Before the emperor, he was "famous and famous, and was crowned by the kings"
Emperor Yang of Sui (569-618), whose surname is Yang and whose name is Guang, was the second son of Yang Jian. In the first year of Kaihuang (581), he was named King of Jin and served as the general manager of Bingzhou (the capital is now Taiyuan, Shanxi). At that time, he was thirteen years old.
Years later, the Hebei Dao Xingtai Shangshu Province was established in Bingzhou, and Yang Guang was the Xingtai Shangshu Order. Emperor Wen specially chose Chenggong Wang Shao as the right servant of Xingtai, Qi'an Li Che as his assistant. Wang Shao was upright in nature, and Yang Guang asked him for advice when he encountered problems, so he could avoid violating the law.
In the sixth year of Kaihuang (586), Yang Guang was appointed as the pastor of Yongzhou (now Xi'an, Shaanxi) and the Inner Shi Ling, in charge of the administrative affairs of the Inner Shi Province and the capital area ordered by the cashier. Two years later, he was transferred to Shouchun (now Shou County, Anhui) to serve as the Minister of State of Huainan Road, in charge of the war against Chen. With the assistance of Chief Gao Jin and Sima Wang Shao, he led 518,000 troops and attacked Jiangnan .
The ninth year of Kaihuang (589), the Chen Dynasty was conquered and the Chen Dynasty was destroyed. Yang Guang ordered the execution of a group of evil officials such as Shi Wenqing and Shen Keqing, and sent people to collect books and seal the treasury, leaving nothing to pay for money, which greatly improved his reputation.
Yang Guang won the victory and returned to the court, promoted to the Grand Marshal, and served as the general manager of Bingzhou again. Soon, in view of the rebellion of Gao Zhihui, a powerful force in Jiangnan, Emperor Wen of Sui sent Yang Guang as the general manager of Yangzhou to guard the Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) and entered the court once a year. In the winter of the 14th year of Kaihuang, General Wu Hou was appointed as Emperor Wen to worship Mount Tai from the east, and after the work was completed, he returned to the vassal state. In the summer of the 20th year of Kaihuang, the Western Turkic Datou Khan invaded and appointed Yang Guang as the marshal of the army. He led Yang Su, Shi Wansui and others to fight in different ways. The Western Turkic was defeated and Yang Guang successfully formed the army. At this time, he was 32 years old and had become a general and prime minister, and had made many achievements. He "has a great reputation and is the best among the kings", so he continued to grow his political ambition - conspiring to seize the position of Prince Yang Yong.
Killing his father and brother, seizing the throne,
Emperor Wen of Sui had five sons, Yang Yong was the longest, and was made the crown prince in the first year of Kaihuang. The following are King Yang Guang of Jin, King Yang Jun of Qin, King Yang of Shu, King Yang Xiu of Shu, and King Han Wang Yang Liang, who are all born to Empress Dugu. Yang Yong is a casual person and has no pretentious behavior. He was disliked by Emperor Wen because of his "cultural decoration of Shu armor", and warned him not to be extravagant. Later on the Winter Solstice Festival, Yang Yong wore a magic uniform and Chen music, and was congratulated by officials in the East Palace. Emperor Wen believed that this matter violated the etiquette of the monarch and ministers, and became even more angry and ordered a ban. From then on, he gradually became suspicious of Yang Yong. Yang Yong is also very lustful and specializes in pampering Ji Yun Zhaoxun, but he does not love his legitimate concubine Yuan.
The eleventh year of Kaihuang (591), Yuan suddenly died of illness. Dugu Hou suspected that she was assassinated and was very dissatisfied with Yang Yong; he was even more unfair to Yun Zhaoxun's specialty in the East Palace. People are often sent to detect Yang Yong's faults. When Yang Guang learned about these situations, he especially pretended to be with Concubine Xiao on the surface and did not get close to other women. Every time he entered the court, the attendants of the carriage and horse were frugal, and pretended to please his parents, saying that he had offended the prince for some reason, and the prince intended to harm him. After hearing this, Dugu said angrily: "I am in Shanger. Will you be a fish after I die?" Yang Guang found out that the queen had the intention of deposing her, and even actively carried out activities. At that time, Gao Yang, who opposed the abolition of the country, had lost power, while Yang Su was in control of the government. He sent someone to contact Yang Su to obtain Yang Su's support. On the one hand, Yang Su praised Yang Guang to Dugu, slandered the prince, and became a united with the palace; on the other hand, he was in a large-scale manner in the outer court, saying bad things about the prince. Even Yuan Chong said, "I look at the astronomy and the prince should be deposed." At this time, Yang Guang bribed Ji Wei, the honorary minister of the Eastern Palace, to find out the movements of the prince, and secretly reported to Yang Su, so the prince's fault spread inside and outside the palace. Emperor Wen of Sui was originally dissatisfied with the crown prince, so he became even more angry. In the 20th year of Kaihuang, he ordered Yang Yong to be a commoner, and Yang Guang finally seized the position of the crown prince.
Renshou Fourth year (604), Emperor Wen of Sui was ill Renshou Palace (now Linyou West, Shaanxi), and Yang Guang accompanied the palace.He wrote a letter to ask Yang Su how to deal with the funeral. Yang Su's reply was wrongly given to Emperor Wen. Emperor Wen was very angry when he saw it. At the same time, Yang Guang was rude to Emperor Wen's favorite concubine, Mrs. Xuanhua. Emperor Wen was furious and said, "Why are you enough to do something big? Dugu is really wrong!" He immediately ordered the Minister of War Liu Shu and the Huangmen Minister Yuan Yan to draft an edict to summon Yang Yong to entrust the funeral. When Yang Suwen heard this, he immediately told Yang Guang. Guang forged an edict to imprison Liu Shu and Yuan Yan, sent his confidant Zhang Heng to jail, and sent someone to kill Emperor Wen of Sui. In July of this year, Yang Guang ascended the throne and changed his reign to the great cause.
xingdongdu, open canals, frequent cruises
Yang Guangxi and plump shoes, and are extravagant. At the beginning of his ascension, he built a large-scale construction project to build the eastern capital Luoyang. According to the edict, there are two main reasons for building Dongdu : First, Luoyang is located in the Central Plains, with "water and land connection, tribute and tax, etc.", and the transportation of canals is relatively convenient, which can solve the difficulties in supplying grain and materials. The second is "the southern ward has a long distance, and the eastern ward has a great Yin". Luoyang has a moderate status and can take care of the overall situation. His fundamental intention was to further consolidate the Sui regime's rule over the country.
Before the construction of the Eastern Capital, Emperor Yang of Sui ordered the transfer of hundreds of thousands of Ding Nan, from Longmen (now west of Hejin, Shanxi) to Changping (now northwest of Jincheng, Shanxi) and Jijun (now southwest of Junxian, Henan), to Linqingguan (now east of Xinxiang, Henan), crossing the river to Junyi (now Kaifeng, Henan), Xiangcheng (now Henan), and reaching Shangluo (now Shangxian, Shaanxi), and digging an arc-shaped trench of more than 2,000 miles long, setting up guards along the trenches as an important line of defense to protect Chang'an and Luoyang area. Then in the spring of the first year of Daye (605), the Secretary of State ordered Yang Su to lead the camp of the Tokyo Supervisor, and to take Yan Yang Da , Yuwen Kai as the deputy supervisor, and build a new city 18 miles west of the old city of Luoyang, called the Dongdu. The new city is divided into palace city, imperial city and outer city, and the Luo River runs across the city. There are more than 73 miles around. In order to build this capital, , two million people were recruited every month, and they were built in ten months. Emperor Yang of Sui moved the residents of the old city and wealthy businessmen from all over the country there to live there, and he himself lived in Luoyang, which became the center of politics and economy.
While building the Dongdu, Xianren Palace and Xiyuan were built in the west of Luoyang City. Xianren Palace is connected to Zaojian in the south and across Luobin in the north, and is surrounded by more than ten miles. The mountains and rivers are full of strange grasses and flowers, and the most beautiful gardens. Two hundred miles around Xiyuan. There is an artificial lake called the sea. The three sacred mountains (islands) of Penglai, Fangzhang and Yingzhou are built on the sea, which are more than a hundred feet above the water surface. The terraces and palaces are distributed among them, and they are hidden in a vivid way. There is a Dragon Scale Canal to the north of the sea, which is winding and flowing into the sea. Sixteenth courts were established along the small tent, each court had a concubine of a fourth-rank lady to be in charge of the affairs of the court. The flowers and trees in the garden are extremely gorgeous. Emperor Yang of Sui liked to ride on the moonlit night, carrying thousands of palace maids, traveling across , Malay , and often singing to the dantian.
Opening the canal
Another huge project built by Emperor Yang of Sui is the Grand Canal of the North and South. This canal is centered on Luoyang and is divided into four sections: the first section is Tongji Canal . In the first year of Daye (605), more than one million men and women were sent to Henan counties to open the Ji Canal. From the Xiyuan (where the Gu and Luo River meet) in Luoyang, the valley (i.e. Jianshui) and Luo River enter the Yellow River , from Banzhu (now northeast of Chenggao, Henan) to Bian River into Bian; from Daliang (now Kaifeng, Henan), the Bian River is located to reach the Huai River, and to Shanyang (now Huai'an, Jiangsu). This section of the river was mainly dredged from the old Langdang Canal (also known as Honggou, near Chenggao) and its downstream Bian River .
The second paragraph is Shanyangdu . Starting from Shanyang, the old path of Hangou opened by King Wu at the Spring and Autumn Period was dredged and expanded, and led the path of Huai River to Yangzi (now southeast of Yizheng, Jiangsu) into the Yangtze River. The omnichannel was 40 steps wide, and the imperial path was built on both sides and willow trees were planted. There are many Ligong Pavilions along the way, and Jiangdu Palace is built in Yangzhou.
The third paragraph is Yongjiqu . In the fourth year of Daye (608), more than one million military and civilians in Hebei were sent to dig the Yongji Canal, diverting the Qinshui south to the Yellow River, and connecting Weihebei Tong Zhuojun (Zhiji, now southwest suburb of Beijing). Since the fourth section is Jiangnanhe . In the sixth year of Daye (610), Jiangnan River was opened again.The river water is diverted from Jingkou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) to Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), and enter Qiantang River . The total length is more than 800 miles and more than ten feet in length. In just six years, the Grand Canal , centered on Luoyang, originated in the north and ended in Yuhang in the south, was opened. During the excavation process, millions of working people worked hard, hunger and hard, and worked day and night. They overcame countless difficulties, exerted a high degree of wisdom, and finally completed this great project that is rare in the world.
The opening of the Grand Canal has nothing to do with Emperor Yang of Sui's motive for parade and enjoyment, but this is not the main reason; the main reason is that at that time, the economy of the north and south, especially the Jianghuai and Hebei regions, had great development, and the exchange of materials between the north and the south became an urgent need. The Grand Canal emerged in adapting to this historical situation. On the one hand, it exchanges materials from the north and south through the canal transport, and on the other hand, it is conducive to strengthening control over the southeast and northeast regions in military terms. It played a significant role in the later development of China's economy and culture.
Frequent parades and these constructions are accompanied by Emperor Yang of Sui. In the first year after he ascended the throne, he took a boat to Jiangdu. In the third year, he visited Yulin in the north (this year, the Twelve Liancheng on the south bank of the Yellow River in the northeast of Junggar Banner, Mongolia); in the fourth year, he went to Wuyuan (now the north bank of the Yellow River in the southwest of Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia), went out to the frontier, and inspected the Great Wall. In the fifth year, he visited Heyou in the west (that is, Hexi ); in the sixth year, he visited Jiangdu again; in the seventh to tenth year, he went east to Goryeo three times; in the eleventh year, he visited the Great Wall again, and was besieged by Shibi Khan in Yanmen ; in the twelfth year, he visited Jiangdu for the third time until he was killed in the 14th year. It is generally considered that he has lived in Beijing for less than a year. Every time I travel, "from the palace, there are always 100,000 people, and all the offerings are followed by the prefectures and counties." The rewards and punishments were also given according to the amount of contributions offered by the officials of prefectures and counties, "those who are generous will be promoted, and those who are frugal will be punished." Therefore, officials desperately exploited the people and used their own gifts to fill their personal pockets. All of them "paid a thousand dollars from their families", but the majority of the people would suffer the tragic disaster of "defeating ten years of rent".
Political measures
Emperor Yang of Sui made some modifications to the various systems set by Kaihuang. Some were retro, and some were intentionally improved, which also had a certain impact on future generations. In terms of the official system, in the third year of Daye, the Internal Escort Provincial Department of Internal Affairs was changed to the Inner Survey of the Palace, and together with the Secretary of the Shangshu, the Junior, the Inner History, and the Secretary, they were allocated to the five provinces. Shangshu Province Each Cao originally had 36 ministers, and was changed to six ministers, including official, household, ritual, military, punishment and tutor. Each of them had one minister, and was appointed as the deputy minister. The other Caos were renamed as Si, and the Shilang was renamed as Lang. The Shaofu Supervisory Office was also divided into the Taifu Temple, with Zuo Shang, You Shang, Nei Shang, Sizhi, Sidian (later weaving), armor, bow and crossbow (later abolished these two offices), and Zhangye and other offices, which are specialized in various handicraft industries. The six ministers and the Shaofu supervisor of the Tang Dynasty came along here.
After Emperor Wen of Sui, counties and counties were abolished and the two-level system of prefecture was implemented. Emperor Yang retro, changed the state into a county, and the county was established as a prefect, becoming a two-level system of county and county. A Si Litai was also established, and fourteen governors were sent to inspect the counties outside the capital. Every year, he will go on a tour in February and start in October to strengthen supervision of local officials. Since Emperor Wen of Sui dismissed the ninth rank Zhongzheng system, he was established. During the reign of Emperor Yang, there were Jinshi and other subjects, and the ten imperial examinations were ordered to be appointed as the imperial examinations, and the imperial examination system was developed. In terms of law, in the second year of Daye, Emperor Yang said that "Gaozu's ban on the Internet was profound and ordered to revise the laws and regulations to eliminate the ten evils." The following year, the new law was written by Niu Hong and others, namely the "Law of Great Achievements", with 18 chapters and 500 articles. Although it has been reduced compared with the previous ones, as social conflicts intensify, "life and death are entrusted, and no longer follow the rules", and the law is just a documentary. In terms of economy, when Emperor Yang ascended the throne, he ordered the exemption of women, slaves and divisions because the treasury was overflowing. The man was 220% a year, and the tax and labor service were slightly reduced. In the fifth year of Daye, an edict was issued to "equal land in the world" and continue to implement the equal land system. Because of the missed household registration, Pei Yun, the Minister of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, suggested that the previous "big search and view" method should be used to generally check the household registration. So the counties calculated the accounts and paid 243,000 yuan, and the new entries were 641,200 yuan. Use this policy of winning labor and labor to strengthen the economic power of the government.In terms of culture, Emperor Wen of Sui abolished the Imperial Academy, the Four Schools and Prefectures and County Schools in the first year of Renshou (601), leaving only the Imperial Academy 3, and soon changed the Imperial Academy to the Imperial Academy. Emperor Yang ascended the throne and restored the Imperial College. He still bought the Imperial College and added the Imperial College. Four schools and prefecture and county schools have also been restored.
During the reign of Emperor Wen, Cai Niu Hong suggested that he search for suicide letters and the gains from the Chen Dynasty, and gradually prepare the classics. There are more than 30,000 volumes of books hidden in the palace and the secret pavilion, and a total of 80,000 volumes of repeated books. Emperor Yang of Sui ordered a copy to be written, hidden in the east and west wings of Guanwen Hall of Dongdu. The east wing contains two parts: A (Classic) and B (History) and the west wing contains two parts: C (Zi) and D (Collection). Two platforms are set up behind the palace, which are divided into famous calligraphy and paintings since the Wei and Jin Dynasties. He also gathered sutras and Buddhist scriptures in the inner temple and wrote directories separately. A lot of collection and sorting of books in history have been done. Therefore, " Old Tang Books " says: "Yang Huang is fond of learning and likes to gather free books, but the Sui Dynasty compiled it is the most extensive and harmonious." Although these books were later lost, most of them were obtained by the Tang Dynasty.
These systems and policies implemented by Emperor Yang were mainly when the country was still in peace five years ago. Later, as class contradictions became increasingly serious, there was no time to take care of it.
