May 10-12, 1963.
When reviewing and revising the draft of the "Decision on Several Issues Concerning Current Rural Work (Draft)", Chairman Mao added a preface-based comment.
Among them, most of the content talks about the epistemology issue. Some of the excerpts are as follows:
1. The correct thinking of people can only come from social practice, and can only come from the three practices of social production struggle, level struggle and scientific experiments.
2. People's social existence determines people's thoughts.
3. Countless objective external phenomena are reflected in one's mind through the five functions of human eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body, and it begins with perceptual knowledge.
4. If this kind of material for perceptual knowledge accumulates more, it will make a leap, becoming rational knowledge , which is the idea.
5. The first stage of the process of understanding is the stage from objective matter to subjective spirit, and from existence to thought.
6. The second stage of the process of understanding, that is, the stage from spirit to material, from thought to existence, is to put the understanding obtained in the first stage into social practice, and see whether these theories, policies, plans, methods, etc. can achieve the expected success.
7. Generally speaking, what succeeds is correct, and what fails is wrong, especially the struggle between humans against nature.
8. In social struggle, the forces representing advanced J sometimes fail, not because of incorrect thinking, but because in the comparison of the forces of struggle, the advanced forces are not as good as the reactionary forces, so they fail temporarily, but one day they will succeed.
9. People's understanding will make another leap after the test of practice. This leap is more meaningful than the previous leap. Because only this leap can prove whether the first leap of cognition, that is, whether the ideas, theories, policies, plans, methods, etc. obtained from the process of reflecting the objective external world are correct or wrong, and there is no other way to test the truth.
10. The purpose of proletarian J to understand the world is just to transform the world, and there is no other purpose.
11. A correct understanding often requires repeated repetitions from matter to spirit, from spirit to matter, that is, from practice to understanding, and from understanding to practice. This is the epistemology of Marxism, the epistemology of dialectical materialism.
12. For our comrades, we should carry out epistemological education on dialectical materialism, so that we can correct our thoughts, be good at investigating and research, summarizing experience, overcome difficulties, make fewer mistakes, do a good job, work hard, and build a great power of socialism...
Interpretation of the slaughter of cold cows:
1963, with the efforts of Chairman Mao, the "left" work of rural correction was basically completed, and the people's commune got on the right track.
When Chairman Mao analyzed and summarized the current situation of rural work, he found that there are still a large number of new problems in rural work.
The existence of these problems is not a problem of a certain province, city, region, or cadre, but an epistemological problem, which ultimately is a philosophical problem.
Chairman Mao believes that if you want to change the wrong work style, you must start from the source of the problem.
Only by solving ideological problems and improving the understanding of the majority of cadres can we solve several problems of insufficient, incomplete understanding of rural work and lack of development strategies from the root.
This is Chairman Mao’s insight and leadership, and he is good at summarizing a regular thing from universal problems or phenomena.
stands at the height of philosophy, solves fundamental problems from the source of thought, rather than floating on the surface of the problem, nor simply punishing someone to solve the problem.
This is an important thinking that leaders should learn and master.
Chairman Mao governs the country, and treats both symptoms and root causes, just like a famous doctor treats diseases. He not only pursues medicine to cure diseases, but also wants to cut off the roots of the disease.
Where does the correct idea of people come from? The philosophical article in
is derived from Chairman Mao’s comments.
This article summarizes the main views of " Practice Theory of " from the practice of economic construction and verifies the scientific nature of dialectical materialist epistemology .
At the same time, Chairman Mao also added a new view:
"A correct understanding often requires multiple repetitions from material to spirit, from spirit to material, that is, from practice to understanding, from understanding to practice."
People's understanding is first of all perceptual understanding.
If you accumulate more perceptual knowledge, you will know that you will start to filter perceptual materials and gradually you will rise to rational knowledge.
The leap from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge is the process of cognition from material to spirituality.
masters rational understanding and does not complete the entire process of understanding. You must apply or test your rational understanding in practice.
The process of combining rational cognition and social practice is the second leap in human cognition, that is, the process of cognition from spirit to material.
Let’s use buying a car as an example to illustrate.
First, look at the color, shape and interior decoration of the car, and then listen to the salesperson explaining the car's configuration and various performances. These car information obtained through eyes and ears, that is, the process of knowing the car, are all perceptual cognition.
has a lot of information, and there must be real or fake. Salesmen will brag about it to customers and appropriately exaggerate the advantages and value of the products. , information that has not been filtered and analyzed by the brain, are all perceptual materials, and this understanding is perceptual knowledge.
How powerful is the car? Is it as good as the salesperson described?
At this time, the salesperson will ask you to test drive. So, you drove outside and found that the experience was good. You gently clicked the accelerator and the vigor came up, and the feeling of pushing the back was very obvious. After comparing more than
cars, after several rounds of communication, I have mastered more and more information about the car, and my mind is becoming clearer and clearer. A lot of spam information has also been filtered by you. At this time, you have a more comprehensive and rational understanding of the car, and basically achieved a leap from perceptual understanding to rational understanding.
This is the first stage of understanding of a car, from sensibility to rationality, and also the process of understanding from material (objectively existing car) to spirit (having a relatively mature understanding of the car, starting to form one's own opinion, and determining which car to buy). means material to spirit.
has achieved rational understanding, but the understanding has not completely ended.
also needs to combine rational understanding with social practice, and exert and test it in practice, so that understanding will usher in a second leap. The process of combining rational cognition with social practice is the second leap of cognition, and it is also the process of cognition from spirit to material. After picking up the car, the new car has a running-in period.
This running-in period is a practical process in which people are familiar with the performance, control methods and driving feelings of the new car. From an epistemological perspective, the running-in period is a process of combining rational understanding with driving practice. checks whether the condition of the new car and various information are true.
After the running-in period, it is very easy and free to drive, which is what the veteran driver calls the "unity of man and car". This is the second leap process of understanding a small car.
The process of combining rational cognition and driving practice will bring about a second leap in cognition, that is, the process of cognition from spirit to material.
To sum up the above statement, people's understanding of small cars basically follows the process of "practice-cognition-practice" or "material-spirit-material" and continues to cycle in this way.
is explained by a formula:
Correct understanding = matter-spirit-matter.
Correct understanding = practice—understanding—practice.
Epistemology is an eternal philosophical topic.
As long as humans exist, society will continue to develop forward, and humans will continue to face new problems and new contradictions.
We will encounter new confusion and new cognitive problems.
In the process of constant change of cognition, the basic laws of human cognition have not changed. The laws of cognition from perceptual cognition to rational cognition, from matter to spirit, and from spirit to matter will not change. What really changes is the specific object of the process of understanding, as well as various materials, information and details in the process of understanding.
How to filter these sensory materials? How to rise from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge?
This is our main topic when we understand new things.
No one can give a complete and exact answer, and Chairman Mao has no way to predict everything 100 years later in advance.
can only apply Chairman Mao’s epistemological principles, fight in practice, change in practice, and summarize in practice.
Regarding epistemology, "On Practice" is a basic textbook, you must understand it. The simpler the statement, the richer the connotation.
has thoroughly figured out, and has made a leap in understanding and thinking, and can reach a new level.
Read all kinds of schools of thought, or read the entire Mao selection, and then read "On Practice" again, you will find that Chairman Mao's interpretation of epistemology is the essence and the paragraphs are classics.
On the contrary, we use the epistemological principles of "On Practice" to understand the epistemological ideas of various schools of thought, just like a match lights up kerosene lamp, and it will immediately light up.
Why did Chairman Mao say that "On Practice" is better than "On Contradiction "?
The main reason is that "On Practice" is the culmination of epistemology between ancient and modern times, China and foreign countries. It condenses the essence of the philosophy of knowledge and action in ancient and modern times, and is the key to understanding the world.
is always read and constantly new. The footnotes of every era can be found in this book.
Many excellent people read secretly, learn secretly, think secretly, and become enlightened secretly.
The great leader wrote the wisdom of epistemology and most of the practical information in "Theory of Practice", which is worth learning from each of us, and lifelong learning and understanding...
In recent years, the slaughter of cold cattle has benefited from the nourishment of the philosophical works of great men and has made progress in understanding and thinking.
dare not say that the study of "On Practice" has been thoroughly thorough, but the little experience is true, and I have all the experiences and understandings, and I write all the experiences into articles and gather them into a column. The column article of
will inspire and help comrades who are eager to improve their cognitive level and to learn Chairman Mao’s philosophy.
Ordered readers' praise, so I was too lazy to post it. Readers who are worried can check it out by themselves.
text is a pleasant thing. Words can help others make progress and open the door to understanding the world.
I am a Hanniu slaughtered, thank you for your support.
