"Causes Bring Flowers and Stones"-The History of the Rise and Fall of Bianjing and Bianhe Water Transport in the Song Empire

One, Song Dynasty's water transport and Bianhe River

The Emperor Song Taizu, who rebuilt the unified empire, chose Kaifeng as the capital for the convenience of water transport. The capital of the Northern Song Dynasty was named Bianjing because of the Bianhe River, also known as Bianliang. Tokyo. During the 160 years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Bianhe brought Bianjing more convenient transportation than Chang'an and Luoyang, making Bianjing more prosperous than any capital of any dynasty north of the Yangtze River.

In the Battle of Jingkang, the Northern Song Dynasty died in 1126, and after the Song Dynasty went south, in the first year of Shaoxing (1131), Lin'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) was the capital, and 150 years of the Southern Song Dynasty began. With the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, the water transportation of Bianhe River was cut off. Afterwards, the Southern Song Dynasty confronted the Jin with Bianhe as the boundary. The key battle that determined the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty took place on the Bianhe River.

After the end of the Tang Dynasty, Liang Zhuwen's generals Pang Shigu and Ge Congzhou led their troops to cross the Huai River from Huoqiu to occupy Qingkou (now Zhun'an). Yang Xingmi, who ruled Huaixi, decided the North Dike of the Bianhe River. After the flooding, Liang Jun and Pang Shigu were defeated. Since then, the southeast of Yongqiao in Suzhou to Sizhou was reduced to a swamp area, and the Bianhe waterway was completely cut off for more than 50 years. In the second year of Xiande's second year (955), the Hou Zhou regime, which later named Kaifeng as Tokyo, dredged the river from Kaifeng to Sizhou due to the old dike of the Bian River. In six years (959), Xuzhou, Suzhou, Songzhou, and Shanzhou husband service dredging were carried out again. The renovation of Bianhe River in the later weeks created conditions for the reopening of Bianhe River water transportation in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Since the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, Daxing dredging works in the Bianhe River, and soon the water transport of the Bianhe River resumed, becoming a traffic artery supporting the Song Dynasty. In the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Grand Canal crossed the Yangtze River from the south of the Yangtze River, transferred to the Zhenyang Canal (now Huaiyang Canal), then crossed the Zhunhe River into the Bian River, and after crossing the Yellow River, it entered the Yuhe (Sui Yongji Canal) and went north to Qinghe County on Hebei West Road, which connected east, west and south. The waterway pattern is the same as the Sui and Tang canals.

Mingdao (1032-1033) Shandong was famine, the Jianghuai rice was transferred from Bianhe to the north, from Heyin to the Yellow River, land transported to Liyang, into the Yuhe and transferred to the northeast to Qinghe for relief, and passed through the Grand Canal. All river sections cross the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Zhun River. The waterways of Bianhe and Yuhe were the transportation lines for the transportation of food and grain to the border in the Northern Song Dynasty.

The Northern Song Dynasty government supported heavy troops in Bianjing. In the fourth year of Jingde (1007), the fixed annual transportation volume was 6 million shi (about 480,000 tons), in addition to a large number of materials dedicated to the court , Said miscellaneous. In addition to paying for the military and administrative expenses of Bianjing, some of the food was transported to North China to supply the defenders stationed in Hebei.
During the Taiping Rejuvenation Period (976-984), the annual transportation of Jianghuai rice was 3 million shi, and the sun was 1 million shi. The other river transport volume is 1.5 million shi. At the beginning of Dao (995), Bianhe transported 5.8 million shi of rice.
At the beginning of Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), it reached 7 million shi, and it was as much as 8 million shi in Renzong, but it decreased slightly later. Each state builds two to three thousand ships for water transportation each year. Entering the Bianhe River from Zhunnan, there are often 6,000 boats. The original capacity of each boat was only three or four hundred shi, and later it was 700 shi or 1,000 shi. Private boats were overloaded with as much as one dry 600 shi. From Chuzhou, Sizhou to Bianjing, it was originally scheduled to be shipped every 80 days, three to four times a year. In addition to water and grain, there are also firewood, charcoal, department store vegetables and fruits.

In the Northern Song Dynasty, the water transportation used ten ships as one platform, and one person was escorted. In the 9th year of Dazhong Xiangfu (1016), the three outlines were changed to one outline, and the boats on the Bian River usually had two hundred outlines. Northern Song Dynasty "Gang", this kind of water transport fleet formation form, played an important role in the management of canal transportation. fleet has organized and divided time intervals to pass the lock and dam, which is conducive to the control of the canal water and also facilitates the dispatch of station trackers along the way. More importantly, it is convenient for the escort officers and soldiers to centrally supervise the transportation of goods. The Ming and Qing Dynasties continued to use this system, changing "Gang" to "Gang", and the same group was divided according to the region where the water was shipped.

The flooding of the Yellow River in the south accelerated the silting of the Bianhe River. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the Bianhe River was navigable for only half a year. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the transportation volume increased. At the same time, the Bianhe River's transportation order was chaotic due to the more frequent flooding and flooding of the Yellow River to the south.

Huizong Chongning (1102-1106) when Cai Jing was in charge of the court, Hu Shiwen, the shipping agent, dedicated the money used to purchase grain to the court, and at the same time changed the salt monopoly to the merchant-marketed salt method. As a result, there was no cash needed to purchase grain in the shipping, and there was no salt on the watercraft to transport and sell, and the boatman fled. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, grain formations from the same place of origin had to be transported directly to Bianjing. Regardless of the differences in water conditions in the river sections along the way, the food and materials of the Sixth Southeast Road went all the way north, which was a direct route.

At the same time as the direct route, the flower and stone class , which transports strange flowers and stones to Bianjing. This change contributed to the social unrest in the late Northern Song Dynasty. Hua Shi Gang is the last madness of the Song Dynasty to plunder private wealth.

In the first year of Chongning (1102), construction bureaus were established in Suzhou and Hangzhou in the south of the Yangtze River. Three years later, Suzhou should be established again. The prefectural bureau was presided over by the Taishi, the inner court worship official Tongguan (1054-1126). The Art Bureau concentrates a number of craftsmen to make ivory, rhino horn, gold and silver, jade, sculpture, embroidery and other handicrafts.

Yingfeng Bureau was presided over by the defense envoy Zhu Meng (1075-1126), specializing in the collection of Taihu stones and exotic flowers and trees in the southeast. The ships transporting the tribute from the Bureau of Construction and the Bureau of Fengfeng are also ten ships as one class, which goes directly to Bianjing from the place of departure, and is called "花石群".

Hua Shi Gang is also a boat to the end. The impermanence of the impermanence of the corruption and the reform of the government of the court made the Huizong dynasty in the last years of the dynasty with the hearts of the people and the world disintegrated. In the eighth year of Xuanhe (1126), Jin soldiers crossed the Yellow River and besieged Bianjing. The Huizong gave way to Zhao Huan to become Qinzong and changed the name to Jingkang. In the second year of Jingkang (1127), the Jinbing captured Bianjing, and Huizong, Qinzong, imperial concubines, princes, and ministers, totaling 3,000 people, were escorted to the Five Kingdoms City (within the boundaries of Yilan County, Heilongjiang), and finally ended. Died in a foreign country.

The Song Dynasty went to the south in the second year of Jingkang. After that, the Jinren went south to Jiangzhun many times. In the third year of Jianyan (1129), he even invaded Hangzhou, and he withdrew from the north the following year. After the Song, Jin and Shaoxing peace talks, the stability of the Southern Song Dynasty was finally exchanged. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1138), Hangzhou was changed to Lin'an, and it became the capital city, which began the 150-year history of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The Southern Song regime relied on the most prosperous Yangtze River and Taihu Lake basins. After the settlement of Hangzhou, a large number of people from the north entered. In just two decades, Lin'an resettled about two million war-torn immigrants. As the political center and a large number of people moved to the south, the Southern Song Dynasty's agriculture in Jiangnan, Western Zhejiang, Eastern Zhejiang, Lingnan and other regions have been greatly developed. Large-scale enclosing of fields in the southeast lake areas, mountainous areas and hills are also generally reclamation, which greatly eases the contradiction between food supply and demand after the increase in population. The Southern Song Dynasty has convenient waterway traffic and developed commerce.

The Qiantang River is connected to the East Zhejiang Canal in the east, and there are waterways Tonghui, Wuyan, and Quzhou to the west. Shu, Jiangxi, and Jinghu turn from the Yangtze River to the Jiangnan Canal. Wen, Lingnan and other waterways can reach Lin'an. The canal and natural rivers form a waterway extending in all directions. The goods imported into Lin'an from other places are mainly construction materials, textiles, and local specialties. The food grains mainly come from Jiangnan Run, Chang, Su, Hu, Xiu, and the eastern Zhejiang provinces, and most of them are transferred from the canal to the front of Zhunnan for the defenders. . Due to the abundant local food in Jiangnan and eastern Zhejiang, the Southern Song Dynasty was not highly dependent on water transportation, and the water transportation volume was less than half of that of the Northern Song Dynasty.

The cities on both sides of the Bianhe River that emerged due to water transportation later lost their prosperity due to the southward movement of the political center and the abandonment of the Bianhe River. In the second year of Jianyan (1128), the Southern Song garrison general Du Chong decided to open the Yellow River embankment, the Yellow River captured the Bian River, and after the confluence of Xuzhou and Surabaya in the southeast, it merged with the Zhun River at the Qingkou of Chuzhou (now Huai'an, Jiangsu), and entered the sea from the Huai River. The waterway enters the Yellow Sea via Yuntiguan, and the 700-year history of the Yellow River's quasi-qualification began. The Bianhe River has repeatedly become the flood channel of the Yellow River during its southbound trip, and the Bianhe River has become a no-return path since then. The cities prospered by the Bian River water transportation may decline or disappear in the sediment left by the flooding of the Yellow River.

Second, the rise and fall of Bianjing

has a superior geographic location that relies on waterways to communicate with the southeast, northwest and northwest. In the north of Kaifeng, crossing the Bian River from Sishui north to the eastern part of North China, from the northwest from the Bian River to the Yellow River in retrograde direction, and from the Bian River downstream to the southeast to connect with the Zhunhe River, such as the Zhunyang Canal. Today, Kaifeng, Henan was the seat of the Junyi City of Bianzhou Prefecture in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and the capital in the Northern Song Dynasty, called Bianjing, Bianliang or Tokyo. Kaifeng became the center of the Tang and Song Dynasties due to the water transportation of Tongji Canal (Bianhe River). During the southern trip of the Yellow River in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Bianhe River became a frequent flood channel. With the invasion of the Yellow River's sediments, the canal was gradually abandoned. The Tang and Song Dynasty city pool was below the present city, with a depth of 8-12 meters.

The excavation of Sui Tongji Canal made Bianzhou a water transportation hub, and the economic status of Bianzhou in the Tang Dynasty was obviousThe promotion. In the fourth year of Tang Wude (621 years), Yu Junyi set up the Bianzhou General Administration Office and became the Bianzhou Provincial Governor. In the early Tang Dynasty, Kaifeng was already a distribution center for the exchange of materials between the north and the south. Grain, construction materials, and local products from Qilu, Yanjin, Jianghuai, Fujian and Zhejiang in the north, Jinghu in the southwest, Lingnan, Bashu and other places converged in Kaifeng, and then passed through the Yellow River. Transfer to Luoyang and to Chang'an.

Liu Yuxi, "Bianzhou Cishi Hall Wall Record": "This dynasty used Junyi as the governing place of Bianzhou Cishi. From Sui Xinqu, sucking the Yellow River and traveling eastward, Zhou Sheqishu is the world drama."

During the Anshi Rebellion of Xuanzong Dynasty, North China and Shandong became the battlefields of the central government and the local separatist forces, and the Bianhe River became the only waterway between the Guanzhong area and the south of the Yangtze River. After the war subsided, the feudal towns that occupied Zhunnan often robbed the Bianhe embankment to block the waterway for their own interests and cut off the economic lifeline of the Tang dynasty; or intercepted food and other materials. In order to ensure the Bianhe Cao Road, Dezong established the Xuanwu Army in the second year of Jianzhong (781) and sent heavy troops to Bianzhou.

Jiedu made Li Mian rebuild Bianzhou City, a total of seven domain gates for more than 20 miles. In the fourth year of the founding of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (783), Li Xilie sent troops to the West Jiedu and captured Bianzhou and occupied the state territory for a year. The Bianhe River and Cao Road were blocked. The following year, Li Xiyeol's rebellion was put down, and water transportation was restored. After that, Bianzhou town generals and Jiedushi who were loyal to the Tang Dynasty regained Bianzhou, so that the waterway of Bianzhou in the late Tang Dynasty was unblocked, and the city was restored to life.

During the Five Dynasties, the Later Zhou regime chose to build the capital of Bianzhou with a special traffic location. The construction of Kaifeng, the capital city of the latter week, created a better place for the northern Song Dynasty to be the capital of Bianliang. condition. Later Zhou Xiande (954-959) dredged the Bian River on a large scale several times, opened the Wuzhang River to the northeast, and built Doumen at Biankou. Formed a water transportation network with Biandu as the center, Wuzhang River to Qilu in the northeast, and Chen and Ying in the southeast. The urban pattern of Bianjing has a deep relationship with the canal. The distribution pattern of urban commercial areas and neighborhoods is centered on Bianhe River.

"Tokyo Dream Hualu": ​​"On the side of the east city, there are four gates, the east water gate in the southeast, which is also the lower water gate of the Bian River. Its gates cross the river and have iron-wrapped windows and doors, which hang down like a night Water surface. There are gates on both sides of the bank, leading to pedestrian roads, and it is more than a hundred feet away from the bank. "

Cao, grain and materials from Jiangnan reach the capital through Bianhe River. Between Tongjinmen and Shangshanmen on both banks of the East Water Gate of Bianliang, and between Xuanzemen and Datongmen on both sides of the West Water Gate are the streets along the Bianhe River. They all lead to the Zhouqiao in the center of Licheng. In the street market of Linbian River, there are government warehouses and guest shops for receiving merchants. Along the banks of the Bian River there are also markets such as Huhuhang (rice and wheat shop), noodle shop, vegetable shop, cattle and horse shop, paper shop and fruit shop. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, There were about 1.5 million people in Bianjing, and more than 100,000 troops were stationed. It was the most populous city in China at that time.

The Bian River in the Bianjing area traverses the east and the west. The tributary of the Bian River has Caihe River from the south to Yingshui, the Wuzhang River to the north connects with Liangshan Luo, and the ancient Bian Canal to Surabaya in the east, forming a waterway transportation network extending in all directions. The urban water system of Bianjing city is composed of triple-walled moats, four city rivers, and ditches in various streets. The water source of the ditches in the city comes from the Bianhe River, which is also discharged into the Bianhe River. In addition, there are pools of Ningxiang, Jinming, Qionglin and Yujin in Bianjing. Among them, Jinming Pool is "about nine miles and ten steps around, and the west of the pool is seven miles in diameter." The city river and ponds actually played a role in regulating the water volume of the Bian River.

Bianjing has set up the Beijing Banking Department, which will lead the Bianhe River and supervise transportation. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River entered the eve of the southern migration during the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, the Yellow River was divided into two branches, the north and the south. The south branch was to the north of the Bianhe River, roughly parallel to the Bianhe River, from the east to Liangshan Bozhe and southeast to Xuzhou into Surabaya. The southern branch frequently breached, and the Bianhe River became a frequent flood channel when the Yellow River fell within the Henan boundary, and the river channel siltation was more serious. About the 12th century, Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty was buried by the Yellow River sediment. The site is the city of Kaifeng rebuilt during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Its scale is less than one-third of the size of Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty.