1. The establishment of Yifu Wu Enemy Kingdom
originated from Yifu Xianbei in Mongolian Plateau . With the large-scale migration of the Xianbei people, they migrated to Monan after a long journey. At this time, it coincided with the Three Kingdoms Cao Wei who was the general of Zhenxi and the governor of Longyou. Deng Ai moved tens of thousands Xianbei between Yong and Liang. As a result, some of the Yifu Xianbei who lived in Shengle moved into the Yong and Liang areas along with these tens of thousands of Xianbei.
After Yifu Xianbei settled in the Yong and Liang areas, minor unrest among the Qiang, Hu and other ethnic minorities in the Hexi and Longyou areas soon occurred due to the "considerable floods and droughts" and "failure to visit in recent years" in the 4th to 5th year of the reign of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty (268-269).
Faced with this situation, if the rulers of the Jin Dynasty could take any relief and comfort measures that could alleviate the conflict, they would be able to stabilize the situation. However, out of consideration for the "inevitable harm" of the ethnic minorities scattered in the mainland, they instead "divided Yong, Liang, and Liangzhou into Qinzhou", and appointed the brave and foolhardy warrior Hu Lie as the governor of Qinzhou.
After Hu Lie took office, he immediately used high-pressure measures to suppress the unrest, which further intensified the contradiction between the Qiang, Hu and other ethnic minorities in this area and the ruling class, and finally inspired the ten-year anti-Jin struggle of various ethnic groups in the northwest led by Bald Tree Function starting in the sixth year of Taishi (270).
The uprising team composed of many ethnic minority tribes such as Xianbei in Hexi and led by Bald Hair Tree Function successively defeated Hu Lie and Shijian. The influence spread to the Xiongnu , Tuge, Lu Shuihu, Jiehu and other northern Hus who settled in the then Beidi County since the Han Dynasty . In the seventh year of Emperor Taishi's reign, Hu from the north also launched an uprising, attacking Jincheng County, and defeated Qianhong, the governor of Liangzhou who, like Hu Lie, was dedicated to military force. The successive defeats of the governors of Qin and Liang prefectures alarmed the rulers of the Jin Dynasty.
It can be seen that the uprising of the bald tree function caused a headache for the Jin Dynasty. However, the Shuji function did not stop there, but continued to develop to the west of Jincheng in Liangzhou. Its influence gradually expanded, and finally took over the land of Liangzhou, blocking the transportation between Shanxi and Hexi, and controlling the land of Hexi. Until the fifth year of Xianning (279), Bald Hair Tree was defeated and killed by Malong , and the anti-Jin struggle failed.
These Xianbei and other tribes who settled in Hexi, Longyou and other places have declined in power and are gradually distributed throughout Hexi. The Yifu tribe also settled in the Lianchuan area around this time.
Later, Qianliang, established by Zhanggui, occupied the land in Hexi and governed Xianbei in Hexi, including Yifu Xianbei. In the first year of Taiyuan of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty (3790), the former Qin destroyed the former Liang and basically unified the northern . He established Liangzhou in Hexi and appointed Liang Xi as the governor.
However, after the defeat of Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty in the Battle of Shishui in the eighth year of Taiyuan Dynasty by Emperor Xiaowu of the Jin Dynasty, the north was divided again in the Eastern Jin . After the war broke out, various ethnic minorities established political power one after another. Among them, the land in Hexi and its residents were under the jurisdiction of the Houliang established by the Lu family. However, Lu Guang 's rule in Hexi was not very stable, and rebellions occurred from time to time.
2. The relationship between an enemy country and neighboring regimes
1. Relationship with Nanliang
Due to its geographical location and its main characteristics of nomadic economy, it will inevitably have a close relationship with other nearby regimes. It should be closely related to Yi Fu Wu Enemy country and should belong to Southern Liang, Western Qin , Northern Liang Among the three regimes, Nanliang has the closest relationship with it.
During the Long'an period of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (397-401), the competition among the local separatist forces of various ethnic groups in Hexi region intensified. At this time, the fledgling bald Wugu decided to get rid of Hou Liang's control.In the first year of Long'an of the Jin Dynasty (397), Tufa Wugu "claimed himself to be the governor, the general, the great Chanyu, and the king of Xiping," and captured the three counties of Jincheng, Ledu, Hehe, and Chuihe in one fell swoop.
In August of the same year, another rebellion broke out within the Houliang ruling class. This rebellion destroyed the normal life of the Yifu people, but because Yang and Wang fled in defeat and had no direction and did not last long, the losses to the Yifu people were limited. For the sake of its own security, the Yifuwu enemy country had to nominally submit to the booming Nanliang regime. However, Nanliang has been busy with wars with neighboring powers and has no time to look west. In fact, Yi Fuwu Enemy's country remains independent as before.
In the later period of Nanliang, it faced "the tragic situation of the collapse of the right time, the right place and the people." Under this situation, the weak Nanliang regime still resorted to militarism and tried to use force to relieve surrounding aggression. At this time, Yifu, Qihan and other tribes living in the area of Qinghai Lake all rebelled against Nanliang. Bald Hair Tan wanted to take this opportunity to attack Yifu, Qihan and other tribes to plunder supplies to relieve domestic famine.
In the fifth month of the tenth year of Yixi, Tufa Tuan (nù) Tan led 7,000 troops. They set out from Ledu, crossed Chiling , and arrived at the shore of Qinghai Lake. They attacked the country of Yifuwudi and plundered more than 400,000 livestock of all kinds in Xianbei. Yifuwudi country suffered huge losses. However, Bald Tan overly underestimated the strength of Western Qin. At this moment, King Qifu Chipan of Western Qin indeed led 20,000 cavalry to attack Ledu. Within ten days, Ledu city was destroyed, and the prince of Nanliang and more than 10,000 of his people were captured.
The news spread to the army of Nù Tan, and many defected. Nù Tan surrendered to the Western Qin Dynasty with all the rebels and relatives separated. Since Bald Tan's army was divided into pieces, most of the looted property was recovered by the Yifu people.
As a close neighbor of Nanliang, Yifuwuwuguo, when facing a powerful neighbor like Nanliang that is getting stronger and stronger, for the sake of self-protection, surrendering is a wise move. When the Nanliang Kingdom was peaceful and the people were at peace, the Yifuwu enemy country could live in peace with it. However, once this powerful neighbor was in crisis, it would launch an attack on the weaker and richer Yifuwu enemy country to pass on the crisis.
2. Relationship with the Western Qin
Establishing the Western Qin Begging for Xianbei . Its status in Longxi Xianbei is just like the status of Bald Xianbei in Hexi Xianbei. Qifu Xianbei continued to annex and conquer other Xianbei tribes that had already moved into Longxi during the migration process. Therefore, its power developed rapidly, and the Western Qin regime was established as early as the 10th year of Taiyuan of Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Dynasty (385).
However, because the Western Qin only occupied the western part of Longyou and was surrounded by powerful enemies, there were Houliang and Nanliang in the west, Tuyuhun in the south, and Houqin in the east. Before the 13th year of the Western Qin Dynasty (400) when Qifu Qian returned to Taichu, he was busy fighting against Houliang and Tuyuhun for many years, and was defeated and killed by the Houqin who was advancing westward. However, its power still existed. Later, as the Hou Qin in the east weakened day by day, the Southern Liang and Northern Liang in the west were trapped in successive battles, and their vitality was seriously damaged.
Although the Tuyuhun tree Luogan in the south is young and promising, it is not enough to pose a threat. Therefore, from the 14th year of Taichu to the first year of Gengshi (401-409), the Qifu clan restored the country after nine years of hard work, and since then entered a period of revival and prosperity. In the next four short years, Western Qin successively achieved a series of victories in the wars against Later Qin, Nanliang and Tuguhun.
In the third year of Yongkang of the Western Qin Dynasty (414), the Western Qin took advantage of the Southern Liang and was exhausted from the successive battles with the Northern Liang.
In the second year, trouble began. General Pida of Zuowei was appointed as the prefect of Huanghe. He sent Pidaxi to attack Yifugugan in Yifuwu enemy country, and surrendered more than 3,000 households. Yi Fuwu Enemy's country suffered another heavy blow since the founding of the People's Republic of China. The country's people and livestock suffered heavy losses.
The prosperous Western Qin, after successfully expelling the forces of Northern Liang from Hehuang, turned its attention to the east to expand its power in the east. He launched an offensive against the weakening Hou Qin, and also launched an offensive against the increasingly prosperous Tuyuhun in the south. In order to protect themselves, some of the Yi Fu Wu Enemies State surrendered to Xiping, and some continued to develop in the Qinghai Lake area and even further west.
It can be said that although Nanliang was destroyed, Yifuwu Enemy country did not get rid of the fate of being repeatedly invaded. It was still constantly threatened by the Western Qin, and had no choice but to surrender to the Western Qin to protect its people.
3, relationship with Northern Liang
At the same time as the founding of Southern Liang, the Houliang Huns JuquMengxun launched a rebellion in the Zhangye area, and established the Northern Liang regime as the "King of Liang" Jiankang Prefect of Later Liang and Han Chinese Duan Ye.
In order to consolidate and develop the newly established regime, Mengxun immediately offered tribute to the most powerful Later Qin at the time. He also made friends with Bald Nanliang, and in the second year of Emperor Yuanxing of Jin'an, they jointly attacked the disintegrated Houliang Lu Long with Nanliang. Lu Long then asked to surrender to the Later Qin Yao Xing. After that, Northern Liang concentrated its efforts to compete with Bald Nanliang and Xiliang for Hexi. After a series of battles, Nanliang became weaker and weaker.
Yifuwueneguo was treated as a Nanliang blood pack and was beaten badly. Regimes like Yifuwudi that exist in the cracks are always being conquered by stronger regimes. After being repeatedly threatened, Yifuwudi has no choice but to surrender to Beiliang again in order to protect itself.
In general, the Yifuwudi State established on the shores of Qinghai Lake during the Sixteen Kingdoms period has had close ties with the surrounding ethnic minority regimes and tribes since before its founding. Shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China, Nanliang to the east became strong and powerful, and the Yifuwudi Kingdom was constantly harassed. Therefore, out of the need for its own security, the Yifuwudi Kingdom chose to submit to the Nanliang Kingdom.
However, the peaceful Yi Fu Wu Di country was still coveted by powerful enemies. It was precisely because of Nanliang's inappropriate expedition against Yi Fu Wu Di that it directly led to Nan Liang's demise. After the fall of Nanliang, Yifu and Western Qin used Chiling as the boundary. At this time, the power of the Western Qin Dynasty was at its peak, and it continued to expand to the surrounding areas. The Yifuwu enemy country was not immune to the impact. It was attacked many times and was finally forced to surrender to the Western Qin Dynasty.
Western Qin and Northern Liang formed a confrontation in the Hexi area. From time to time, Northern Liang would go south to invade the country of Yifuwu, which made the country of Yifuwu unable to bear the heavy pressure and had to surrender to the Northern Liang again. Later, it was eventually annexed by Tuyuhun. It can be said that during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, when the heroes in the Hexi region were vying for the throne, the fate of small countries like Yifuwudi and many Qinghaihaibei tribes living around them, such as Zheju, Qihan, etc., were very similar.
It is precisely because they have tried every possible means to deal with various political powers that such a small tribal country can be preserved under the oppression of many powerful neighbors.
