Last issue we talked about Tianbao six years ago Geshuhan . To be precise, it is Geshuhan from Tianbao first year to 6 years of Tianbao.
Because Ge Shuhan had nothing to say before he was forty, he drank and gambled all day long, and he was a second-generation ancestor.
However, after joining the army, Ge Shuhan worked from a side general to the Longyou Jiedushi like a rocket.
became the governor of Longyou, which is a major change in Geshuhan's life.
From this time on, he became a frontier in charge and a minister who could directly talk to the emperor.
After taking up the Longyou Jiedushi, Geshuhan launched a series of offensives.
In December of the seventh year of Tianbao (748), the Tang army "builds the power of the gods on Qinghai" , Tubo immediately launched a counterattack and was repelled by the Tang army.
Regarding the location of Shenwei Army, it is generally determined that it is in the area of Ganzihe Township, Haiyan County. Now in Gahai Village, Ganzihe Township, there is an ancient city ruins called Gahai Ancient City .
The existing city wall ruins are square, 435 meters long from east to west and 436 meters wide from north to south. The city wall is 12 meters wide and 4.8 meters high, and are constructed for rammed earth.
This city is located on the only way to Haiyan to Gangcha , and the surrounding area is full of lush lakeside grasslands.
From the perspective of unearthed cultural relics, the construction time can be traced back to Han Dynasty , and is one of the five city sites surrounding Qinghai Lake .
Whether the Shenwei Army borrowed the ancient city of the Han Dynasty is still unclear.
But from the location, Tang Dynasty is located in Triangle City, Haiyan County, Anrenjun, Gahai Ancient City, Gangcha County , and Fish Navy established by Tubo, from east to west, almost in a straight line.
In December of the first year of Tianbao, Wang Jue, the governor of Hexi, once organized a special attack war, with the target of the Tubo Yu Haijun.
However, Wang Yi organized the attack from the north, and the Tang army crossed Qilian Mountains and launched.
It is obvious that this kind of military action cannot be continued. This time, Geshuhan's goal may also be the Yuhai area. But he started from the east and gradually advanced westward with the Anren army of Haiyan County .
In addition to Shenwei Army, Geshuhan also set up a city on Haixinshan in the center of Qinghai Lake.
In the records of the old Tang Dynasty, a white dragon appeared when the city was built.
So this small town is named Yinglong City , and Haixin Mountain is called Longju Island .
Currently, the ruins of this ancient city can still be seen. The total area is about 20,000 square meters, the residual height is 3-5 meters, the foundation of the city wall is 8 meters wide, and the four wild horses on the city wall are only open to the south.
Some people may wonder, Tubo has no navy, why did Geshuhan build a city on the island in the middle of the lake?
In fact, Qinghai Lake will freeze in winter. After the lake water freezes, there is no problem leaving. In the winter of the 14th year of Kaiyuan (726), in the battle of Wang Jun's Dafeichuan, the Tang army took a shortcut from the frozen lake and caught up with the retreating foreign troops.
Geshuhan set up a city on the island in the middle of the lake to prevent the Tubo people from crossing the ice lake and directly attacking the Shenwei Army and Anren Army on the north shore of the lake.
Regarding this special location, Yinglong City, the records in Tang Dynasty are very interesting.
"Old Book of Tang·Biography of Geshuhan" is written in "Building a city on Longju Island in Qinghai. There was a white dragon, so it was named Yinglong City. The Tubo screen tracks did not dare to approach Qinghai."
"New Book of Tang·Biography of Geshuhan" is basically similar, but two details are added, "The city is built on Longju Island, and there is a white dragon, so it is called Yinglong City. Han Xiang is suitable for animal husbandry in the river, and 2,000 criminals were banished to garrison him. As a result, Tubo dared not approach Qinghai. "
" Volume Yuangui " is even more exaggerated. It is said that after the construction of Yinglong City, "Tubo escaped, no longer close to Qinghai for ten years."
In other words, the records of the three historical materials are very consistent. They all believe that after the construction of Yinglong City, it played a great role, and Tubo's attack on the surrounding Qinghai Lake was sharply reduced.
But the records in " Zizhi Tongjian " seem a bit different.
Tongjian records in the entry of the seventh year of Tianbao that "Built the city on Longju Island in Qinghai, which is called Yinglong City. Tubo screen tracks dare not approach Qinghai."
This record is almost exactly the same as the old Tang Dynasty books, and it is very likely that it was copied from the old Tang Dynasty books.
But in the entry in the eighth year of Tianbao, it was written that "After a while, Han sent troops to open military farms in Chiling to open military farms to 2,000 soldiers garrison Longju Island; winter ice gathered, Tubo gathered, and all the guards disappeared."
Look, in the seventh year of Tianbao, Tubo did not dare to approach Qinghai, but in the winter of the eighth year of Tianbao, the lake water freezes, and the foreign troops attacked the island, "all the guards disappeared."
This is not obviously contradictory. How should we view these records?
Let’s first talk about the time of the Tang history:
"Old Tang Book " was written in 945 of the Five Dynasties period. At that time, it was not too long since the demise of the Tang Dynasty. When writing "Old Tang Book", the author can still see historical records of the Tang Dynasty.
So the "Old Book of Tang" preserves a lot of first-hand information from the Tang Dynasty .
" New Book of Tang " was written in the Northern Song Dynasty and was completed in 1060.
"Zizhi Tongjian" was written a little later. It was written in 1085
"Cefu Yuangui" was also written in the Northern Song Dynasty and was written in 1013.
This shows that Zizhi Tongjian was written at the latest. When writing it, it borrowed a lot of previous achievements. Just like the record in the seventh year of Tianbao, it must have copied the old Tang Book.
But when Tongjian writes, he will definitely see other materials, so what it writes is different from the previous books.
Combining these records in Tang history, there is actually such a possibility.
The two Tang Books and Cefu directly wrote the results, and Tongjian added them into the process. The logic of
is as follows: All historical materials emphasize the importance of Yinglong City, saying that after it was built, Tubo's attack on the surrounding Qinghai Lake was reduced.
Will Tubo remain indifferent after the Tang Dynasty built such a city? Of course not!
So Tongjian reflects that the two sides correspond to the competition between Longcheng.
Then why do you say that other historical materials omit the intermediate process and go straight to the result?
Because, at that time, the Tang army was in an offensive position, and Geshuhan sent people to cross Chiling and farm west of Chiling. This shows that the Tang army controlled the areas around Qinghai Lake and stationed troops to defend themselves. Otherwise, what would be the purpose of military farming? It was not food for the Tubo people.
And in the following years, Geshuhan continued to attack in the southeast of Qinghai Lake.
In the seventh year of Tianbao, the battle with Tubo was rare in the Jishi Army. It was in this battle that the king captured the son and son-in-law of the Tuyuhun King alive. In June of the eighth year of Tianbao (749), Geshuhan won the Shibao City ; in September of the same year, after defeating the Fan army, the Tang army captured the Pingzhangshi Yuanshu Diguo .
This is the corresponding Tubo minister of Di Guo , and there is no Tibetan information now. However, being called "Pingzhangshi" by the Tang Dynasty was at least one of the most important figures.
After this person was sent to Chang'an , Li Longji was okay to him, and gave him the treatment of a general and gave him a house. ("Cefu Yuangui" · Volume 170 · Imperial Department Laiyuan · Page 19)
In December of the ninth year of Tianbao, Geshuhan sent a king to overcome the five bridges of Tubo and plunder the city of Dun.
The location of Treeshu City is roughly near , , Chabucha Town, Gonghe County, Qinghai.
In July of the twelfth year of Tianbao, Geshuhan took over Hongji City and Damomen City in Tubo, and collected all the Jiuqu Tribes.
, these two places are in Guinan County and Guide County in Qinghai today.
By the thirteenth year of Tianbao, Geshuhan had already begun to make contributions to his subordinates.
In his memorial, he recommended a large group of generals under his command, and at the same time asked the court to set up two counties of Taoyang and Jiaohe in the Jiuqu land he occupied, as well as Shence Army .
Brothers who are familiar with the history of the Tang Dynasty are definitely not unfamiliar with Shence Army.
In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, eunuchs would change to emperors to play with them, relying on becoming the imperial guards' divine army.
However, this army established by Geshuhan was at the beginning a border army , stationed in Mohuanchuan , southwest of Taozhou .
Teacher Li Zongjun judged that the location of Shence Jun Town is in Diedangshi Village, Zagulu Town, Zhuoni County today.
This ancient city is located on the south bank of Tao River , covering an area of 4,500 square meters and a kilometer of residual walls.
Just say something more. The location of Diandash Ancient City is very close to Yangba Ancient City, which is suspected to be a stone castle city, with a straight line distance of only more than ten kilometers.
From these geographical locations, the order of fighting in in was from west to east and from north to south.
first starts at the north of Qinghai Lake, then extends to the southeast, crosses Yellow River , and then extends to the Tao River Basin. This actually shows a problem, that is, during the period when Geshuhan was in charge of Helong, the Tang and Turkish border was advancing southward.
In other words, the Tang army was leading the attack during this period.
Then, when we look back at the relevant records in Yinglong City, we know that the two Tang Books and Cefu are likely to go straight to the results.
Geshuhan was based on the results of this wave of attack. In the eighth year of Tianbao, he was awarded a special promotion. In the eighth year of Tianbao, he was awarded a fifth-rank official for his son; in the eleventh year of Tianbao, he was promoted to Duke Liang, and was actually granted three hundred households and was also the governor of Hexi; in the same year of Tianbao, he was awarded the Prince of Xiping, and was awarded the Music Master and the Field Garden, and he was awarded a fifth-rank official for his son; in the thirteenth year of Tianbao, he was promoted to the Prince of Prince Taibao, and was also the Censor.
In the nine lyrics written by the poet Gao Shi , there is a sentence that says "The general is granted a marquis seal in the sky, and the king of a different surname on the censorate" , which refers to the reward that Ge Shuhan received.
In fact, there was a lot of evidence that the Tang army led the offensive rhythm during his time in Longyou .
In addition to the Tang Dynasty's promotion of Longyou generals, Li Longji also issued an edict in the eighth year of Tianbao, called "Absolution from the Great Bao of Heaven and Earth". There is a passage in
, "The battle of the siege has been around for a long time, and although it is well prepared, I am sorry to be adapted. Now, those who use troops are not to gain oneself. Now, Western Rong destroy the Northern Evils, the Northern Evils surrender, Southern Barbarians Dongyi, Xianlai Ji [qǐ ]黑 [sǎng], can also be said that there is nothing in the world, and the thousands of miles are clear. Reduce the garrison and people, think about the people who are willing to lend money, and the troops in the army are not evenly reduced, it is better to ask the governor of the town to discuss and deal with the news."
This passage roughly means that the Rong in the west has been abolished; the enemy in the north has also surrendered; the Eastern Evil in the South also kowtowed on the ground, which can be said to be "There is nothing in the world, and the thousands of miles are clear." In this case, the number of border troops can be reduced.
The military town is not particularly important, it is all on the list of cuts. Let the governor of this town discuss with Yousi. After discussing it, report it to me.
I wonder if you still remember that Li Longji's edict during the Kaiyuan period was constantly recruiting troops. At this time, the troops were reduced, which just showed that the Tang army's offensive had achieved results. While Li Longji was satisfied with the effect of
, he also began to consider reducing the burden on the country.
Continuous pressure from the Tang army also put pressure on Tubo.
There is a record in "Cefu Yuangui" that in the thirteenth year of Tianbao, " Tuyuhun King Supi was blocked, and the imperial edict was issued to Mohuanchuan to accept it."
I read it as the original text on historical materials. Generally speaking, Tuyuhun and Supi should be two two regimes in different regions. This place puts Tuyuhun and Supi together, and it is not clear why.
In the first month of the 14th year of Tianbao, Prince Subi led dozens of his leaders to surrender.
Geshuhan, who was responsible for receiving the response, submitted a very famous memorial to Li Longji, called "A Commentary on the Subi Prince Sinuoluo's Surrender". A passage from the memorial in
has been constantly cited by various research results.
This passage is, "Subi is a fan, and recently the Tuhun tribe in Hebei has several times the population. It is because Tubo is a country that has been granted by military rations and soldiers, half of which are out of it."
This passage fully illustrates the bonus of Subi and Tuyuhun's military attack on Tubo's military attack. As we said before, the composition of the Tubo army is to use a small number of local core backbones to promote the tribal forces on the periphery, and form an unstoppable torrent.
In fact, the Tang Dynasty also adopted a similar operation method.
Every time the Tang army goes to the expedition, it also takes the infantry of the Central Plains as the backbone, supplemented by the nomadic tribal soldiers around the area.
For example, in the "New Book of Tang Dynasty Biography of Turks", Tang Gaozong in the third year of Yonghui (652 AD), Ashinahelu , Tang Dynasty "spent 30,000 soldiers from the palace, and 50,000 Uighur cavalry attacked him."
This shows that when the Tang army attacked, the number of soldiers in the surrounding tribes was far greater than that in the Central Plains. There are similar examples of
, , the more familiar , Battle of Talas .
At that time, the Tang army led by Gao Xianzhi and the Dashi army fought for five days. The Gelulu people in the Tang army suddenly turned against each other, resulting in the Tang army's defeat.
The Tang and Turkish armies had an astonishing consistency in the use of surrounding forces, which is a very interesting question.
According to ordinary people's understanding, the Tubo people have a strong wind and a fast horse and a full moon scimitar.
In fact, this concept is probably influenced by the Mongolian army.
The core area of Tubo - Weizang Siru is actually not suitable for raising horses. This is a traditional farming area. Agriculture is the main force of production, and animal husbandry can only be regarded as an auxiliary.
Of course, if you compare with the Central Plains, you will definitely have more horses than the Central Plains. But the extra amount cannot have a particularly large advantage.
Both sides are actually seeking to increase the mobility and impact of their own army.
So both sides put a lot of effort into the surrounding nomadic tribes.
is relatively more advantageous in Tubo because the area they are located in is a mixed agricultural and animal husbandry area. In the area where the Tang Dynasty was located, agriculture and animal husbandry were relatively independent, and there was a rift between agriculture and animal husbandry.
So in terms of war performance, Tubo used cavalry power better and was easier to gain battlefield advantages.
After talking about the importance of Subi and Tuyuhun, Geshuhan introduced the process of Prince Subi surrendering.
In the thirteenth year of Tianbao, Supi, King Tuyuhun, contacted the Tang Dynasty and said he was about to defect to him, but the matter was exposed and more than 2,000 people in the family were killed. The prince planned to defect to him again, but before leaving, he was exposed again. The Tubo army intercepted the enemy along the way. The prince led his men to fight hard, and more than a thousand people died before he was able to escape.
Finally, Ge Shuhan said: "Tubo and Subi slaughter each other, their confidants collapsed, and their destruction was expected. But the rebellion of the king was a national event. I hoped that Xuan would be put into the History Museum, and the clan admired the transformation." In this passage, "Tubo is expected to perish", it is obviously an exaggeration, but his suggestion to treat Prince Subi well was realized.
This prince named Sinuoluo was named King Huaiyi and was given the surname Li.
However, the background of Prince Subi's surrender may be very complicated, and it is not entirely caused by the pressure of the Tang army's offensive. Some scholars linked this incident with the murder of Zhuzhudan. If this is the case, then this incident was the total outbreak of domestic conflicts during the end of the reign of 油日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日本日� We will put the content of
in the chapter on the Death of the Pian Pearl Pill to explain it carefully.
Historical process reached the 14th year of Tianbao, and both Geshuhan and the Tang Dynasty had a smooth journey.
Ge Shuhan and his powerful generals won one victory after another, and promoted the title with a smile. The Tang Dynasty won consecutive victories in western Sichuan, Helong, and Western Regions .
Although there were also the battle of Talas and the battle of Tianbao, overall, under the leadership of Li Longji, the Tang Dynasty reached the peak of the times.
There is a passage in "Zizhi Tongjian" describing the prosperous scene of the Tang Dynasty at that time: "It was time for China to be strong and strong. From Anyuanmen to reach the Tang Dynasty, the world is surrounded by two thousand miles, with the neighborhoods facing each other, mulberry and hemp covered the wilderness, and the world is called rich people as good as Longyou."
It is precisely because of this prosperous scene that once it is lost, it will feel regretful, so Bai Juyi Old Master Bai wrote: "Since the war of Tianbao, the Quanrong swallowed Xibi day and night. Liangzhou fell four
Ten years, Helong invaded seven thousand miles. Usually, thousands of miles of borders were in the west, and today the border defense was in Fengxiang."
("Xiliang Ji-sected ministers")
After the brief peak of the Tang Dynasty in the late Tianbao period, the horse went downhill, but a cliff-like decline.
This cliff-like decline is not only for the Tang Dynasty, but also for Geshuhan.
Ge Shuhan's life fall, let's continue to talk about it next issue.
