The Ming Dynasty was a maturing period of feudal system and should become a peaceful and prosperous era. However, the real situation is not the case. It has become the darkest, most brutal and most corrupt society in Chinese history. No wonder Mr. Lu Xun commented like this:
In the Ming Dynasty, it started with skinning and ended with skinning!
Ming Dynasty There are a total of sixteen emperors, and these emperors are all weird! Among them, Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang is a "beast of power", Huizong Zhu Yunwen is a "naive angry youth", Chengzu Zhu Di is a "war madman", Renzong Zhu Gaochi is a "hundred-day saint king", Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji is a "half-way"; Yingzong Zhu Qizhen is a "two ascended the throne", Daizong Zhu Qiyu It is "fighting water from a bamboo basket", Emperor Xianzong Zhu Jianshen was "infatuated and foolish monarch", Emperor Xiaozong Zhu Youzhi was "excessive tolerant", Emperor Wuzong Zhu Houzhao was "negative typical", Emperor Shizong Zhu Houyan was "a madman in cultivation", Emperor Muzong Zhu Zai'an was "ruling with arch", Emperor Shenzong Zhu Yijun was "self-righteous", Emperor Guangzong Zhu Changluo was "extreme joy leads to sorrow", Emperor Xizong Zhu Youxiao was "excellent carpenter", Emperor Sizong Zhu Youjian was "grabbing lots and selecting wise men".
It was under the "working hard work" of these Emperors Zhu that the Ming Dynasty became the most topical, controversial and story-making dynasty. For example, in order to place his father's tablet in the Taimiao, Emperor Jiajing, Zhu Hougui, insisted on changing the temple name of his ancestor Zhu Di from Ming Taizong to Ming Chengzu .
Zhu Di stills
Next, the literature and history will take you into the Ming Dynasty and tell in detail how "Ming Taizong Zhu Di" became "Ming Chengzu Zhu Di"? In order to resist plagiarism, it is helpless for me to attach a watermark to the pictures from the Internet. If there is any infringement, please contact us to delete the pictures. At the same time, it is stated that this article is only published on Baijiahao and headline accounts , and any form of cross-platform reprint is refused.
Before telling a historical story, insert a knowledge point first. Although "tea name" and "posthumous title" are only available after death, they are not the same concept. The former usually has only two characters, which are engraved on spiritual positions for sacrifice and sacrifice, and must be very rigorous; the latter mainly appears in historical books and documentary records, and the number of characters is very long, even reaching dozens of characters.
For example, the well-known Qianlong Emperor Aisin Jueluo Hongli, the posthumous title is "Fa Tian Longyun, the supreme enlightenment, the body of the body of the body of the Yuan Li Ji Fu Wen Fen Wu Qin Ming Xiaoci Holy Pure Emperor", and the temple name is "Gao Zong", which is commonly called the Qing Gaozong; another Jiajing emperor Zhu Hougui, the posthumous title is "The Emperor of the Imperial Heaven, the Tao, the sacred and sacred Xuan Wen Guang Wu Hong Ren Da Xiaosu", and the temple name is "Shizong", which is commonly called the Emperor of Ming Shizong.
Zhu Yuanzhang
Zhu Yuanzhang finally established Ming Empire after defeating Chen Youliang , Zhang Shicheng and Fang Guozhen , but the threat from Mongolia has never been eliminated. In order to stabilize the regime and maintain his rule, he began to enfeoff the sons of as kings, the second son Zhu Feng as kings of Qin, the third son Zhu Qi was the king of Jin, the fourth son Zhu Di was the king of Yan, the fifth son Zhu Nan was the king of Wu, the sixth son Zhu Zhen was the king of Chu, the seventh son Zhu Jing as kings of Qi, and the eighth son Zhu Zi as kings of Tan ….
Although all the sects are kings, Zhu Yuanzhang established an iron rule, that is, all adult princes must leave Beijing and take up their posts, and are not allowed to stay in the capital, let alone interfere in the government affairs. Against this background, King Yan Zhu Di reluctantly left Nanjing and braved the wind and snow of the north to come to Beijing to take advantage of the feudal state, belonging to the earliest "Beijing migrant tribe".
After several years of experience, Zhu Di completely adapted to his role as "King of Yan" and successfully curbed the Mongols' offensive. In 1392, that is, the 25th year of Hongwu, the prince who was placed in infinite high hopes by Zhu Yuanzhang suddenly passed away, and everyone began to guess who would become the successor prince.
At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang was in his sixties, and his adult prince also had his second son, King Qin Zhu Rong, the third son, King Jin Zhu Lian, and the fourth son, King Yan Zhu Di. It is highly likely that the new prince should be born among these three people, and it is natural for both the country and the family.
With the passing of Qin King Zhu Ceng and Jin King Zhu Ceng, King Zhu Di, King Yan, became the de facto eldest son, and he led troops to defend the border for many years and basically became the best candidate for the crown prince. Unexpectedly, Zhu Yuanzhang actually directly conferred Zhu Biao's son Zhu Yunwen as the crown prince, which surprised everyone.
Zhu Yunwen
1398, that is, the 31st year of Hongwu, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang died, and the crown prince Zhu Yunwen immediately ascended the throne. Afterwards, he began to reuse Qi Tai, Huang Zicheng and Fang Xiaoru and others, and was preparing to "reduce the vassal states" while implementing a lenient policy.
With Zhu Yunwen's insistence, the process of reducing the vassals was quite smooth, and many small vassal kings were laid off. However, the young man was too anxious and took too fast and too big, and finally more and more vigilant from the vassal kings, especially the King of Yan Zhu Di, who was ready to go.
1399, that is, the first year of Jianwen, Zhu Di finally raised an army to rebel with the banner of "clearing the monarch". After four years of war, he finally led his troops to capture Nanjing, seized the throne from his nephew Zhu Yunwen, and thus became the new master of the Ming Dynasty.
After Zhu Di ascended the throne, he first stabilized the situation through a series of decisive means, and then implemented many great policies. During his 22 years of reign, he successively completed great achievements such as "moving the capital to Beijing", "seven voyages to the West", "recovering Annan", "yongle ceremony" and "five expeditions to the north of the desert", and was the most accomplished Emperor Zhu. In
1424, that is, in the 22nd year of Yongle , Zhu Di died in Yumuchuan on his way back to Mongolia. Later, the prince Zhu Gaochi, who had been walking on thin ice for twenty years, ascended the throne and became emperor. Although he died of a sudden heart attack in less than a year, he kicked off the prelude to " Renxuan's rule" .
ming Renzong
Xuande During the reign of Emperor Zhu Zhanji, he continued his father's usual style and policies, and finally pushed the "Ren Xuan Governance" to a peak. In response to this, Zhang Tingyu, a Grand Secretary of the Qing Dynasty, praised this when compiling the "History of Ming Dynasty":
days off, he was restless and the prosperity of virtue, wouldn't it be better than Wenjing ?
Zhu Zhanji was followed by Zhu Qizhen, Zhu Qiyu, Zhu Jianshen and Zhu Youzhang until Ming Wuzong Zhu Houzhao ascended the throne. He is the most typical playboy, and his biggest hobby is to cause trouble in life. Finally, in 1521, he "finished the work after the disaster", and did not even leave any princes behind.
In order to continue the country of the old Zhu family, the chief minister Yang Ting and negotiated urgently with the Empress Dowager, and finally chose Zhu Houguang, the cousin of Emperor Wuzong of Ming, to come to inherit the throne. Afterwards, they announced the " Personnel Appointment and Dismissal " in the form of a great emperor's will:
Xingxian King 's second son was smart, benevolent and filial, and his virtue was established in advance, and he had followed the ancestral teachings of "brothers ended with brothers and brothers" in the ancestral temple. Empress Dowager Cishou asked to conspire with the civil and military officials inside and outside the same day to send officials to welcome the throne of successors to the capital.
1519, King Xingxian Zhu Youxu died of illness. Because his eldest son Zhu Houxi had already died, Zhu Houcong, as the second son, was lucky enough to inherit his title and prepare to spend a comfortable life in the fiefdom of Hubei leisurely. However, his good luck seemed to have not ended yet. He actually received an offer from the Forbidden City in Beijing, and he was about to become the emperor in a confused manner.
Suddenly "falling the dragon throne from the sky", the fourteen-year-old Zhu Houcong was obviously surprised, but soon suppressed her ecstasy mood and packed her bags and set off, aiming directly at Forbidden City . After more than a month of hard work, they finally arrived in the distant Beijing in a mighty manner.
Zhu Houcan’s idea is very simple. Since he is the “son of God”, he will naturally ascend the throne and become emperor easily. However, he was obviously too naive and had no idea how sinister and weird the Ming Dynasty politics were.
Before the little emperor Zhu Houcan could sit on the hot side, he was immediately challenged by the Prime Minister Yang Tinghe, because of the question of whom he calls his father, the "dispute of great rituals" was kicked off.However, this kind of "small sect inheritance of the sect" is not the first time. There are precedents in history. For example, Liu Xin inherited the throne of his uncle Emperor Cheng of Han and respected his uncle and biological father as his father as his nephew.
According to this example, Emperor Jiajing also planned to respect both his uncle Xiaozong of Ming and his biological father Xingxian as his father. However, the chief assistant Yang Tinghe insisted on adopting him to Emperor Xiaozong, and abandoned the original King Xingxian lineage, renamed his uncle as his father, and Guan Shengfa King Xingxian as his uncle.
The little emperor Zhu Houcong was very angry, but the consequences were not serious. Because he has not yet grown up and has no foundation in the court, he can only choose to put it aside for the time being. In order to differentiate the opponent's camp, we had to start a separate attack with both soft and hard, with the target directly aiming at the cabinet chief Yang Tinghe.
However, Jiajing obviously underestimated these old men and underestimated the strength of Yang Tinghe in the General Office. After three dynasties, Xianzong, Xiaozong and Wuzong, his abilities and qualifications were unmatched, and he had reached the point of "the god blocked the gods, and the Buddha blocked the Buddhas."
When the Ming Dynasty Emperor Wuzong Zhu Houzhao just passed away, Yang Tinghe was not panicked in the face of the situation where no one succeeded the throne, and calmly stabilized the government. During the period when he confirmed that Zhu Houcong was the new monarch and sent people to welcome him to Beijing, he took charge of the government for thirty-seven days alone, completely "exercising the power of the emperor."
When Zhu Hougui, a young man with a stinky and undry arrived in Beijing, Yang Tinghe, as the chief minister of the cabinet, appeared to be respectful and polite, but in fact he was not afraid of the little emperor at all. In his opinion, of the Western Han Dynasty can abolish of the grandson of Emperor Wu of Han , and he can do it himself.
Because Zhu Houguang and Yang Tinghe were both confident, the "dispute dispute" was in a stalemate stage, and neither side was willing to give in. A few months later, Zhang Cong , who was deeply involved in power, broke this deadlock and put forward the claim that " will not inherit " for the first time. What does
mean? Zhang Cong believed that Jiajing was not required to inherit the throne as the nephew or heir of Emperor Xiaozong of Ming, and was able to succeed the throne as the younger brother of Emperor Wuzong of Ming, which bypassed the knot of "who is called father". Moreover, he also brought out the " Emperor Ming Zu Zhi " appointed by Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, which also recognized the "brothers and brothers".
Emperor Jiajing seemed to have found a life-saving straw and immediately expressed his support to the cabinet headed by Yang Tinghe, but was rejected by the other party again. Now, he was completely angry. It seemed that the person surnamed Yang did not treat himself as a dish at all!
Sometimes during this period, Zhu Houcan's biological mother, Jiang, came to Beijing from Hubei to visit. He learned that his son was about to "called others to be father" and that he was about to turn from mother to aunt, and immediately cried to the ground. Then, "Aunt Jiang" turned around and wanted to go back to his hometown, threatening to go to King Xingxian's grave to cry.
Jiajing finally found a breakthrough and took this opportunity to propose "resignation" to Empress Dowager Zhang, saying that I can't do this emperor, so you can re-recruitment. The chief assistant Yang Tinghe finally panicked, and in desperation made a concession, agreeing that he respected both his uncle and biological father as his father at the same time.
On the surface, the "trial dispute" seems to have come to an end, but this is just a break for the midfielder. In fact, the real storm has not arrived yet, and the real drama has not been staged. Both sides are just accumulating their own efforts.
1524, that is, the third year of Jiajing, Gui E and Zhang Cong once again submitted a memorial, and finally started the second half of the "Great Etiquette Controversy". According to the "History of Ming Dynasty", the two put forward the latest view:
Now Your Majesty is in charge of the ancestral teachings and has never been given the imperial edict of Emperor Xiaozong to be his son. Then Your Majesty is not a descendant, but a successor to the lord. Emperor Xian of Kaoxing and his mother, Empress Dowager Xingguo, why bother? What does
mean? Gui E and Zhang Cong proposed that since Emperor Jiajing ascended the throne, can they respect their biological father, King Xingxian, as , Emperor Xingxian ? Respecting your biological mother as the Empress Dowager Xingguo?
Since he has turned against each other, Yang Tinghe simply continues to firmly oppose it, and even threatens to retreat to advance and resign.However, he was wrong this time. Although Jiajing did not dare to remove you from the position of chief minister, it would be a different matter if you voluntarily resigned. He immediately issued an order to allow him to return to his hometown for retirement.
After Yang Tinghe left the cabinet, the position of chief minister was taken over by Liang Chu in order. To put it in, the Ming Dynasty's cabinet ministers usually have three to five places, and they are ranked according to the order of entry into the cabinet, and no queues are allowed.
Liang Chu's ability and courage are far less than Yang Tinghe's, and he has no power to resist the second half of the "big ritual dispute". Therefore, Zhu Houcong decided to bypass the cabinet and forced the Ministry of Rites to posthumously honor his biological father as "Emperor Huangkaogongmuxian", and posthumously honor his biological mother as "Holy Mother Zhangsheng Empress Dowager", and also to pay homage to heaven and earth and ancestors.
Now, the ministers finally broke out. In addition to the memorials like snowflakes, some people also introduced the ancient method "Fu Qu". So, the officials of the six ministries and nine ministers of knelt outside Zuoshun's door in batches and replaced their shifts, and cried and shouted for the revocation of their decree.
I couldn't bear it anymore. Jiajing ordered the Jinyiwei to drive away the crowd who knelt down and gave court sticks to eight of the leaders. Now, the situation completely deteriorated, and the integrity of the Ming Dynasty civil officials was completely stimulated. They lined up and were beaten with their necks. Only those who fainted and carried away, and no one escaped by themselves.
Zuoshunmen incident
Seeing that riding a tiger was in trouble, Jiajing had to bite the bullet and continue, killing seventeen people on the spot and seriously injuring more than 40 people, which is known in history as the "Zuoshunmen incident". With this as a sign, he finally used a stick to safeguard his imperial dignity and achieved a tragic victory in the "controversy over the great rituals".
This "trial dispute" does not involve the survival of the country or the welfare of the people, but has become a major event that cannot be avoided in the history of the Ming Dynasty. ridiculous? sad? In the personal opinion of literature and history, this battle is really not very meaningful, it is entirely a pursuit of fame and blind internal friction between the emperor and the literati.
stills of Emperor Jiajing
1536, that is, the fifteenth year of Jiajing, Zhu Houcon's throne was as stable as Mount Tai, and Zhu Houcon's "martial arts" were invincible in the world. So he posthumously named his biological father Zhu Youze as " Mingruizong " and prepared to move the tablet into the Taimiao to enjoy the offering.
The problem is that the entrustment of tablets in Taimiao is very particular, and it is not possible to place them anyway. According to the ancestral system, only nine tablets were set up in the main hall. At that time, there were already Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang, Huizong Zhu Yunwen, Taizong Zhu Di, Renzong Zhu Gaochi, Xuanzong Zhu Zhanji, Yingzong Zhu Qizhen, Xianzong Zhu Jianshen, Xiaozong Zhu Youzhi and Wuzong Zhu Houzhao. The number was exactly nine.
It is obvious that if Zhu Houcong wants to put the tablet of his biological father into the main hall of the Taimiao for worship, he can only remove one and put it in the side hall. After all, they are all ancestors of the Zhu family, who should they move?
The Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang personally conquered the Ming Dynasty, so he naturally needed to place it in the most conspicuous position in the middle to receive worship. There is no doubt that this is. Further down is Zhu Di, Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty. Although he illegally seized the throne through the Jingnan Battle, he was the "benefactor" of the kings of later generations. Otherwise, their throne would not be inherited.
After thinking about it, Zhu Houcon decided to move the Ming Renzong Zhu Gaochi, who had been in power for less than a year, to the side hall. However, such changes obviously lack legal basis and seem too casual. In desperation, he "promoted" Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty Zhu Di, and changed from Emperor Taizong to Chengzu, because the emperor with the temple name "Zu" had to accept worship in the main hall.
Zhu Di
In this way, Ming Taizong Zhu Di became Ming Chengzu Zhu Di, and his son Ming Renzong Zhu Gaochi also regretfully moved out of the main hall of the Taimiao. I really don’t know if he would scold Jiajing, an unworthy descendant. @Literature and History are true
