made in the mainland, and the back is cast in Uyghur)...There are face value one or two. , On the back, it is stated that the value of Xiangping silver is one or two (worth 400 liters of red money), but these banknotes are not cashed. The mint in Xinjiang was able to print five or six thousand taels of silver per day. In 1927, the price ratio of bill silver to grain silver was about 3.3:1, that is, during the end of Yang Zengxin's reign, the depreciation of paper money was only more than three times. Yang Zengxin himself said that this is the result of his not raising soldiers. heIn his later years, he often said publicly that he had sung the "Empty City Plan" in Xinjiang for seventeen years, but he had achieved stability within Xinjiang, which is what it meant. Of course, by 1927, he also began to pay attention to the defense of eastern Xinjiang, but he had not yet developed to the point of expanding the army and dramatically increasing military expenditures.
After Jin Shuren took the stage, the situation was different. He wanted to expand the army, but in order to prevent the soldiers from deserting, he also increased the soldier's salary. These payment sources only depend on the daily speed of the ticket printing machine and the increase in the denomination of the ticket. So soon after he took the stage, the price ratio of the bill silver to the pattern silver became 3.9:1.
The result of the devaluation of banknotes was the rise in prices. Judging from the prices of daily necessities in Urumqi, the prices of wheat, water milled white noodles, dry milled white noodles, rice, coal, etc. have risen sharply, and are no longer falling, which are rare in Xinjiang for more than a decade. (This paragraph is omitted)
In addition to issuing banknotes, Jin Shuren also seeks huge profits from the monopoly on foreign and inland trade. He and his party feather team set up a lambskin company to control the export of this native product in their own hands. Xinjiang lamb skin is well-known at home and abroad. The so-called purple lamb, especially precious, is a bestseller in the world market. The "Jinjia Company" relied on its political power to force lamb skins and lamb skins produced in Xinjiang to be monopolized and shipped to Pingjin for sale or to barter to the Soviet Union. It was bought at a low official price, and when it changed hands, it obtained nearly ten times the profit as high as . This monopoly measure not only affected direct producers, but also hit general fur traders. Giant businessmen accustomed to dealing with officialdom, through bribery, also intervened in this monopolistic group, and part of the huge profits. As a result, the direct producers, especially herders, are the victims.
After Jin Shuren came to power, it has brought such a serious impact on Xinjiang's social economy, and various hidden contradictions will inevitably develop and intensify day by day. I will talk about the relevant facts later. I now turn to introduce the political changes during this period.
The evil fruit of Jin Shuren's ruling Xinjiang
In the past, many people who wrote about this period of Xinjiang's history, most of them believed that Jin Shuren followed the traditional skills of the field, but his wisdom was not as good as Yang, so it only worsened. Actually otherwise, the basic measures of Jin ruling Xinjiang are exactly the opposite of those of Yang.
First of all, he put his power on his villagers group. This is different from Yang Da. A period after Jin came to power, there were two popular phrases in Urumqi folks, "Learn Hezhou dialect in the morning, and hold a foreign knife in the evening" , which means that everyone from Hezhou, Gansu (the fellow of Jin) All can be officers and domineering. As far as I know, although these two sentences originally came from officials of the two lakes who were dissatisfied with Jin Shuren's rule, they later became a well-known folk ballad, which is indeed based on facts.
Jin Shuren began to arrange his family members, relatives and friends from the same townships in various aspects (in accordance with prominent status) since he took the stage. His fifth brother Shuxin became the head of the military affairs department, and his fourth brother Shuzhi was later sent to Kashgar and became the teacher; especially the "Golden Five", who was greedy for money and power, almost covered his eldest brother with one hand and became a "two". Supervise". Jin Shuren’s Ma Bian Cui Zhaoji (a fellow town, known as Xiao Cui"), was later promoted to be the head of the regiment. Jin Lao Wu and Xiao Cui became the pool of dirt and dirt for the Jin family regime.
Du who supported Jin Shuren’s power Governing the country was appointed as brigade commander, Zhang Peiyuan was sent to Yili, as a farming envoy...All of them are Jin’s fellow townspeople. As for the officers and officials in the army, the heads of counties and counties have gradually changed from Gansu natives or Jin’s cronies. This kind of personnel changes caused considerable turbulence in the officialdom of Xinjiang, which has been relatively stable for many years.
If the people who opposed Yang Zengxin during the Yang Zengxin period were mainly due to different political opinions, then, in the Jin Shuren period, The anti-gold people are mainly due to personal ups and downs in the eunuchs. Of course, the person I am referring to is an intermediate Han official who has a certain status in the gold government. For example, later became the protagonist of the anti-gold Tao Mingyue, Zhang Xin and others, all 民国初年 was distributed to Xinjiang. Although they were not reused in the Yang Zengxin era, they still have the opportunity to become wealthy and become rich as 县治事, and they have indeed served as county governors. During the Jin Shuren period, these people could only sit on the bench in the provincial capital.
The leader of the Xinjiang Muslim Army
Yang Zengxin is to make the inland people contain each other, make the Xinjiang people and the inland people contain each other, and so on. subordinate. While Jin Shuren tried to control other people through the old age of relatives and friends, but he himself was unconsciously controlled by several of his cronies. Later, the Gansu gangs in the officialdom also squeezed out each other, and Jin Shuren himself, who rarely stepped out of the third hall of the supervision office, could not control his cronies.
Yan Yushan, the Minister of Construction of Gansu, once said that since Jin Shuren took the stage, he tried to consolidate his position with the villagers, but the villagers had their own plans, and he finally ended up betraying his relatives. Yan Yushan was an old bureaucrat and was familiar with the story of the Xinjiang officialdom. After Jin Shuren took office for a year, he often blamed Jin for his actions in private, especially for Jin Lao Wu. He said that if you don't win the favor of Kim Lao Wu, you will never want to seek foreign employment or obtain a wealthy position. Li Yanming, the head of the provincial public security bureau, and Cui Zhaoji, the head of the provincial public security team, were treacherous with Jin Laowu and regarded the officialdom of Xinjiang as the place where they were selling officials. At the same time, these people all expand their power and do whatever they want. Under this situation, the political and economic crisis in Xinjiang is naturally getting worse.
In short, some measures taken by Jin Shuren after taking office have caused Xinjiang's economy and politics to be in a state of turmoil. Coupled with the influence of the domestic political situation, Xinjiang has been troubled ever since.
Source: Baoerhan "Xinjiang Fifty Years", 1984 Literature and History Publishing House.
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