The background of the changes in chieftain administrative areas
In the Ming Dynasty, the chieftain system was widely implemented in areas inhabited by non-Han ethnic groups in Guangxi, and chieftain administrative areas were set up to manage non-Han ethnic groups. But after reaching a certain stage, the toast system also has corresponding problems.
When the chieftain system was first implemented, each native official had strict laws in the Ming Dynasty to restrict his behavior. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the officialdom became increasingly corrupt, and civil and military officials at all levels preyed on local officials, causing local officials to gradually despise the imperial court.
When the strength of the imperial court weakened, the strength of the native officials was increasing day by day, and gradually became the last force to be defeated. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, the main focus in the early Qing Dynasty was to win over people.
During the Kangxi period, the Ministry of Household Affairs agreed: "If the chieftains in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Guangzhou provinces are in arrears with money and food, it will be an exception if the chieftains pass the examination. According to the decree, all chieftains have official positions in the border areas, and there are officials in them. Different, there is no need to follow the examination results of the local officials, and they will be punished according to the scores. "
For the money and food owed by the local officials, the original assessment method of the local officials is still followed, instead of the assessment method of the local officials, as a sign of appeasement. Soon the "San Francisco Rebellion" broke out in the southwest region, and the Qing Emperor ordered to put down the rebellion.
In view of the large number of chieftains in Guangxi, Yunnan and Guizhou and other places, in order to win over these chieftains, they will not join the rebels. The governor of Guangxi Fu Honglie then suggested that every time a chieftain was recruited, he should be given a seal in time.
The seal needs to be issued in time to make it obey and stand on the side of the court.
With the stabilization of the political situation in southwest China, the disadvantages of the increasing power of native officials since the late Ming Dynasty have been increasingly exposed. From the Yongzheng period, the conflicts between native officials and native people were relatively prominent.
In the second year of Yongzheng's reign (1724), "he ordered the governors of Sichuan, Shaanxi, Huguang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou to take the town. I heard that the chieftains everywhere knew little about the laws and regulations, and the local people they belonged to each year had to pay twice as much as the official tribute. They even took their horses and cattle, seized their children, and killed them alive. Renqing. The local people were so angry that they dared not speak out. Could it be that I, my innocent son, enjoy all the happiness and benefits in the world but the native people only use Xiang Yu? I can't bear it! "
From the decree of Emperor Shizong of the Qing Dynasty, native officials, as local officials, ignored the king's law, put the native people in dire straits and ignored their lives. For the imperial court, everyone in the world was a subject of the state, and the actions of local officials obviously touched the ruling order of the Qing Dynasty in the western ethnic areas.
In the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), in view of the fact that chieftains from all over the country were still committing lawlessness, Emperor Yongzheng decided to implement reform and return to local officials. Due to the influence of the geographical environment, the behavior of native officials in the southwest region had disrupted local order.
Qing Shizong ordered the governors to plan and resolve the matter. Through the political move of returning the land to the locals, it was brought under the jurisdiction of the central dynasty, so that local people could be stabilized.
The Qing court appointed Ertai as the governor of Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi provinces, to coordinate the promotion of the reform of the three provinces, and the northwest region of Guangxi was also within the scope of the reform.
The process of changing the chieftain's administrative area
The administrative scope under the jurisdiction of Qingyuan Prefecture in northwest Guangxi in the Qing Dynasty was smaller than that in the Ming Dynasty. The chieftain's administrative area established in northwest Guangxi can still be retained.
However, in the Tusi administrative area set up in the northwest region of Guangxi, the administrative area changed due to the central dynasty's handling of relations with non-Han ethnic groups. The political changes in northwest Guangxi during the Qing Dynasty mainly occurred during the Yongzheng period, and were concentrated in the return of Donglan Tuzhou.
The reason why the Qing government adjusted Donglan Tuzhou was related to the internal conflicts among Donglan local officials.
Obviously, the change of Donglan Tuzhou was due to the fact that the native officials of Weishi killed each other during the inheritance process. During the Kangxi period, this problem had not been solved well.
Until the Yongzheng period, After Xu Jingbin, the prefect, took office, Wei Guoyao, who was retaliated by local officials, sent his family members to redress their grievances to the government.
Later, the government appeased Wei Guoyao. Through investigation, it was found that although Wei Guoyao had resisted arrest before, he was now old and his family was killed by local officials. Now that you have taken refuge with the government, you should be exempted from crime. Subsequently, the government proposed that Wei Guoyao should surrender to the government now, and the native people of Nei Liu Post had always supported Wei Guo Yao. If Nei Liu Post was assigned to Wei Guoyao's management, there would be another "unrest".
then implored the imperial court to set up officials to manage the area in order to make the area stable. The outer six outposts are still under the jurisdiction of local officials, and their administrative location is Fengshan .
In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), the governor of Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi requested the imperial court to approve the request, and the inner six posts of Donglan Tuzhou were changed to Donglanzhou, while the outer six posts were called Donglan Tufenzhou (later also known as Fengshan Tufenzhou).
From this point of view, the nature of the administrative region of Donglan Tuzhou has changed, from the original indigenous administrative region to an administrative region governed by both local and local governments.. From the Yongzheng period to the Guangxu period, except for the territory of Yongding Changguisi, which expanded slightly, the territory of the other chieftain administrative areas shrank.
On the one hand, it reflects that the Qing government still needs to use native officials to maintain control over ethnic areas; on the other hand, it also reflects that in the context of the Qing Dynasty's implementation of the reform of native officials, the jurisdiction of some native officials has shrunk, and the power of native officials has been weakened.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the remaining chieftain administrative areas in northwest Guangxi gradually changed from the local nature to the fluid nature, and all the changes were realized in the early Republic of China. In the late Qing Dynasty, the nature of the chieftain administrative region in northwest Guangxi was undergoing major changes. On the one hand, native officials were abolished and exiled officials were assigned to suppress them. Obviously, the chieftain administrative region existed in name only.
On the other hand, some areas under the jurisdiction of Tusi administrative areas have been merged into areas under the jurisdiction of Liuguan, and have been transformed from Tusi administrative areas to Liuguan administrative areas. By the early period of the Republic of China, all the chieftain administrative areas in northwest Guangxi had completed their land reform and returned to their hometowns.
In summary, the chieftain administrative district established in northwest Guangxi in the Ming Dynasty also played a certain management role in maintaining local management.
Until the Qing Dynasty, it was still used in most chieftain administrative areas. During the Yongzheng period, the Weishi native official in Donglan Prefecture, who was more powerful in northwest Guangxi, divided its jurisdiction into two, with one half managed by the official and the other half still managed by the native official. The native officials in other chieftain administrative areas continued to be appointed.
It was not until the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China that the chieftain administrative areas in northwest Guangxi successively completed the transformation. This illustrates that the process of returning land to rural areas in northwest Guangxi is slow. However, the establishment of the Tusi Administrative Region in northwestern Guangxi was due to the special circumstances of the region. Later, due to the "unrest" of the non-Han ethnic groups that affected the rule of the Central Dynasty, the administrative region was changed and brought under the jurisdiction of the Central Dynasty.
Therefore, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty implemented the reform of local officials in Guangxi, adopting measures that combined "reforming the big ones" and "retaining the small ones." They also believed that returning the local officials to local officials was only a ruling strategy. Even without the conversion, the central dynasty could still maintain effective control over local officials, and it also helped to ease the fights between ethnic groups. Therefore, it was feasible to retain small local officials who were obedient to the court's control.
Therefore, the change of administrative regions in northwestern Guangxi is only one of the ways to manage ethnic areas. In response to the "unrest" of the African Han ethnic group in northwestern Guangxi, adopting military control strategies is the most direct way.
