Welcome everyone to [follow] me, let’s talk about the past and present together, and discuss the general trend of the world. The Ministry of Rites and Taichang Temple were the medical administrative agencies of the Song Dynasty, and their officials were not medical officers regar

I am Tangdi, a history buff. Welcome everyone to [follow] me, let’s talk about the past and present together, and discuss the general trend of the world. A gentleman lives his life just to learn and make friends!

Medical officials in ancient China were roughly divided into two systems (the two systems were sometimes mixed together), namely the imperial medical system that exclusively served the royal family and the imperial medical system that took into account both internal and external considerations under the Ministry of Rites and Taichang Temple .

The Ministry of Rites and Taichang Temple were the medical administrative agencies of the Song Dynasty. Their officials, regardless of whether they were related to medical care or not, were not medical officers.

The doctor of the Ancestral Department under the Minister of Rites, "is in charge of the world's sacrificial rituals, Taoist interpretations, temples, and medical orders." "In the beginning, doctors were recruited, and some officials were ordered to test their crafts. At the end of the year, they were rewarded and punished if they failed."

Tai Chang Among the responsibilities of the ministers and young masters of the temple are: "All government orders issued by the imperial physician shall be promulgated and implemented in due course."

1, Imperial Physician System

Imperial Physician Bureau is a subordinate unit of Taichang Temple.

During the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, there were two major changes in the Imperial Medical Bureau:

In the ninth year of Xining (1076), the Imperial Medical Bureau was no longer affiliated with Taichang Temple, and a new Imperial Medical Bureau was established. At the same time, the number of bureau students was increased.

The second year was the reform of the official system in the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), and the Imperial Medical Bureau was again placed under the jurisdiction of Taichang Temple.

The Imperial Medical Bureau (Department) of the Song Dynasty was very different from the Tang Dynasty Imperial Medical Bureau:

The Imperial Medical Bureau (Department) of the Tang Dynasty had a large organization and numerous personnel, and its responsibilities took into account both medical administration and medical education;

During the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, the composition of the Imperial Medical Bureau (Department) was recorded. They were mainly doctors who gave lectures and "students of this bureau" who attended lectures.

The number of doctors has not been confirmed, but it seems that they are just a few. There were 80 students at the beginning, but the number increased to 161 in the fifth year of Jiayou (1060). It was stipulated that the number of students would be 120, and the excess students would be extra. There is also a record of the official title of the "Imperial Medical Order" here, but it is difficult to know for sure whether the Imperial Medical Order is a false title, or whether it is the head of the Imperial Medical Bureau.

In the ninth year of Xining (1076), the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, the Imperial Medical Bureau established the establishment of Tiju, Guangou, Juanju, Cheng and Zhicheng, etc., and established three subjects, each with a professor. After adjustment, it was later stipulated that "officials in the imperial court are responsible for judging, and officials in the capital are responsible for managing hooks and selecting people to inform the prime minister."

Judging from the specific candidates for promotion and informing the prime minister, they are all ordinary civil servants who understand medical skills, rather than medical officers who take medicine as their profession. At that time, there were no candidates to serve as judges. However, later on, there were records of medical officers serving as judges, and there were also cases where chamberlains served as promotions and pointers.

The professors appointed in the Xining year were mostly evolved from the doctors in the Qingli year. They were "selected as students below and above the Hanlin medical officer level, and also allowed the bureau to select those who were famous foreign doctors."

The professors could be official medical officers, or they could be bureau students or well-known private medical directors.

Imperial Medical Bureau Yuanyouhtml was abolished in the 4th year of Yuanyou, and was restored in the 3rd year of Chongning (1104). In the early Southern Song Dynasty, the Imperial Medical Bureau was retained.

In the first year of Longxing reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty (1163), in order to save money, the personnel of the Imperial Medical Bureau was reduced. Then in the third year of Qiandao (1167), the recruitment of bureau students was stopped. In the eighth year of Qiandao (1172), the Imperial Medical Bureau was abolished and only the medical department for recruiting doctors was retained as a channel for recruiting and supplementing medical officers. "

In the second year of Shaoxi reign of Emperor Guangzong of the Song Dynasty (1191), the Imperial Medical Bureau was restored and still under the jurisdiction of Taichang and the Ministry of Rites.

"The four professors have different powers among the Hanlin medical officers. "The number of bureau students was initially set at 130, but was later reduced to 100. "It was decided that the bureau would be appointed for the next three years, and the professors would be appointed for the following two years. "

Song Ningzong In the fourth year of Qingyuan (1198), the quota of bureau students was reduced to 60. However, during the Xianchun period of Du Zong, there were 250 bureau students, and the number of professors was still four.

The head of the imperial physician bureau The main functions are the same as medicine, but medicine in the narrow sense of the Song Dynasty refers specifically to the medicine founded in September of the second year of Chongning by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty (1103). This medicine is not affiliated with the Ministry of Rites of Taichang Temple, but is affiliated with the Imperial Academy of Medicine."There are forty people in the upper house, sixty people in the inner house, and two hundred people in the outer house." "Trying and inspecting to make legislation for Taixue." Medical science has been restored several times. After its establishment in the second year of Chongning (1103), it was suspended in the first month of the fifth year of Chongning, restored in February of the first year of Daguan (1107), restored in March of the fourth year of Daguan, restored in leap April of the third year of Zhenghe (1113), and finally abolished in July of the second year of Xuanhe (1120).

In addition, in the first month of the fifth year of Zhenghe (1115), the Song Dynasty ordered all states and counties to follow the example of the capital and set up medical schools under the jurisdiction of the local state and county schools, each with doctoral professors. Prefecture and county medical schools select students with excellent academic performance to the capital every three years according to quotas, and take exams both internally and externally with the capital's medical department, and the best students are selected to go to the capital's medical school. Each school once had a dedicated medical edict, but this was soon abolished.

2, Imperial Medical System

The medical institutions in the Song Dynasty that specifically served the royal family were the Dianzhong Provincial Pharmacy Bureau and the Imperial Pharmacy Hospital.

When Zhezong arrived in the early Song Dynasty, the institution of Shang Yao Bureau did not exist. Only Shang Yao had the imperial title and was an abbreviation of a few Hanlin medical officers.

In the second year of Chongning, Huizong of the Song Dynasty, six ministers in the palace were restored, and Shang Yao Bureau was one of them.

According to the regulations, "The Shang Yao Bureau is in charge of enshrining the imperial medicine, preparing medicines, and treating the patients. There are three officials, four ministers, two supervisors, two doctors, four imperial doctors, four doctors, four medical assistants, twenty medicine boys, three seals, and ten pharmacists." All the affairs of the original imperial medicine hospital were subordinated to the Shang Yao Bureau.

"The medical officer will appoint those who are effective as doctors, the medical officer will be the royal physician, the deputy envoy will be the medical officer, the medical officer will be the medical assistant, and the handymen, scales, pounders and the like will be the pharmacists."

During the reign of Emperor Qinzong of the Song Dynasty, Shang Pharmacy Bureau and other bureaus in Liushangzhong were abolished. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was no Shang Pharmacy, and Shang Yao Fengyu was replaced by the title of imperial doctor.

The Royal Pharmacy Court has successively set up officials such as event officers, imperial medicine ministers, and imperial medicine enshrinement officials. "Since the early years of Renzong, it has been exclusively used as a chamberlain. Although the Royal Pharmacy Academy is responsible for the medicine of the royal family, it does not have a medical officer, only a medicine boy and a craftsman. This is because every time a member of the royal family is treated, a suitable medical officer is temporarily selected, usually with the medical officer. There were many medical officers and doctors who held the imperial title but were called in without this title. During the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, the Imperial Pharmacy Hospital was replaced by the Shang Pharmacy Bureau. After the Shang Pharmacy Bureau was abolished, there is no record of the Imperial Pharmacy Hospital being reestablished.

3, Hanlin Medical Officials Hospital

Hanlin Medical Officials Hospital, are the names of their institutions. According to legend, it should have been directly subordinate to the emperor and exclusively served the royal family. However, in the Song Dynasty, it took care of both inside and outside the palace. It not only served the emperor himself and the royal family, but also treated diseases for ministers, garrison troops, and sometimes the common people.

Not only that, the Hanlin Medical Officer's Hospital in the Song Dynasty was actually at the core of the entire medical officer system.

"Song Hui Yao Collection " contains:

"The Hanlin Medical Officer's Hospital, in the east corridor of Xuanyou Gate (The period of Shenzong in the Northern Song Dynasty and before), is responsible for enshrining medicine and treating all diseases according to imperial edicts. The vice-deputy envoys were in charge of the affairs of the court, offering medicines to the emperor, or envoys to other departments. There are no quotas for direct hospitals, medical officers, and medicine. For medical officers and medicine, the color of the clothes is considered as the difference, and the same as the official officer is added. Those who are highly respected in medicine may be appointed as inspectors. In its direct courtyard, both the Imperial and Tongzheng officials served, and most of them received special awards from the medical officers. There is also the name of "Hour". ”

According to this, the Hanlin Medical Officer Academy has six levels:

envoy, deputy envoy, direct hospital, medical officer, medicine, and special minister. In addition, the status of medical officers with the title of Shang Yao Feng Yu is higher than that of ordinary medical officers. Only they can He can serve as an envoy or deputy envoy. In the fourth year of Xining (1071), Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty, he appointed the imperial physician, and asked Pei Yushi to serve as a minister of medicine in the palace. "

In this way, among the Hanlin medical officers there are those who hold the title of Imperial Physician, and their status is second only to those who hold the title of Imperial Doctor of Shang Pharmacy.

Yuanfeng changed the official system, and the Hanlin medical officers did not change much. , just changed "yuan" to "bureau", clearly affiliated to Hanlin Academy . The Hanlin Academy was promoted by internal servants and had jurisdiction over the four bureaus of astronomy, calligraphy, books, and medical officers.

In the early Song Dynasty, the Hanlin Medical Officer Academy had no quota.

In the second year of Baoyuan (1039) of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, there were:

"There were two medical envoys, six deputy envoys, seven direct hospital envoys, 12 people with the title of medicine, 30 medical officers, 40 medical people, and 13 waiting doctors." The petitioner criticized "the number of its members is too obscene." The first critic seemed to be Zhang Fangping. The Song court probably accepted the opinions of Zhang Fangping and others, and decided to "define two deputy envoys, four deputy chiefs, and six chief ministers. The extra members will not be added in the future."

Song Shenzong changed the official system in the Yuanfeng year, and the Hanlin Medical Bureau was renamed Hanlin Medical Bureau.

Emperor Huizong Zhenghe of the Song Dynasty changed the name of the medical officer in the middle of the year and canceled the Hanlin Medical Officer Envoy and Deputy Envoy. After that, the direct hospital (direct bureau) was also abolished, but the institution of the Hanlin Medical Officer Bureau was retained. Its members adopted the new official names of the twenty-third rank.

Due to the development of medicine, the number of medical officers increased sharply. In the third year of Xuanhe (1121), "from Dr. He'an to the fifteenth rank of Hanlin medical officer, there were a total of 117 people."

In the early years of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty, "there were four medical officers in the Imperial Academy, two were medical officers, one was curative, and five were Dafangmai and Xiaofang. There are three members from the Pulse Department, two from the Department of Ophthalmology, the Department of Acupuncture, the Department of Tumors, and two from the Department of Obstetrics. Twenty people are included in the total. The four members who diagnose the pulse and the three who go to the hospital for medical treatment are included. The excess number will remain unchanged and will not be used as a dispatcher in the future. Among the foreign ministers, except for six members from the Deoksugung Palace, four members from the left and right sides of the palace, one member each from the Dali Temple and the Department of Miscellaneous Purchasing Affairs of the Imperial College, and one member from the Dazong Zhengsi Department, Xu Cunliu, the rest of them are still in the bureau. "

The meaning of "imperial doctor" here is unclear, and it is suspected to refer to the medical officer of the Hanlin Medical Officer Bureau. If so, the total number of medical officers in the Hanlin Medical Officer Bureau was reduced to thirty-five at this time. Considering that Song Xiaozong always advocated the reduction of medical officers, this is also reasonable.

4. The treatment of medical officers in the Song Dynasty

It is difficult to examine the official status of medical officers before Yuanfeng's reform of .

From the records, Shang Yao Fengyu was ranked lower than the fifth rank, and the official rank of the envoys who led the east class officials was no higher than Shang Yao Fengyu.

According to the "Yuanyou Official Ranking Order" cited in the "Jiuji of Officials", the envoys of the Dongban are of the seventh rank, and the supervisors of the temples are of the eighth rank. Although this is the situation after Yuanfeng's reform, it should not be too different from before the reform.

According to this, most medical officers have official grades below the fifth grade.

"History of Song Dynasty Official Records" records the official ranks of medical officers in the Southern Song Dynasty:

Doctors He'an, Chenghe, and Cheng'an were in the sixth rank; Doctors Chengquan, Pinghe, Bao'an, and Hanlin good doctors were in the seventh rank; from He Anlang to Hanlin medical officer, medical efficacy, and recovery were in the seventh rank; Hanlin doctor's cure, medical syndrome, and medical conditions were in the eighth rank; and Hanlin medicine was in the ninth rank. It can be seen that the official rank of general medical officers is from the sixth grade or below.

But those who lead Yaojun are slightly different, because the Chengxuan envoys are in the fourth rank, the observation envoys are in the fifth rank, and the defense, regiment, and governor are in the fifth rank, so those who lead Yaojun have higher grades.

The situation of medical officers leading remote counties is quite different from that of ordinary medical officers, because the Song Dynasty gave preferential treatment to officials in feudal towns, and their salaries were usually higher than those of civilian officials of the same grade. In the Qiandao year of the Southern Song Dynasty, Dr. He'an and Tanzhou observation envoy Neng Cheng received a real salary because of the so-called "Suilong En". "The monthly salary for rice and wheat is more than 100 yuan, the money is hundreds of thousands, and the spring and winter cotton silk are ten times more than others." In other times, although those who led remote counties had their salaries reduced according to the regulations, their salaries were still much more than those of other medical officers.

In addition to salary, medical officers also enjoy benefits such as exemption from service, redemption of punishment, and the appointment of sons according to their official rank. "

The official uniforms of medical officers are similar to those of civil and military officers, with colors such as green, crimson, and purple (there was also cyan in the early Song Dynasty). However, as military officers, medical officers are generally not allowed to wear fish except those with special permission. After Emperor Huizong Zhenghe of the Song Dynasty, this restriction was lifted.

Medical officers are different from ordinary technical officers. Their skills are actually life-related, and members of the royal family and dignitaries are in need of them. Therefore, medical officers often receive special preferential treatment.

Some medical officers have been promoted several levels within a year, and some medical officers wear the green uniform instead of the red uniform.

Although the Song Dynasty repeatedly stated that technical officers were not allowed to follow the ancestral precepts of Yao County, medical officers often led Yao County. This is also the reason.

Medical officers often received generous gifts. Pang Ji, a minister at the time of Renzong in the Northern Song Dynasty, said:

"Internal officials, medical officers, and music officials enjoy generous gifts when they have no merit, so the world refers to them, and they are called the three officials."

There are also frequent records of medical officers' salaries being exempted from deductions and deductions.

However, there are times when medical officers are favored and there are times when they are punished. Every time a member of the royal family or an important dignitary dies, several medical officers are implicated and punished, and the punishment is usually very severe.

is often distributed and edited.

An interesting situation is that the Song Dynasty allowed some doctors to hold the title of medical officer without serving in government agencies. During the reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Northern Song Dynasty, the medical officer Zheng Shuxiong responded because his mother did not want to remain in the office, so he issued an edict: "Change the examination to be the director of the prison. Regardless of the selection limit, he still paid 50,000 yuan and sent orders." This was obviously to practice medicine outside with an official title.

5. The selection mechanism of medical officers in the Song Dynasty

In the early Northern Song Dynasty, there was no imperial medical bureau (department) or medicine. Most of the medical officers needed were directly recruited by the imperial court to take medical examinations and selected the best.

Song Taizong In May of the fourth year of Yongxi (987), "all states were ordered to send medical practitioners to the Imperial Medical Office". In September, "school doctors are skilled, and the best ones are Hanlin students."

After that, in the fifth year of Song Zhenzong's Dazhong Xiangfu (1012) and in the third year of Renzong's Qingli (1043), doctors were called for ginseng trials and the best were selected to supplement the Hanlin medical officials.

During the reign of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, the Imperial Medical Bureau was established as a legislation. Bureau students attended lectures, studied and practiced for three years, and were selected as medical officers. This method was not implemented seriously, and Zhang Fangping criticized it during the Jiayou period.

It is difficult to know exactly when this method was implemented. However, before the Imperial Medical Bureau was abolished in the early Southern Song Dynasty and after the Imperial Medical Bureau was restored during the reign of Emperor Guangzong and Shaoxi, a system of selecting and recruiting students who had completed three years of study and passed examinations was implemented.

There is a merit-based admission system for bureau students, and medical officers are mainly supplemented from bureau students. However, the method of directly recruiting medical officers from the private sector through examinations has not been completely abolished. Among them, the method of examination by officials is the most common.

Officials' memorials may have evolved from officials' memorials and recommendations.

In the fifth year of Xining (1072), Shenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty, "From now on, the imperial edict is to beg for the title of medical officer, and no exemption from the examination is allowed."

Perhaps this is the beginning of the examination. Those who are recommended can be regarded as enjoying preferential treatment even if they do not have to study in the bureau for three years, and those who have the right to recommend will enjoy a special privilege accordingly. The enjoyment of the right to recommend memorials seems to be strictly restricted. According to records, only the ministers in charge enjoyed it when they were first removed, transferred to an office, transferred to an official position, or submitted to the posthumous list. In addition, envoys, ministers and attendants also enjoy it, but the specific circumstances have not been verified.

The bureau examination and the official examination were held in one place. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it became a special imperial examination, called medical science. The formal examination was also called provincial examination. It was conducted in three sessions and was quite formal. During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of the Song Dynasty, the Imperial Medical Bureau was abolished, but the medical department was retained.

Chunxi Legislation in the fifteenth year (1188):

The white-skinned medical doctor went to the Quan examination first, and the following year went to the provincial examination "three exams and 12 exams, with the five exams as qualified, and one of the five will be selected as a replacement doctor. He will go again later. The Provincial Examination promotes supplementation, the Eight Passes are Hanlin Medicine, and the Sixth Passes are only waiting.”

During the Shaoxi period, the Imperial Medical Bureau was restored, and the old system in which bureau students and recommended candidates only participated in one provincial examination was restored.

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