text | Nanpo Qingsi Gu
edit | Nanpo Qingsi Gu
Preface
The previous article talked about the establishment and development of the salt law path in the Ming Dynasty. This issue will talk about the types and positions of the salt law path .
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Scholars mostly quoted one of the "Minghui Dian" and said: "Each Salt Law Office is responsible for verification and allocation, and it is strictly forbidden to hoard private salt ." This passage records the responsibilities of the salt law community in reporting the responsibilities of various departments such as official salt, sales official salt, and inspection tax. It is indeed a good job, but the Ming court will manage different salt merchants in different places. Ming Dynasty has salt method to assist the supervisor, salt method, handle salt affairs, salt method, salt method, and salt method to regulate local tax , etc.
01. The road under the jurisdiction of the Salt Administration
In the early Ming Dynasty, salt affairs were set up in Lianghuai, Liangzhe, Changlu, Shandong, Hedong , and later, a regular supervisor was set up. The supervisor gradually replaced the Yunshi system and became the leader of Wuyan District. Salt Administration Department is all supervising salt affairs, why does it have another one? Yanfalu and the Supervision Envoy are in parallel. What is the connection between it and the Supervision Envoy? What is the power of the Salt Dharma Path?
The following three questions will be discussed by three questions. First of all, in addition to inspecting salt, the Ming court also added a salt law road. This is "the constitutional body is respected, and the business is urgent, and the subordinates cannot report it immediately. Although Sima and the merchants are together day and night, they are majestic and cannot bow their heads. Therefore, the author believes that thanking favors is a kind act.
This shows that the salt inspectors often go out, and the governor does not Being able to bear responsibility is also why the Salt Law Road was established. The Salt Law Road is the adjutant and assistant of the Supervisor, and his responsibilities are top, bottom, and. Secondly, the Salt Law Road is governed by the Supervisor. During the Ming Dynasty, all three departments were under the jurisdiction of the Inspection Envoy. After Jiajing , the official position of the Salt Censor was also changed to "Salt". The Salt Law Road was all affiliated with the government, so the Salt Law Officer and the Salt Law There is a relationship between moderation and moderation.
network material, infringement joint deletion
For example, the "relevant and labor" system implemented by Shandong Salt Factory in the 19th year of the Ming Dynasty, first passed the "case test" of the Salt Fadao Ma, and then the approval of "Salt Court Huang Shiyan". , for example, in the late Wanli , The Zhejiang Yan Sui Cui Erjin presided over the clarification and additional missions, and the "Salt Law Ministry officials personally inspected and investigated". The positions of the Salt Law Road are lower than those of the Salt Law, but much higher than those of the Admiral. Both the Prefecture and the Transport Department must be under his jurisdiction. During the Longqing period, the Shandong Salt Law District implemented the salt tax system. "The salt industry done by Su (Shi Run) of the Salt Law was approved by Huang (Shi Yan) of the Salt Law in the 13th year of the Ming Dynasty: The company first cuts a corner of the salt tickets, sends it to the Salt Law Road, and distributes it to the counties.
Go to take a corner and send it to the Salt Merchants Office for inspection. After distributing it, I handed over a corner of the silver to me. But the Jieyun Department paid the bill into a corner and handed over it to the two yamen of Dao and Yuan. "During this period, the Salt Dharma Dao had to command, and the Salt Dharma Dao had to obey the eunuchs' orders. The Salt Dharma Dao and the Supervisor were also in charge of salt affairs. was what Fang Kewei, the two Supervisors during the revelation, said: "The Salt Dharma Dao is the same as me as the Protector. "Fourth, the salt law has some restrictions on the supervision.
The salt law is the foreign affairs of the vassal states in various places, while the salt inspection is the internal affairs of the Duchasima Department. Both of them came from other places. Although the salt law is nominally a "grasp", it is not really a "government". From this perspective, the salt law law restricts the salt inspection to a certain extent, and this influence is more prominent in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, in 1629, a fire in the Zhejiang Navy, more than 1.5 million tons of salt were burned, and the government ordered "the matter caused by the relocation of the Salt Court."
The Ming court asked the salt law to investigate and combine the matter, which shows that the salt law law and the salt patrol officials are not absolutely superiors and subordinates. The Ming court also has a role in check and balance and supervision over the salt affairs of these two places. Generally speaking, the status of the salt law in Lianghuai, Liangzhe, Changlu and Hedong is only under the status of the salt law inspector. Although the salt law is controlled by the salt law inspector, it is not affiliated with each other and is a united person. There are vacant positions in the . The Salt Law is temporarily acting as the Salt Law inspector, and is on par with the Salt Law. The "Salt Court" and "Salt Law" are all in the name of "Salt Law Officer" and "Inspectorate Department".
02. The salt law road does not have a salt inspection and the salt memorial salt area
If it is said that since Longwan, all major salt fields in the Ming Dynasty were jointly managed by the Supervision Envoy and the Yan Falu Road, while salt production areas without the Supervision Envoy, such as Fujian, Guangdong, Yunnan, Sichuan, and Shaanxi, they are "non-inspection envoys, and the Supervision Envoys will be set up." During the 8th year of Chenghua, Yunnan was the first to operate the salt industry in Yanfadao. During the Jiajing period, Yanfadao's power in the Yushi Salt District expanded. In the 20th year of Jiajing, Lu Shiyong, the general manager of Sichuan Tun Salt, proposed policies such as "recording the stove, Kuanxinjing, and merging the salt industry". The "people are very convenient for it" salt law is to supervise all local salt-related matters.
In the sixth year of Tianqi, the court granted the Fujian Military Farm Salt Law, Salt Law and the right governor of the Water Affairs Bureau Lin Shaoming, granting him salt work: "It is advisable to check the orders of the Ministry of War, appoint soldiers, officials, salt taxes, and severely punish corruption." In salt fields in various places, smugglers are plundered and punished according to customs, and the salt industry will not belong to the government; Anyone who colludes with merchants will be severely punished; if there is negligence, absent from work, corruption, or corruption, Xu You pointed out that he would actually participate in it.
is appointed here to be honest and dedicated to the public, strictly abide by military discipline, store grain, promote water conservancy, and clear salt law. This is a qualified person. If you are neglected to have fun, you will be punished, and you will also accept it! Therefore, the imperial edict. From the edict, it can be seen that the power of Fujian Salt Law Dao Lin Shaoming can be carried out from the following three levels: First, to promote the transfer of officials, and second, to make the salt courses complete; second, to severely punish private salt, supervise and arrest officials; third, to supervise and impeach officials of the Transport Department.
From here, we can see that the Salt Law Road manages officials of all sizes and various administrative work of the salt field, and is actually the head of the local salt bureau. The salt law in Guangdong, Yunnan and Sichuan is also similar to the salt law in Fujian. This article briefly explains four examples of Guangdong's salt law: First, Xiangshan Field Salt Class is responsible for salt courses. In "Su Youqing, Huang Xiao Yang Kou, Salt Stealing Field", salt workers were killed and scattered, until Wu Tingju took over as the Zhengde Salt Law. "Catch the people's use of salt, transfer the stoves, and only twenty salt stores were collected, more than ten stoves, divided into upper and lower grids. "Xu Jian wharf to make salt, and fry them for self-preparation in preparation for Ding class. "This move has enabled the salt industry in Xiangshan and other salt fields to develop.
Second, In the 24th year of Jiajing, Guangdong's Salt Law Road made up for this defect . Third, Guangdong's salt courses have thirty officials, and they are replaced once a year. Salt Law Road will select an official every year. Fourth, the Thanksgiving Field of Daying did not have any clubs before, but was later established by Salt Law Road. From here, we can see that there is no salt law road in the salt area, and the operation of the salt industry is comprehensive. In addition to the sales of salt industry other than the imperial edict, and even the management and education of salt merchants and stove people, is responsible for this type of salt law. This type of salt law is led by the governor, the governor, and the governor, and must be managed by the governor.
First, from the perspective of administrative system, after the mid-Ming Dynasty, all three departments were under the jurisdiction of the governor and the inspector. Of course, the salt law must obey the order of the governor. Second, from a financial perspective, the salt industry is related to the source of troops. Some governors will also have the power of the salt industry in order to raise military expenses. For example, the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi "also manage grain money and take charge of the salt law"; Third, in administrative terms, except for the salt supervisor, the rest are inspector and governor. "In the early days, the province of the world directly set up the Salt Department Six, , and the censors were four, Changlu, Hedong, Huai, and Zhejiang, all the inspectors, governors, and governors." Local supervision entrusts the power to supervise the salt of jurisdiction.
However, due to the many responsibilities, the operation of salt mainly relies on the salt law. For example, Fujian's salt law is a special salt merchant who is in charge of salt management, so the salt law has become more important. In addition, this salt law school usually does not undertake the trial work .
Therefore, a very strict new salt system was established everywhere: the salt law path is responsible for salt affairs, and the salt law path is responsible for the governors. The governors were busy with their own affairs and had no time to interfere with the salt law path, ensuring the independence of the salt law path, and at the same time supervising them. Since the actual management rights of the salt area were transferred to the hands of the Salt Law, the central government of the Ming Dynasty had actually assigned it to other provinces.
03. The salt transportation route in the salt-free area
A long time ago, when there was no salt production, the transaction of salt was the business of Weizhou County. The salt administration authorities in each province were unable to handle it, rather than the salt law route in the salt area, just to fill the shortcomings in this system. Henan, Huguang , Jiangxi and Guangxi have no salt. It is the main sales point of a salt producing area. The four provinces have a salt path, and there are also salt practitioners in some places in Shaanxi and the north and south Zhili areas. These people form a salt path that does not produce salt.
This salt law route supervision envoy and local officials and civilians jointly manage it. At this point, they must cooperate with the Salt Inspection Department to ensure the sales of salt, severely punish private salt, supervise the salt industry in various places, and inspect the transactions of salt merchants. For example, in Jiangxi, Huguang, Henan and other places, the Ming court issued a ban: "Strictly supervise every salt industry to ensure the quantity of each salt, and there is no negligence." If there is any deficiency, the examiner, strict review, question, and salary accommodation will be clearly stipulated.
The impeachment of the party is known to the Yan Jingshi of Lianghuai. "It can be seen that this salt law will also be impeached by the salt inspector in the process of checking the sales of salt and supervising local officials. The price of the salt industry is low, merchants suffer losses, and the people are sick. Therefore, this salt law must control the sales of the salt industry to ensure the price of the salt industry.
For example, Li Yingsheng, the magistrate of Nankang County, Jiangxi Province, saw that "prodigal merchants and hoarders go to various provinces to petition (salt industry) on the grounds of the danger of the waves. Therefore, he petitioned the Salt Fadao on this matter, demanding that "Nankang's salt industry shall not report it to other places. ". From this we can see that these Salt Fadao also have the power to regulate the province's salt transportation volume and the responsibility to maintain salt prices.
04. The special functions of the salt method path
The salt method path has unique functions, with four categories: "Salt method path", "Reorganize the salt method path", "Salt method path", and "Salt method path". As its name suggests, these are used to rectify local salt industry. During the Hongzhi period, the Ming court sent the Salt Fadao to rectify the local salt administration. For example, in the thirteenth year of Hongzhi, it was "established the deputy envoy of the Shaanxi Censorate to rectify the military and salt administration of Huanqing and other departments"; four years later, the Ming court also appointed Feng Kui as the assistant minister of the Guangdong Governor's Office, and "desalt law and in charge of settlement."
Among them, Yuan Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty was the most famous. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, salt regulations across the country were abolished, especially in the Huaihe River.In order to reform the salt industry in Lianghuai, the Ming court appointed Wu Daqian, the general manager of Guangxi in 42 years. He served in Henan and was responsible for supervising the salt administration of Lianghuai. The second year, Wu Sheng served as an advisor in the position of "as usual in charge", until Wanli stepped down in forty-sixth year, and during his term, he seemed to have made no achievements.
Since Wu Daqian had not dispatched troops for a long time, the food and grass for Liaodong was urgently needed. Therefore, in April of the 45th year, the Ministry of Personnel decided to appoint Yuan Shizhen as the deputy envoy of Shandong, and also serve as the right chief, in charge of the salt of the two Huaihe Rivers. This was the imperial edict given to Yuan Shizhen by the Ming court. Imperial to supervise the Huaiyan Law, the governor of Shandong, and the right-ranking officer of the governor of the delegation, Yuan Shizhen, etc. "The Ministry of Personnel considers: "The Ministry of Personnel considers that due to the blockage of salt affairs in the two Huai Rivers, the court has suffered a lot of debts. Please send officials to organize them by the previous dynasty. "Zittezier went to sort it out.
You should be far away from the old rules to find the disadvantages at that time. The reason is that the smuggling has been rampant for a long time, and it is necessary to strictly rectify it. The nine borders have a 75,180 annual banknotes, and all of them must be sold. It comforted the merchants, untied their captivity, checked their harvest, and made them a fortune. must synchronize the new and old ideas so that our era and era can be solved. If merchants and others are exhausted and escape, they can try to make up for it.
The Military Guards and Lianghuai Salts are all guarded by the patrols and governed by the various prefectures. If the salt law is involved, you can be interrogated; please follow the requirements of the actors and implement them according to the regulations. You should be a constitutional minister. Integrity should be first, set an example, cure its shortcomings, and establish a method that can be protected. All worms are clear, all merchants are profitable, benefit the country at home, and be rich in the border people at the outside, so you are the subordinate chief. If inherits bad habits and cannot work, then there will be bamboo slips , and the responsibility must be useful.
After the matter is completed, the Salts Notice will verify, and the edict will be submitted, and there will be no hesitation. From the edict, you can It can be seen that: First, due to the deficit of the Lianghuai salt tax, the Ming court sent Yuan Shizhen to rectify it, which was the reason why he served as the governor of Lianghuai salt; Second, unlike Wu Kuoqian's transfer from local officials, Yuan Shizhen was a doctor transferred from the Ministry of Personnel Province to serve as the law of the salt to show the power of the court, so that he could break away from the inspection and supervision. Third, the Ming court emphasized the importance of water control in the edict. Yuan Shizhen had the power to deal with the matters of the big and small matters of the salt industry in the Lianghuai salt industry. Therefore, he was considered to be "under the worst case, establish a system for sustainable development of ".
Yuan Shizhen is actually a law of collecting salt and treating salt. The three positions of the Ministry of Revenue and the Salt Transportation Commissioner are in one. His power is even greater than that of Wu Kuoqian. When Yuan Shizhen rectified the salt law, he was closely related to the cooperation between the officials of the salt capital, the inspection and salt department and others. For example, the implementation of "Gang Yan" was implemented by Shi Longyuqi, the inspector of the salt supervision.
Yuan Shizhen's reform was fully reflected under his rule. Song Zhipu, the Shangshu of Yizhen, praised: "The Taoist minister of the law of salt was ", established the outline, unraveled the condom, and carried out the situation. In less than two periods, he entered the Taicang for 2.2 million, and gave 1.2 million to each side. " In January 1,622 of the second year of Tianqi, Yuan Shizhen was dismissed from .
After that, the Ming court rectified the salt method and the salt method two to "The method of rectifying the salt method" , and appointed Guangdong Ma Conglong as the general manager. Like Wu Daqian, Ma had no real power, so he became the adjutant of the salt inspector room, and Guo Shiwang He and Zhou Rugong are descendants of the Ma family. This is the salt law school mentioned above. Their salt treatment method no longer exists.
05. Conclusion
Cleaning up the salt law path from the provinces of the two Huai Rivers. It can be found that the Ming court set up this salt law path. The primary goal of cleaning up the local salt law is to clean up the local salt law. The effect of this rectification of is closely related to the power and talents of the salt law. Both are indispensable. Without power, they can only rely on salt patrols and supervisors, and cannot play a role. People without talent will become timid and become stupid. Yuan Shizhen was both powerful and talented, so his salt system was also greatly impacted.
Lianghuai Salt Industry "declined". Yuan and Zhang Zhen presided over Lianghuai Salt Affairs and worked with Long Yuqi and others to promote the salt industry and promote the salt industry. People are not willing to live in poverty and people are not willing to live in poverty. Generally speaking, the audit and management of the official salt transaction stipulated in the Ming Hui Dian were jointly formulated by the Salt Law, but the Ming court also had its own responsibilities to the officials of the Salt Law due to the different conditions and responsibilities of the salt industry. In non-salt areas, the affairs of the salt law path are the simplest. The salt law path is specialized, while in smaller salt areas such as Fujian and Sichuan, it is the place where the system of the salt law path is the strictest.
