A hundred years have passed, why hasn’t there any progress? The independence of Outer Mongolia did not happen all at once. From the 1911 Revolution in 1911, Outer Mongolia was in trouble, and it was repeated in the middle until the end of World War II, Britain, the United States

" Mongolian ", which has always been unknown, suddenly "exploded" because of "greed".

A hundred years have passed, why hasn’t there any progress? I don’t know why I was fooled by Tsarist Russia? It’s not because he has become a “puppet man” in the hands of Tsarist Russia because he is greedy for a little bit of profit in front of him.

Of course, we generally don’t call them “Mongolia”, but “ Outer Mongolia ” because it used to be a part of China. The 1.56 million square kilometers of land has been closely related to the land of China in its long history.

However, since 1946, Outer Mongolia has become "Mongolia" and is officially independent.

The independence of Outer Mongolia did not happen all at once. From the 1911 Revolution in 1911, Outer Mongolia was in trouble, and it was repeated in the middle. Until the end of World War II, Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union held a meeting in Yalta and asked the Soviet Union to send troops to the Sun.

The Soviet Union threatened to "maintain the status quo of Outer Mongolia" and forced Britain, the United States and Chiang Kai-shek to compromise. held a "referendum". As a result, 99% of the people agreed to independence, and Chiang Kai-shek officially recognized the independence of Outer Mongolia.

Speaking of this history, many people will ask: "All of them are Mongolians. Why is Outer Mongolia so prominent and has to make an independent cause?" Some people would say that it was Tsarist Russia interfering from it, which is true, but The root cause of Outer Mongolia's independence is still in the Qing Dynasty.

The origin of Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia

Mongols originated from an ancient nation in Northeast China, Donghu .

,000 years ago, Donghu people lived between the white mountains and black waters, living a life of hunting and fishing. The Huns lived on today's Mongolian grasslands, and both sides did not interfere with the river.

Until one day, the Huns released a " Maodun Shanyu ", leading the 300,000 soldiers under their command to continuously expand their territory, and their power continued to extend eastward and finally exchanged fire with the Donghu people. Donghu Wang I was careless and got beaten by Maodun's beauty trap, but was eventually defeated by Maodun.

Donghu split into two parts, some people migrated to the Xianbei Mountains and called themselves " Xianbei people "; some people migrated to the Wuhuan Mountains and called themselves " Wuhuan people ".

During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao encouraged the northern nomadic people to move south, and the Xianbei people began to move to the Central Plains. However, the Wuhuan people were eliminated by Cao Cao and withdrawn from the stage of history. After the Western Jin Dynasty, the Central Plains entered the 5 Barbarians' invasion of China and . Later, the Northern Wei, established by the Xianbei people, unified the north and gradually merged with the Han ethnic group.

When the Xianbei people went south, they did not all leave. Some of them stayed in their hometowns, and these people were divided into three parts.

Some people went westward, occupying the Mongolian grassland, and developed into "Roran ". Some people still live in the northeast, with Xing'anling as the boundary, and live in the north, called "公司公司" and " 最司公司" and " 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 最1 �

Later Rouran was destroyed by Turkic , and the Turkic hindrance was destroyed by the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Khitan occupied the grassland.

Liao Kingdom established by the Khitans once had a vast territory and ruled the entire north, from the Altai Mountains west to the vast area of ​​Sakhalin Island in the east. Even now, the Russians still call the Chinese "Khitan". Shi Wei at that time was still the younger brother of the Khitan.

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125, Jin and Northern Song joined forces to destroy the Liao Kingdom, and the grassland was unowned, and the Mongols took the opportunity to rise. In 1206, the leader of the Mongolian Qiyan tribe Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes and established the " Great Mongolian ".

Genghis Khan is actually not as awesome as everyone imagined. Although he has been fighting all his life, fighting " Xixia " to the south, fighting "Jin Kingdom" to the east, and launching the first "Western Expedition" to the west, but none of them have been conquered. The Mongolian territory in his hands is limited to the grassland and north of the grassland.

Mongol Empire 's true glory was created by his four sons.

After Genghis Khan's death, his second son Ogedei succeeded to the throne and launched the second Western Expedition. The eldest son of 无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无无After Ogedei's death, his son, , , could not keep his place, and he was short-lived. The position of the Khan was passed to the son of Tolei , , Mengge .

Because it is not in the way of dealing with the Tolei family, the Ogedei family and the Chagatai family respectively established independent Khanate.

After Mengge succeeded to the throne, he launched the third Western Expedition, led by his younger brother Xulagu. During the Western Expedition, Mongke died, Kublai and Alibuge competed for the Khan throne, and Hulagu did not go back and established the " Il Khanate " on the spot, ruling today's Iran, Afghanistan and other places.

After five years of fighting for the Khan throne, Kublai Khan won and served as the Mongolian Khan. However, the Mongolian Empire at this time was already in harmony, and The four Khanate and Kublai Khan's " Yuan Empire " are gradually drifting away.

368, Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor in Nanjing, established the Ming Dynasty, and then sent Xu Da to lead troops to attack the north, invaded Dadu, Emperor Shun of Yuan fled north, and the Mongols ended their rule over the Central Plains.

The Mongols withdrew from the Central Plains, but they did not perish. They just returned to their hometown and lived a nomadic life again. Without a unified regime, they were divided into two parts: east and west. Si Mongolia is called "Wala ", and Eastern Mongolia is called "Tartar". The two names

are just general terms and are not a unified regime. There are different independent tribes within them.

Oirat, later called " Desert West Mongolia ", mainly composed of four major tribes, namely Heshuote tribe , junggar tribe, Dulbert tribe, and Turgut tribe. The Tatar later split into " South Mongolian " and " North Mongolian ".

The "desert" here refers to a large area of ​​" Gobi desert" located in northern my country. This area is particularly large, with more than 1,000 kilometers north and south, with a radius of 1.3 million square kilometers, uninhabited and a natural barrier.

North Mongolia, also known as " Khalkha Mongolia ", is mainly composed of three major tribes, namely Zazak, Chechnya, and Tuxitu.

Southern Mongolia, mainly including Korqin , Chahar, Tumet , Urat and other tribes. Among them, Chhar tribe was a descendant of Kublai Khan at that time. He was called "Gold Family " and held National Jade Seal in his hand.

In the late Ming Dynasty, internal struggle occurred between Mongolia in the south of the desert. The Chahar tribe's Lin Danhan snatched the trade business between the Korqin tribe and the Ming . In order to retaliate against Chahar, Korqin decided to find a foreign aid. This foreign aid was the "Manchu Qing" who was eyeing the pass outside the pass.

At that time, the Ming Dynasty arranged the " Guanningjin Defense Line " outside the pass, firmly blocking Huang Taiji outside the pass. Korqin's active surrender made his eyes lit up. This was really a sleepy encounter with the pillow. With Korqin as his ally, Huang Taiji could bypass Shanhaiguan and head south.

From then on, Korqin became the closest partner of the Qing Dynasty. Korqin's women also firmly occupied the harem of the Qing Dynasty .

With the demonstration of Korqin, other tribes in Mongolia in southern Mongolia successively defected to Huang Taiji. Only Lin Danhan of Chahar still stubbornly maintained his last dignity and refused to cooperate with Huang Taiji. In the end, he was defeated by Huang Taiji. His wife and children, and the imperial seal all became Huang Taiji's belongings.

It was because Huang Taiji changed Manchuria to "Qing Dynasty" and officially ascended the throne and became emperor.

After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, Mongolia in the west of the Mobei and Mongolia in the north of the Mobei expressed their gratitude, but the Qing Dynasty could not control it at all. Only Mongolia in the south of the Mobei had integrated with the Qing Dynasty.

1688, the great khan of the Junggar tribe of Mongolia in western Moxi Province, "Galdan " officially announced his separation from the Qing Dynasty and attacked Mongolia in northern Moxi Province. Mongolia in northern Moxi Province could not resist and asked for help from the Qing Dynasty. Kangxi sent troops to quell the rebellion. After Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, Zhunge'er was completely resolved.

Because the Qing Dynasty saved his life to Mongolia in the north of Mobei, Mongolia in the north of Mobei completely surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and Mongolia in the west of Mobei was renamed "Xinjiang" by Qianlong.

At this point, the Great Clearing has completely conquered all Mongolian tribes . However, these Mongolians had different status in the Qing Dynasty.

In order to manage these Mongolians, the Qing Dynasty divided them into "inner Mongolia" and "outer Mongolia".

Inner belongs to Mongolia, which means that according to the Qing Dynasty's management system, the deputy commander was sent to directly manage it and incorporated into the Eight Banners. It is the familiar "Eight Banners of Mongolia" and is considered to be the people of the Qing Dynasty.

The outer vassal Mongolia is equivalent to a vassal of the Qing Dynasty. It does not send officials and is managed by local leaders. It is called "Zazak". Each "Zazak" manages a banner, and its title can be granted a title and a title. The so-called Mongolian princes are talking about them.

However, it is also a foreign vassal Mongolia, and its status is also high and low.

part is called " Neizasak Mongolia ", with a higher status, mainly tribes such as Korqin, Chahar, etc., that is, Mongolian in the south of the desert, because they were the closest partners of the Qing Dynasty.

part is called " Outer Zhasak Mongolia ", with a lower status, mainly in the Mongolian part of northern desert. Because they later surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, did not conquer the world with the Qing Dynasty, did not share the hardships, and simply relied on the Qing Dynasty. In addition, it is because they and the Qing Dynasty were separated by a thousand miles away from the desert and did not move around often, so their relationship naturally faded.

Therefore, since the Qing Dynasty, there were names such as "Inner Mongolia" and "Outer Mongolia", and it was not because Outer Mongolia was later independent, so it was divided into internal and external.

The process of independence of Outer Mongolia

In the eyes of the Qing Dynasty, the "knot place" of the Mobei is a "adopted son". You are desperate, I adopted you, I will give you a good stutter, what else do you want to think of a bicycle.

Therefore, the Qing Dynasty was quite harsh to the Mobei.

He stipulated that the grasslands in Mobei are not allowed to build houses, and the establishment of the farming area can only engage in traditional grazing; the herders in Mobei are not allowed to invite Han teachers to teach or learn Chinese; there are only 273 soldiers sent by Mobei.

It is precisely because the Qing Dynasty did not care about this "adopted son" for a long time that Mobei was extremely backward.

The world has entered the 20th century, and they still live a semi-closed life, no transportation, no industry, no education, no technology, and the only modern feeling is that they pass a telegram line set up by the Qing Dynasty from here.

is such a place where "grandma doesn't love my uncle," but it is a "hot commodity" in the eyes of Tsarist Russia.

Tsarist Russia was originally just a small "Dule of Moscow", a vassal state of the Golden Horde. Because of its correct attitude, it became a "tax collector" of the Golden Horde and was responsible for collecting taxes from the countries of Ross. Later, the Golden Horde declined, and the Duchy of Moscow took the opportunity to rise and developed into the Tsarist Russian Empire.

Starting from the 17th century, Tsarist Russia crossed the Ural Mountains and expanded all the way to the vast Siberian region. This area has been a ranch in Mongolia in northern desert for a long time, and has never been to outsiders. The Mongolians have always regarded this place as their territory.

However, Mongolia is a nomadic life, and you can go wherever there is water and grass. Anyway, no one comes to rob the whole of Siberia, so you can count wherever you go, and there is no concept of "boundary".

After Tsarist Russia came, it taught a lesson to Mongolia in northern Mobei. They occupied the Mongols' pastures, expelled the Mongols, then built a castle, sent troops to guard it, and announced loudly: "This is my territory." After occupying Siberia, they continued to explore westward, occupying the whole way, and finally saw the sea and could no longer go westward. They turned around and went south to meet the Qing Dynasty head-on.

688, after the Battle of Yakshas, ​​the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia signed the " Treaty of Nebuchu ", which is the first time that officially demarcated the national border between the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia in the northeast . Previously, the entire Northeast, including Siberia, was regarded as its own land by the Qing Dynasty. However, these places were too bitter and cold. The Qing Dynasty already had the Central Plains, so it didn't care about these places.

728, Tsarist Russia took advantage of the Qing Dynasty's battle with Junggar and was unable to take care of the north, and signed the " Chaktu Treaty " and the "Brenschi Treaty" with the Qing Dynasty, officially clarifying that the vast area north of Outer Mongolia, including Lake Baikal, was the territory of Tsarist Russia. The two treaties of

clearly define the national boundaries between Tsarist Russia and the Qing Dynasty in northern desert.

Although Tsarist Russia has clarified its national boundaries, it is still reluctant to leave Outer Mongolia, and has been sending people to trade, giving gifts, and trying its best to win over Outer Mongolia. Under the long-lasting attack of sugar-coated shells, Outer Mongolia's heart was a bit biased towards Tsarist Russia.

At this time, the Qing Dynasty was at its end. Foreign powers continued to invade, ceding land everywhere to pay compensation, and the rule of the Manchus began to storm. In order to adapt to this new era, the Qing court led by Cixi decided to carry out new policy reforms and carry out the Westernization Movement.

, such as , Westernization , has also been vigorously engaged in Outer Mongolia.

A place that has been ignored for a long time, a place that does not even have industry. Why did the Qing Dynasty remember to go there to do Westernization?

The reason is that there are rich minerals here.

The Mongolians before were really begging for food with golden rice bowls. They had huge wealth under their feet, but no one had ever mined them. Even if they were mined, they could not be transported out and there was no way.

After the Qing Dynasty came, it jointly established a company with Tsarist Russia and started a lot of gold and coal mines. However, the majority of the income was taken away by the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia. Mongolia in northern Mo only received 3% of the share, and in addition, it had to bear all expenses.

Therefore, the Westernization Affairs carried out by the Qing Dynasty in Mongolia in northern desert was opposed by local Mongolian princes.

1, the Xinhai Revolution broke out and the Qing Dynasty was destroyed. Under the instigation of Tsarist Russia, Outer Mongolia declared independence, supported the living Buddha Zhebuzundanba as the emperor, and sent troops to surround the Qing Dynasty's ministers in Kulun, and escorted all the ministers Sanduo and others out of the country.

Although Tsarist Russia instigated Outer Mongolia independence, it did not want it to become an independent country, but an "autonomous region", which would make it more convenient for Tsarist Russia to control it.

Therefore, after Beiyang government was established, Tsarist Russia once again negotiated with the Beiyang government. In 1915, the Sino-Russia-Mongolia Agreement was signed, which clearly stated that Outer Mongolia was an "autonomous region", the Beiyang government was the "society-headed country", and the eighth generation Zhebuzundanba was named " Hutuktuhan ".

However, the agreement stipulates that the Beiyang government cannot station troops, send officials, or immigrate in Outer Mongolia.

This is the result of careful arrangements by Tsarist Russia. He was worried that Outer Mongolia would be controlled by Western forces and would become a threat to his bedside. Therefore, named Outer Mongolia under the Beiyang government, but he was actually controlling it.

It's like Tsarist Russia took a fancy to a woman, afraid of being pursued by other men, so she found him a nominal husband. In fact, this woman would go back to Tsarist Russia's bed to sleep at night. This situation lasted until 1917, when the October Revolution broke out in Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union was born.

Some remaining Tsarist Russian forces began to flee to Outer Mongolia, occupying the nest. The princes and princes of Outer Mongolia could not beat Tsarist Russia and ran to the Beiyang government to ask for help. The Beiyang government sent Xu Shuzheng to Outer Mongolia to expel the remnants of Tsarist Russia, and restored control over Outer Mongolia.

As soon as the news came out, the whole country was joking. For a moment, the three big words "Xu Shuzheng" filled the major newspapers, and he became a famous figure.

However, Xu Shuzheng's rule in Outer Mongolia was too rough and did not win the hearts of the local princes and princes. Instead, it once again intensified the conflict with them. Later, the warlords in Zhili and Anhui war, and Xu Shuzheng was ordered to be transferred back, and Outer Mongolia once again sought independence.

At this time, Soviet thought was also introduced to Outer Mongolia. The herdsman-born Suh Battor and Chobashan With the help of Lenin, the "Mongolian People's Party" was established, and in 1921 he declared independence again, establishing the "Constitutional Monarchy".

At this time, it was the Zhi-Feng War, and the Beiyang government was too busy to take care of itself and just issued a statement refusing to recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia. 924, Outer Mongolia abolished the constitutional monarchy , changed it to the "Mongolian People's Republic", changed it to " Kulun " to "Ulaanbaatar", and established it as the capital.

At this time, the Beiyang government still refused to recognize it. The "Outline Agreement and Statement on Resolving Unforeseen Cases" signed with the Soviet Union also stipulates that Outer Mongolia is China's territory and that China enjoys complete and permanent sovereignty in Outer Mongolia.

However, these written words cannot avoid the fact that Outer Mongolia has become independent in fact and the Beiyang government cannot control it at all.

945, the Soviet Union, the United States and Britain held a meeting in Yalta to discuss post-war issues and demanded that the Soviet Union send troops to Japan. Taking advantage of this opportunity, the Soviet Union put forward a request, which was to "maintain the status quo of Outer Mongolia", and Britain and the United States agreed.

Why did the Soviet Union send troops at this time? Because Chiang Kai-shek was too incompetent, the defeat of the battle of Henan, Hunan and Guangxi was a mess, losing 4 provincial capitals and 146 cities, triggering a second head defeat. Britain and the United States could not count on Chiang Kai-shek, so they had to let the Soviet Union send troops.

When this decision was conveyed to Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Kai-shek asked Song Ziwen, Chiang Ching-kuo and Song Shijie to negotiate with the Soviet Union. Stalin condescendingly said to Chiang Ching-kuo:

You must know that today it is not me who wants you to help, but you want me to help; if your country has the strength and can fight against Japan by yourself, I will naturally not make any request. Today, if you don’t have the power, and if you still have to say these words, it’s like nonsense!

heart-wrenching sentences. If you are weak, you are not qualified to speak. Just follow the orders.

Old Jiang did not give up and put forward a condition, that is, to make the referendum of Outer Mongolia, if everyone is willing to be independent, then admit it.

I don’t know if this old Jiang is stupid or bad. Outer Mongolia has been independent for 20 years, and a generation has grown up. If you ask him to vote for a referendum, how could they disagree? The Soviet Union has already made it clear, "maintain the status quo", so we will continue to be the name of "sect leader country", and there is still room for maneuver in the future.

Soon, the referendum result came out, 99% of people agreed to independence, and Chiang Kai-shek had no choice. officially announced his recognition of Outer Mongolia's independence in 1946.

On the surface, Chiang Kai-shek accepted the referendum results, but in fact, he had a private transaction with the Soviet Union, accepted a large amount of aid from the Soviet Union, and had "exclusive conditions". The referendum on is just a misty list released by Jiang Jiang. As soon as the news came out, Truman was so angry that he scolded Jiang as a teammate of Pig.

1949, China and Mongolia established diplomatic relations, and on October 25, 1961, Mongolia joined the United Nations.

Mobei, only history and nostalgia are left to future generations!